Dakhla Formation

Dakhla Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian

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Dakhla Formation; Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Ammonite Hill Member; Baris Oyster Mudstone Member; Beida Shale Member; Kharga Shale Member;
Underlies	Tarawan Formation
Overlies	Duwi Formation
Thickness	230 meters
Lithology
Primary	Shale
Other	Marl, Phosphorite
Location
Country	Egypt

Short description: _Dakhla

The Dakhla Formation is a Maastrichtian-Danian geologic formation in Egypt.^[4] Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.^[5]

Fossil content

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Dakhla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Sauropoda		Ammonite Hill Member.^[6]	A left femur (Vb-646).^[6]	Most similar to femurs of Brachiosaurus or Saltasaurus.^[6]

Mosasaurs

Mosasaurs reported from the Dakhla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Globidens	G. phosphaticus	Beris Oyster Mudstone Member.^[2]	A single tooth crown (CUNV0011).^[2]	A mosasaurine.
Mosasaurinae	Indeterminate	Beris Oyster Mudstone Member.^[2]	A fragmentary small dentary with a single tooth (CUNV0012).^[2]	A mosasaurine.

Testudines

Testudines reported from the Dakhla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Arenila	A. krebsi	Ammonite Hill Member.^[7]	Partial skull.^[7]	A bothremydid turtle.
Arenila	?Cf. A. krebsi	Ammonite Hill Member.^[7]	Partial dorsal shell & right pelvis.^[7]	A bothremydid turtle.
Bothremydidae	Undetermined large forms	Ammonite Hill Member.^[7]	Nuchal bone, left pleuron & partial plastron of one individual.^[7]	A large bothremydid turtle, with a shell length of 70 to 80 centimeters.^[7]
Panchelonioidea	Gen. et. sp. indet.	Ammonite Hill Member.^[8]	Humerus (NVP010).^[8]	A giant marine turtle.
Taphrosphys	T. cf. sulcatus	Ammonite Hill Member.^[7]	Anterior part of dorsal shell & partial dorsal shell with partial anterior plastral lobe.^[7]	A bothremydid turtle.
Taphrosphys	Cf. T. sp.	Ammonite Hill Member.^[7]	Left first pleural.^[7]	A bothremydid turtle.
?Aff. Tasbacka	?Aff. T. sp.	Ammonite Hill Member.^[7]	Left humerus.^[7]	A chelonioid sea turtle.
Zolhafah	Z. bella	Ammonite Hill Member.^[7]	Skull.^[7]	A bothremydid turtle.

Fish

Fish reported from the Dakhla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Anomoeodus	A. aegypticus	Lower Beris Member.^[9]	A single specimen (NVP023).^[9]	A pycnodont.
Diastemapycnodus	D. tavernensis	Beris Member.^[10]	"A single vomer with partial dentition".^[10]	A pycnodont.

Invertebrates

Bivalves

Bivalves reported from the Dakhla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Apectoichnus	A. longissimus	Ammonite Hill Member.^[1]	Borings in Nypa fruits.^[1]	Bivalve borings.
Teredolites	T. clavatus	Ammonite Hill Member.^[1]	32 moderately preserved borings (TBT02-33) & two badly preserved specimens (TBT44-45) in Nypa fruits.^[1]	Bivalve borings.

Plants

Plants reported from the Dakhla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Nypa	N. burtinii		Fruits & seed casts.^[11]	A mangrove palm
Nypa	N. sp.	Ammonite Hill Member.^[1]	Fruits with bivalve borings.^[1]	A mangrove palm.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 El Hedeny, M.; Kassab, W.; Rashwan, M.; Abu El-Kheir, G.; AbdelGawad, M. (2020-07-01). "Bivalve borings in Maastrichtian fossilNypafruits: Dakhla Formation, Bir Abu Minqar, South Western Desert, Egypt". Ichnos 28 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1080/10420940.2020.1784158. ISSN 1042-0940. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339002137.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 AbdelGawad, Mohamed K.; Abu El-Kheir, Gebely A.; Kassab, Walid G. (September 2021). "The youngest records of mosasaurid reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous of the South-Western Desert in Egypt". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 132 (5): 556–562. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2021.07.004. ISSN 0016-7878. Bibcode: 2021PrGA..132..556A. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354793174.
↑ "UPPER DAKHLA FORMATION ( BEIDA SHALE MEMBER) AT G. DUWI, RED SEA, EGYPT: MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS | Faculty of Science". https://www.aun.edu.eg/science/upper-dakhla-formation-beida-shale-member-g-duwi-red-sea-egypt-mineralogical-and-geochemical.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Anan, Tarek I.; Abd El-Wahed, Ahmed G. (2017-12-15). "The Maastrichtian-Danian Dakhla Formation, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Utilization in manufacturing lightweight aggregates" (in en). Applied Clay Science 150: 10–15. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2017.08.027. ISSN 0169-1317. Bibcode: 2017ApCS..150...10A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169131717303782.
↑ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517–607.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Rauhut, Oliver W M; Werner, Christa (January 1997). "First record of a Maastrichtian sauropod dinosaur from Egypt". Palaeontolgia Africana 34: 63–67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235907515.
↑ ^7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 ^7.14 de Lapparent, France; Werner, Christa (April 1998). "New Late Cretaceous turtles from the Western Desert, Egypt". Annales de Paléontologie 84 (2): 131–214. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(98)80005-0. Bibcode: 1998AnPal..84..131D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240435581.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Abu El-Kheir, G. A.-M.; AbdelGawad, M. K.; Kassab, W. G. (2021). "First known gigantic sea turtle from the Maastrichtian deposits in Egypt". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66 (2): 349–355. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app008492020.html.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Capasso, Luigi; Abu El-kheir, Gebely Abdelmaksoud; Mousa, Mohamed Kamel; Tantawy, Abdel Aziz (December 2021). "ANOMOEODUS AEGYPTICUS N. SP. (PISCES, †PYCNODONTIFORMES) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF THE DAKHLA FORMATION, WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT". Thalassia Salentina (43): 89–104. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357930651.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Abu El-Kheir; Tantawy; Mousa; Wahba; Capasso (2022-12-02). "Diastemapycnodus tavernensis gen. et sp. nov. (Actinopterygii, †Pycnodontiformes) from the marine Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of the Dakhla Formation, Western Desert, Egypt". Historical Biology: A Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2324–2331. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2014482. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/ghbi/2022/00000034/00000012/art00007.
↑ El-Soughier, Maher I.; Mehrotra, R.C.; Zhou, Zhi-Yan; Shi, Gong-Le (January 2011). "Nypa fruits and seeds from the Maastrichtian–Danian sediments of Bir Abu Minqar, South Western Desert, Egypt". Palaeoworld 20 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2010.09.016. ISSN 1871-174X. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251707921.

Bibliography

Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN:0-520-24209-2.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhla Formation. Read more

[:2-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 El Hedeny, M.; Kassab, W.; Rashwan, M.; Abu El-Kheir, G.; AbdelGawad, M. (2020-07-01). "Bivalve borings in Maastrichtian fossilNypafruits: Dakhla Formation, Bir Abu Minqar, South Western Desert, Egypt". Ichnos 28 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1080/10420940.2020.1784158. ISSN 1042-0940. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339002137.

[:5-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 AbdelGawad, Mohamed K.; Abu El-Kheir, Gebely A.; Kassab, Walid G. (September 2021). "The youngest records of mosasaurid reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous of the South-Western Desert in Egypt". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 132 (5): 556–562. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2021.07.004. ISSN 0016-7878. Bibcode: 2021PrGA..132..556A. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354793174.

[3] "UPPER DAKHLA FORMATION ( BEIDA SHALE MEMBER) AT G. DUWI, RED SEA, EGYPT: MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS | Faculty of Science". https://www.aun.edu.eg/science/upper-dakhla-formation-beida-shale-member-g-duwi-red-sea-egypt-mineralogical-and-geochemical.

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Anan, Tarek I.; Abd El-Wahed, Ahmed G. (2017-12-15). "The Maastrichtian-Danian Dakhla Formation, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Utilization in manufacturing lightweight aggregates" (in en). Applied Clay Science 150: 10–15. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2017.08.027. ISSN 0169-1317. Bibcode: 2017ApCS..150...10A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169131717303782.

[dinosaurdistribution-5] Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517–607.

[:7-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Rauhut, Oliver W M; Werner, Christa (January 1997). "First record of a Maastrichtian sauropod dinosaur from Egypt". Palaeontolgia Africana 34: 63–67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235907515.

[:4-7] 7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 ^7.14 de Lapparent, France; Werner, Christa (April 1998). "New Late Cretaceous turtles from the Western Desert, Egypt". Annales de Paléontologie 84 (2): 131–214. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(98)80005-0. Bibcode: 1998AnPal..84..131D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240435581.

[:3-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Abu El-Kheir, G. A.-M.; AbdelGawad, M. K.; Kassab, W. G. (2021). "First known gigantic sea turtle from the Maastrichtian deposits in Egypt". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66 (2): 349–355. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app008492020.html.

[:6-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Capasso, Luigi; Abu El-kheir, Gebely Abdelmaksoud; Mousa, Mohamed Kamel; Tantawy, Abdel Aziz (December 2021). "ANOMOEODUS AEGYPTICUS N. SP. (PISCES, †PYCNODONTIFORMES) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF THE DAKHLA FORMATION, WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT". Thalassia Salentina (43): 89–104. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357930651.

[:1-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Abu El-Kheir; Tantawy; Mousa; Wahba; Capasso (2022-12-02). "Diastemapycnodus tavernensis gen. et sp. nov. (Actinopterygii, †Pycnodontiformes) from the marine Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of the Dakhla Formation, Western Desert, Egypt". Historical Biology: A Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2324–2331. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2014482. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/ghbi/2022/00000034/00000012/art00007.

[11] El-Soughier, Maher I.; Mehrotra, R.C.; Zhou, Zhi-Yan; Shi, Gong-Le (January 2011). "Nypa fruits and seeds from the Maastrichtian–Danian sediments of Bir Abu Minqar, South Western Desert, Egypt". Palaeoworld 20 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2010.09.016. ISSN 1871-174X. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251707921.

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