Ecological systems of Montana

Multiple ecosystems in Gallatin National Forest

There are 62 named Ecological Systems found in Montana^[1] These systems are described in the Montana Field Guides-Ecological Systems of Montana.^[2]

About

An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.^[3] It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment.^[3] As stated in an article from Montana State University in their Institute on Ecosystems; "An ecosystem can be small, such as the area under a pine tree or a single hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, or it can be large, such as the Rocky Mountains, the rainforest or the Antarctic Ocean."^[4] The Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP) have shared their views on Montana's Main Ecosystems as montane forest, intermountain grasslands, plains grasslands and shrub grasslands.^[4] The Montana Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES) categorized Montana's ecosystems based on the different rangelands. They have recognized 22 different ecosystems whereas the Montana Natural Heritage Program named 62 ecosystems for the entire state.^[4]

Forest and Woodland Systems

• Northern Rocky Mountain Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest^[5]
• Rocky Mountain Subalpine Mesic Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland^[6]
• Northwestern Great Plains - Black Hills Ponderosa Pine Woodland and Savanna^[7]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest^[8]
• Rocky Mountain Foothill Limber Pine - Juniper Woodland^[9]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Foothill Conifer Wooded Steppe^[10]
• Rocky Mountain Lodgepole Pine Forest^[11]
• Middle Rocky Mountain Montane Douglas-Fir Forest and Woodland^[12]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Ponderosa Pine Woodland and Savanna^[13]
• Rocky Mountain Poor Site Lodgepole Pine Forest^[14]
• Rocky Mountain Subalpine Dry-Mesic Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland^[15]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine Woodland and Parkland^[16]
• Rocky Mountain Aspen Forest and Woodland^[17]
• Western Great Plains Wooded Draw and Ravine^[18]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Mountain Mahogany Woodland and Shrubland^[19]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Aspen Mixed Conifer Forest-Woodland^[20]

Alpine Systems

• Rocky Mountain Alpine Dwarf-Shrubland^[21]
• Rocky Mountain Alpine Turf^[22]
• Rocky Mountain Alpine Bedrock and Scree^[23]
• Rocky Mountain Alpine Fell-Field^[24]
• North American Alpine Ice Field^[25]

Shrubland, Steppe and Savanna Systems

• Northwestern Great Plains Shrubland^[26]
• Rocky Mountain Lower Montane-Foothill Shrubland^[27]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Montane-Foothill Deciduous Shrubland^[28]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine Deciduous Shrubland^[29]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Steppe^[30]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Sagebrush Steppe^[31]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Shrubland^[32]
• Wyoming Basins Dwarf Sagebrush Shrubland and Steppe^[33]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Mat Saltbush Shrubland^[34]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Mixed Salt Desert Scrub^[35]

Grassland Systems

• Northwestern Great Plains Mixedgrass Prairie^[36]
• Western Great Plains Sand Prairie^[37]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Lower Montane, Foothill and Valley Grassland^[38]
• Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Mesic Meadow^[39]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Upper Montane Grassland^[40]

Sparse and Barren Systems

• Inter-Mountain Basins Active and Stabilized Dune^[41]
• Western Great Plains Badlands^[42]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Shale Badland^[43]
• Western Great Plains Cliff and Outcrop^[44]
• Rocky Mountain Cliff, Canyon and Massive Bedrock^[45]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Cliff and Canyon^[46]

Open Water/Wetland and Riparian Systems

• Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Fen^[47]
• Western Great Plains Closed Depressional Wetland^[48]
• Western Great Plains Open Freshwater Depression Wetland^[49]
• Great Plains Prairie Pothole^[50]
• Western Great Plains Saline Depression Wetland^[51]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Wooded Vernal Pool^[52]
• Inter-Mountain Basins Greasewood Flat^[53]
• Northwestern Great Plains Floodplain^[54]
• Northwestern Great Plains Riparian^[55]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Lower Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland^[56]
• Rocky Mountain Lower Montane-Foothill Riparian Woodland and Shrubland^[57]
• Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Riparian Shrubland^[58]
• Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Riparian Woodland^[59]
• Northern Rocky Mountain Conifer Swamp^[60]
• North American Arid West^[61]
• Geysers and Hot Springs^[62]
• Open Water^[63]
• Rocky Mountain Alpine-Montane Wet Meadow^[64]

Further reading

• Comer, P.; Faber-Langendoen, D.; Evans, R.; Gawler, S.; Josse, C.; Kittel, G.; Menard, S.; Pyne, M. et al. (June 2003). Ecological Systems of the United States: A Working Classification of U.S. Terrestrial Systems (Report). Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/library/usEcologicalsystems.pdf. 
• Noss, Reed F.; LaRoe, Edward T. III; Scott, J. Michael (1995). Endangered Ecosystems of the United States: A Preliminary Assessment of Loss and Degradation (Report). National Biological Service. http://biology.usgs.gov/pubs/ecosys.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-14. 
• "Management of riparian and wetland forested ecosystems in Montana: fourth annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop, September 5-7, 1990". Missoula, Montana: School of Forestry, University of Montana. 1990. 
• Schmitz, Oswald J. (2010). Resolving Ecosystem Complexity. Monographs in population Biology - 47. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3417-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=yvoNH2O03b0C&pg=PP1. 

See also

• Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Notes

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