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List of cities by sunshine duration

Topic: Earth

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The following is a list of cities by sunshine duration. Sunshine duration is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period.

Sunshine duration is usually expressed in hours per year, or in (average) hours per day. The first measure indicates the general sunniness of a location compared with other places, while the latter allows for comparison of sunshine in various seasons in the same location.[1] Another often-used measure is percentage ratio of recorded bright sunshine duration and daylight duration in the observed period.

An important use of sunshine duration data is to characterize the climate of sites, especially of health resorts. This also takes into account the psychological effect of strong solar light on human well-being. It is often used to promote tourist destinations.[1]

Africa

Sunshine hours for selected cities in Africa
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Ivory Coast Gagnoa [2]
Ivory Coast Bouaké [3]
Ivory Coast Abidjan [4]
Ivory Coast Odienné [5]
Ivory Coast Ferké [6]
Benin Cotonou [7]
Benin Parakou [8]
Benin Kandi [9]
Togo Lomé [10]
Togo Mango [11]
Ghana Accra [12]
Ghana Tamale [13]
Ghana Kumasi [14]
Cameroon Garoua [15]
Cameroon N'Gaoundéré [16]
Cameroon Douala [17]
Cameroon Yaoundé [18]
Gabon Libreville [19]
Gabon Port-Gentil [20]
Nigeria Lagos [21]
Nigeria Makurdi [22]
Nigeria Jos [22]
Nigeria Kano [22]
Nigeria Sokoto [22]
Sudan Port Sudan [23]
Sudan Khartoum [24]
Eritrea Asmara [25]
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou [26]
Burkina Faso Ouahigouya [27]
Niger Niamey [28]
Chad N'Djamena [29]
Chad Abéché [30]
Gambia Banjul [31]
Senegal Dakar [32]
Senegal Thiès [33]
Somalia Mogadishu [34]
Somalia Buloburde [35]
Djibouti Djibouti City [36]
Mali Ségou [37]
Mali Timbuktu [38]
Mali Bamako [39]
Algeria Algiers [40]
Algeria Tamanrasset [41]
Tunisia Tunis [42]
Tunisia Gabes [43]
Morocco Rabat [44]
Morocco Marrakech [45]
Morocco Ouarzazate [46]
Egypt Cairo [47]
Egypt Alexandria [47]
Egypt Helwan [47]
Libya Tripoli [48]
Libya Benghazi [49]
Kenya Mombasa [50]
Kenya Nairobi [51]
Kenya Garissa [52]
Kenya Lodwar [35]
Angola Luanda [22]
South Sudan Juba [47]
South Sudan Wau [47]
Tanzania Dar-es-Salaam [22]
Tanzania Zanzibar [53]
Tanzania Tabora [53]
Tanzania Dodoma [54]
Ethiopia Mekelle [55]
Ethiopia Addis Abeba [47]
Congo Brazaville [56]
Congo Pointe-Noire [57]
Congo Dolisie [58]
Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa [59]
Democratic Republic of the Congo Lubumbashi [22]
Mauritania Nouadhibou [60]
Mauritania Nouakchott [61]
South Africa Pretoria [62]
South Africa Cape Town [63]
South Africa Johannesburg [64]
South Africa Bloemfontein [65]
South Africa Upington [66]
South Africa Durban [67]
Botswana Maun [22]
Botswana Gaborone [68]
Botswana Ghanzi [22]
Zambia Ndola [69]
Zambia Lusaka [70]
Zambia Livingstone [71]
Zimbabwe Harare [72]
Zimbabwe Bulawayo [73]
Malawi Karonga [74]
Malawi Blantyre [75]
Malawi Mzuzu [76]
Madagascar Fianarantsoa [77]
Madagascar Toamasina [78]
Madagascar Antananarivo [79]
Madagascar Antsiranana [80]
Madagascar Mahajanga [81]
Madagascar Toliara [22]
Mozambique Maputo [82]
Central African Republic Bangui [83]
Central African Republic Birao [84]
Uganda Kampala [53]
Uganda Kampala [53]
Uganda Entebbe [22]
Burundi Bujumbura [85]
Guinea Conakry [86]
Guinea Kankan [87]
Guinea-Bissau Bissau [88]
Equatorial Guinea Bata [89]
Equatorial Guinea Malabo [90]
Egypt Marsa Alam ?
Egypt Kharga ?
Egypt Dakhla Oasis ?
Namibia Keetmanshoop ?
Namibia Windhoek ?

Asia

Sunshine hours for selected cities in Asia
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Afghanistan Kabul ?
Azerbaijan Baku ?
Bangladesh Dhaka ?
China Beijing ?
China Chongqing ?
China Lhasa [91]
China Shanghai ?
China Ürümqi [92]
Hong Kong Hong Kong ?
India Delhi [93]
India Kolkata [94]
India Mumbai [95]
Indonesia Jakarta [96]
Iran Tehran [97]
Iraq Baghdad ?
Israel Tel Aviv ?
Japan Sapporo [98]
Japan Tokyo ?
Kazakhstan Almaty [99]
Kazakhstan Astana [100]
Macau Macau ?
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar [101]
North Korea Pyongyang ?
Oman Muscat [102]
Pakistan Karachi ?
Pakistan Lahore ?
Philippines Manila ?
Russia Dikson [103]
Russia Irkutsk [104]
Russia Omsk [105]
Russia Petropavlovsk-
Kamchatsky 		[106]
Russia Vladivostok [107]
Russia Yakutsk [108]
Saudi Arabia Abha [109]
Saudi Arabia Riyadh [110]
Singapore Singapore ?
South Korea Busan ?
South Korea Seoul ?
Taiwan Kaohsiung ?
Taiwan Taichung ?
Taiwan Taipei ?
Thailand Bangkok ?
Turkey Ankara ?
United Arab
Emirates 		Dubai ?
Uzbekistan Tashkent [111]
Vietnam Hanoi ?

Europe

Sunshine hours for selected cities in Europe
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Austria Vienna [112]
Belgium Brussels [113]
Bulgaria Sofia [114]
Croatia Zagreb [115]
Czech Republic Prague [116]
Cyprus Nicosia [117]
Denmark Copenhagen [118]
Faroe Islands Tórshavn [119]
Finland Helsinki [120]
France Marseille [121]
France Paris [122]
Germany Berlin [123]
Germany Frankfurt [123]
Greece Athens [124]
Hungary Budapest [125]
Iceland Reykjavik [126]
Ireland Dublin [127]
Italy Milan [128]
Italy Rome [129]
Malta Malta [130]
Netherlands Amsterdam [131]
Norway Oslo [132]
Poland Warsaw [133]
Portugal Lisbon [134]
Romania Bucharest [135]
Russia Moscow [136]
Russia Sochi [137]
Serbia Belgrade [138]
Spain Barcelona [139]
Spain Madrid [139]
Sweden Gothenburg [140]
Sweden Stockholm [141]
Switzerland Zurich [142]
Turkey Istanbul [143]
Ukraine Kiev [144]
United Kingdom Edinburgh [145]
United Kingdom London [146]

North and Central America

Sunshine hours for selected cities in North America and Central America
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Canada Calgary [147]
Canada Churchill [148]
Canada Edmonton [149]
Canada Iqaluit [150]
Canada Montreal [151]
Canada Toronto [152]
Canada Vancouver [153]
Canada Whitehorse [154]
Canada Winnipeg [155]
Honduras La Ceiba [156]
Mexico La Paz [157]
Mexico Mexico City [158]
Mexico Monterrey [159]
Mexico Villahermosa [160]
Nicaragua Managua [161]
Panama Panama City [162]
Puerto Rico San Juan [163]
El Salvador San Salvador [164]
Saint Pierre
and Miquelon 		Saint-Pierre [165]
United States Albuquerque ?
United States Anchorage ?
United States Atlanta ?
United States Austin ?
United States Baltimore ?
United States Boise ?
United States Boston ?
United States Charlotte ?
United States Chicago ?
United States Cleveland ?
United States Columbus ?
United States Dallas ?
United States Denver ?
United States Detroit ?
United States El Paso ?
United States Fresno ?
United States Honolulu ?
United States Houston ?
United States Indianapolis ?
United States Jacksonville ?
United States Kansas City ?
United States Las Vegas ?
United States Los Angeles ?
United States Louisville ?
United States Memphis ?
United States Miami ?
United States Milwaukee ?
United States Minneapolis ?
United States Nashville ?
United States New Orleans ?
United States New York City ?
United States Oklahoma
City 		?
United States Omaha ?
United States Philadelphia ?
United States Phoenix ?
United States Pittsburgh ?
United States Portland (OR) ?
United States Raleigh ?
United States Richmond (VA) ?
United States Sacramento ?
United States Salt Lake City ?
United States San Antonio ?
United States San Diego ?
United States San Francisco ?
United States Seattle ?
United States St. Louis ?
United States Tampa ?
United States Tucson ?
United States Tulsa ?
United States Virginia Beach ?
United States Washington,
D.C. 		?
United States Wichita ?
United States Yuma [166]

South America

Sunshine hours for selected cities in South America
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Argentina Buenos Aires ?
Argentina Ushuaia ?
Argentina Mendoza ?
Argentina La Plata [167]
Bolivia La Paz ?
Brazil São Paulo ?
Brazil Brasília ?
Brazil Rio de Janeiro ?
Brazil Fortaleza ?
Brazil Manaus ?
Brazil Curitiba ?
Colombia Bogotá ?
Colombia Barranquilla ?
Colombia Medellín [168]
Colombia Cali [169]
Colombia Buenaventura [170]
Colombia Totoró [171]
Chile Santiago ?
Chile Antofagasta ?
Chile Valdivia ?
Chile Puerto Montt [172]
Chile Calama [173]
Ecuador Quito ?
Ecuador Guayaquil ?
Falkland Islands Stanley ?
French Guiana Cayenne ?
Paraguay Asunción ?
Peru Arequipa ?
Peru Lima ?
Peru Iquitos [174]
Uruguay Montevideo ?
Venezuela Caracas ?
Venezuela Maracaibo ?

Oceania

Sunshine hours for selected cities in Oceania
Country City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Ref.
Australia Adelaide ?
Australia Brisbane ?
Australia Canberra ?
Australia Darwin ?
Australia Hobart ?
Australia Melbourne ?
Australia Perth ?
Australia Sydney ?
New Zealand Auckland ?
New Zealand Christchurch ?
New Zealand Wellington ?

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "8. Measurement of Sunshine Duration", Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, WMO, 2008, archived from the original on 2013-02-03, https://www.webcitation.org/6E9CzPWoA?url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/documents/gruanmanuals/CIMO/CIMO_Guide-7th_Edition-2008.pdf 
  2. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  3. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  4. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  5. ↑ "Odienné–Aero Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/IV/65528.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  6. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  7. ↑ "Cotonou, Benin Climate Normals 1961-1990". WMO. ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/B3/65344.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  8. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  9. ↑ "KANDI Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/B3/65306.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  10. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Lome, Togo". Climatemps. http://www.lome.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  11. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  12. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Accra, Ghana". Clima Temps. http://www.accra.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  13. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Tamale, Ghana". Clima Temps. http://www.tamale.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  14. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Kumasi, Ghana". Clima Temps. http://www.kumasi.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  15. ↑ "Garoua Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  16. ↑ "Ngaoundéré Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64870.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  17. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  18. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  19. ↑ "Libreville Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/GN/64500.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  20. ↑ "Port-Gentil Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/GN/64501.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  21. ↑ "Climatological Information for Lagos, Nigeria". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/nig_cam/lagos_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 "Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=Tamale+Ghana+sunshine&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy5_estInKAhWLOxoKHWauBp0Q6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=Tamale%20Ghana%20sunshine&f=false. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  23. ↑ "Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=Tamale+Ghana+sunshine&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy5_estInKAhWLOxoKHWauBp0Q6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=Sudan&f=false. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  24. ↑ "Khartoum Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/SU/62721.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  25. ↑ "Sunshine guide to Asmara and the Eritrea, Highlands , Eritrea". short.climates.com. http://short.climates.com/AFRICA/PDF/ERT01AFR.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  26. ↑ "Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)". Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_655030_kt.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  27. ↑ "Klimatafel von Ouahigouya / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)". Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_655020_kt.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  28. ↑ "Climatological Normals of Niamey". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/nig_cam/niamey_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  29. ↑ "ND'Jamena Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/TE/64700.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  30. ↑ "Abeche Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/TE/64756.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  31. ↑ "Average Conditions Banjul, Gambia". BBC Weather. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2413876. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  32. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  33. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  34. ↑ "Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=Tamale+Ghana+sunshine&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy5_estInKAhWLOxoKHWauBp0Q6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=Mogadisho&f=false. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "World Survey of Climatology: Climates of Africa". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=JzZRAAAAMAAJ&dq=Lodwar+hours+of+sunshine+3%2C582&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=3%2C582. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  36. ↑ "Djibouti Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/D1/63125.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  37. ↑ "Mean monthly sunshine duration (in/month, 1961-1970) in Mali (Direction Nationale de la Meteorologie, Bamako, Mali)". Humanity Development Library. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=hdl&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH01a95a8eb2b274269414f63d.4.2. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  38. ↑ "Mean monthly sunshine duration (in/month, 1961-1970) in Mali (Direction Nationale de la Meteorologie, Bamako, Mali)". Humanity Development Library. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=hdl&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH01a95a8eb2b274269414f63d.4.2. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  39. ↑ "BKO–s (Bamako) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/M1/61291.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  40. ↑ "Algeriet – Alger/Dar-El-Beida". Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  41. ↑ "Sahara Desert". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=1tJOAQAAIAAJ&dq=Tamanrasset+sunshine+hours&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=10.6. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  42. ↑ "Climatological Information for Tunis, Tunisia". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/tunis_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  43. ↑ ""Gabès Climate Normals 1961–1990"". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/TS/60765.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  44. ↑ "Climatological Information for Rabat, Morocco". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/rabat_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  45. ↑ "Marrakech (Marrakesh) Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/FM/60230.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  46. ↑ "Ouarzazate Climate Normals 1961–1990"". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/FM/60265.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 "Hydrology of the Nile Basin". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRM7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87&dq=Helwan+sunshine+hours&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjex8GE7PLKAhXMVRoKHaqcB6c4ChDoAQgiMAE#v=onepage&q=Helwan%20sunshine%20hours&f=false. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  48. ↑ "Libyen – Tripoli". Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on April 27, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  49. ↑ "Wetter im Detail: Klimadaten". WetterKontor, via Spiegel Online. http://wetter.spiegel.de/spiegel/klima.php?r=afrika&land=LY&stat=62053. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  50. ↑ "Climatological Information for Mombase, Kenya". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/ken_madg/mombase_e.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  51. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for DAGORETTI 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KN/63741.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  52. ↑ "Garissa Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KN/63723.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 "The climates of the continents". Google Books. https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=RytOAQAAIAAJ&dq=Zanzibar+sunshine+hours&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=2.933. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  54. ↑ "Klimatafel von Dodoma / Tansania". Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_638620_kt.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  55. ↑ "Surface Waters Potential of the Hantebet Basin, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia". Nata Tadesse. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/10575/LW%2005%20010%20Tadasse%20final%2016April2006.pdf?sequence=1. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  56. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  57. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  58. ↑ "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale". Comité interafricain d'études hydrauliques. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-12/20178.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  59. ↑ "Average Conditions Kinshasa, Congo Democratic Republic". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2314302. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
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  68. ↑ "Sunshine guide to the Gaborone area, Botswana". short.climates.com. http://short.climates.com/AFRICA/PDF/BOT01AFR.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
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  74. ↑ "Karonga Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67423.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
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  78. ↑ "Tamatave/Toamasina Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67095.TXT. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
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  82. ↑ "Average Conditions Maputo, Mozambique". BBC Weather. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/1040652. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
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  97. ↑ I.R. OF IRAN SHAHREKORD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN). 1988–2010
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  102. ↑ "Seeb Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/OM/41256.TXT. Retrieved 7 February 2016. 
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  108. ↑ "Climatological Normals of Jakutsk". http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/jakutsk_e.htm. 
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  128. ↑ "Milano/Linate (MI)". Servizio Meteorologico. http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(080)Milano%20Linate.pdf. Retrieved 11 December 2014. 
  129. ↑ "Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Roma Ciampino". http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt. Retrieved 13 June 2011. 
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  137. ↑ "Climatological Information for Soczi, Russia". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/soci_e.htm. 
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  140. ↑ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Gothenburg, Sweden". http://www.gothenburg.climatemps.com/sunlight.php. Retrieved 2017-01-25. 
  141. ↑ "Sunshine Hours of Stockholm". Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut. http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/year/vov_pdf/SMHI_vov_precipitation_sunshine_11.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-19. 
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  143. ↑ "Resmi İstatistikler (İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131103153244/http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ISTANBUL. Retrieved 3 December 2014. 
  144. ↑ "Average Conditions - Kiev". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/703448. Retrieved 3 July 2012. 
  145. ↑ "Mean Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh Climatic Averages 1981–2010". Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/royal-botanic-gardens-edinburgh#?tab=climateTables. Retrieved 22 December 2012. 
  146. ↑ "London Heathrow Airport". Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b. Retrieved 17 September 2014. 
  147. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=2205&lang=e&dCode=1&province=ALTA&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12. 
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  156. ↑ "Klimatafel von La Ceiba, Bez. Atlántida / Honduras" (in German). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world. Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_787050_kt.pdf. Retrieved January 24, 2016. 
  157. ↑ "Station 76405 La Paz, BCS.". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt. Retrieved 3 May 2015. 
  158. ↑ "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000" (in Spanish). Comision Nacional Del Agua. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054428/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/tacubaya.pdf. Retrieved January 5, 2013. 
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  160. ↑ "Station 76743 Villahermosa, TAB.". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt. Retrieved 7 May 2015. 
  161. ↑ "Wetter im Detail: Klimadaten" (in German). http://wetter.spiegel.de/spiegel/klima.php?r=mittelamerika&land=NI&stat=78741. Retrieved July 19, 2012. 
  162. ↑ "Datos Históricos : Estación Albrook Field" (in Spanish). Empresa de Transmision Electrica S.A. http://www.hidromet.com.pa/clima_historicos.php. Retrieved April 10, 2013. 
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  165. ↑ ‘Données climatiques de la station à Saint Pierre’ (in French)
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  167. ↑ "La Plata AERO Climate Normals 1961–1990". ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/AG/87593.TXT. Retrieved 29 March 2015. 
  168. ↑ "CARTAS CLIMATOLÓGICAS - MEDIAS MENSUALES AEROPUERTO OLAYA HERRERA (Medellín)". http://bart.ideam.gov.co/cliciu/mede/tabla.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
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  170. ↑ "Promedios Climatológicos 1981 - 2010". https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025712/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
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  172. ↑ "Promedios meteorológicos en Puerto Montt". https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180012/http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaII.pdf. Retrieved 21 September 2013. 
  173. ↑ "Tabla 4.6: Medias mensuales de horas de sol diarias extraídas del WRDC ruso (en (hrs./dia))". https://www.u-cursos.cl/ingenieria/2008/2/ME716/1/material_docente/bajar?id_material=201902. Retrieved 21 July 2015. 
  174. ↑ "Iquitos Climate Guide". http://www.shootingonlocation.com/filmlocations/peru/iquitos/iquitos-climateguide.php. Retrieved 2 September 2012. 




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