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List of impact craters on Earth

Topic: Earth

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This list of impact craters on Earth contains a selection of the 190 confirmed craters given in the Earth Impact Database.[1] To keep the lists manageable, only the largest craters within a time period are included. The complete list is divided into separate articles by geographical region.

Confirmed impact craters listed by size and age

These features were caused by the collision of meteors (consisting of large fragments of asteroids) or comets (consisting of ice, dust particles and rocky fragments) with the Earth. For eroded or buried craters, the stated diameter typically refers to the best available estimate of the original rim diameter, and may not correspond to present surface features. Time units are either in thousands (ka) or millions (Ma) of years.

Young craters (10 ka or less)

Less than ten thousand years old, and with a diameter of 0.1 km (100 meters) or more. The EID lists only 7 or 8 such craters, and the largest in the last 100,000 years (100 ka) is the 4.5 km Rio Cuarto crater in Argentina .[2] However, there is some uncertainty regarding its origins[3] and age, with some sources giving it as < 10 ka[2][4] while the EID gives a broader < 100 ka.[3]

The Kaali impacts (c. 2000 BC) during the Iron Age may have influenced Estonian and Finnish mythology,[5] the Campo del Cielo (c. 2000 BC) could be in the legends of some Native American tribes,[6][7] while Henbury (c. 2200 BC) has figured in Australian Aboriginal oral traditions.[8]

Macha crater field map
One of the Kaali craters
Name Location Country Diameter
(approx. in km) 		Age
(thousand years) 		Date Coordinates
Wabar Rub' al Khali desert Saudi Arabia 0.1 0.2 ~1800 AD [ ⚑ ] 21°30′N 50°28′E / 21.5°N 50.467°E / 21.5; 50.467
Kaali Saaremaa Estonia 0.1 4.0 1500 BC [ ⚑ ] 58°24′N 22°40′E / 58.4°N 22.667°E / 58.4; 22.667
Campo del Cielo Chaco Argentina 0.1[7] 4.0 2000 BC [ ⚑ ] 27°38′S 61°42′W / 27.633°S 61.7°W / -27.633; -61.7
Henbury Northern Territory Australia 0.2 4.2 2200 BC [ ⚑ ] 24°34′S 133°8′E / 24.567°S 133.133°E / -24.567; 133.133
Morasko Poznań Poland 0.1 5.0[9] 3000 BC [ ⚑ ] 52°29′N 16°54′E / 52.483°N 16.9°E / 52.483; 16.9
Boxhole Northern Territory Australia 0.2 5.4 3400 BC [ ⚑ ] 22°37′S 135°12′E / 22.617°S 135.2°E / -22.617; 135.2
Macha Sakha Republic Russia 0.3 7.3 5300 BC [ ⚑ ] 60°6′N 117°35′E / 60.1°N 117.583°E / 60.1; 117.583
Rio Cuarto (disputed) Córdoba Province Argentina 4.5 <10?[2][4] <8000 BC [ ⚑ ] 32°52.7′S 64°13.4′W / 32.8783°S 64.2233°W / -32.8783; -64.2233

For the Rio Cuarto craters, 2002 research suggests they may actually be aeolian structures.[10] The EID gives a size of about 50 meters for Campo del Cielo, but other sources quote 100 meters.[7]

Large craters (10 ka to 1 Ma)

From between 10 thousand years to 1 million years ago, and with a diameter of 1 km or more. The largest in the last one million years is the 14-km Zhamanshin crater in Kazakhstan and has been described as being capable of producing a nuclear-like winter.[11]

However, the currently unknown source of the enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 780 ka) could be a crater about 100 km across.[12][13]

Lonar crater, 1.8 km
Meteor Crater, 1.2 km
Tenoumer crater, 1.9 km
Name Location Country Diameter (km) Age (thousand years) Coordinates
Tenoumer Sahara Desert Mauritania .019 1.9


.021 21


[ ⚑ ] 22°55′5″N 10°24′27″W / 22.91806°N 10.4075°W / 22.91806; -10.4075
Meteor Crater Arizona United States .012 1.2


.049 49


[ ⚑ ] 35°2′N 111°1′W / 35.033°N 111.017°W / 35.033; -111.017
Xiuyan Xiuyan China .018 1.8


.050 50


[ ⚑ ] 40°21′N 123°27′E / 40.35°N 123.45°E / 40.35; 123.45
Lonar Maharashtra India .018 1.8


.052 52


[ ⚑ ] 19°58′N 76°31′E / 19.967°N 76.517°E / 19.967; 76.517
Agoudal[14] Atlas Mountains Morocco .030 3.0


.105 105


[ ⚑ ] 31°59′N 5°30′W / 31.983°N 5.5°W / 31.983; -5.5
Tswaing Pretoria Saltpan South Africa .011 1.1


.220 220


[ ⚑ ] 25°24′32″S 28°4′58″E / 25.40889°S 28.08278°E / -25.40889; 28.08278
Zhamanshin Kazakhstan Kazakhstan .140 14.0


.900 900 ± 100


[ ⚑ ] 48°24′N 60°58′E / 48.4°N 60.967°E / 48.4; 60.967

Larger craters (1 Ma to 10 Ma)

Elgygytgyn, 18 km
Bosumtwi, 10 km

From between 1 and 10 million years ago, and with a diameter of 5 km or more. If uncertainties regarding its age are resolved, then the largest in the last 10 million years would be the 52-km Karakul crater which is listed in EID with an age of less than 5 Ma, or the Pliocene. The large but apparently craterless Eltanin impact (2.5 Ma) into the Pacific Ocean has been suggested as contributing to the glaciations and cooling during the Pliocene.[15]

Name Location Country Diameter (km) Age (million years) Coordinates
Bosumtwi Ashanti Ghana .00105 10


.0011 1.1


[ ⚑ ] 6°30.3′N 1°24.5′W / 6.505°N 1.4083°W / 6.505; -1.4083
Elgygytgyn Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Russia .0018 18


.0035 3.5


[ ⚑ ] 67°30′N 172°00′E / 67.5°N 172°E / 67.5; 172
Bigach Kazakhstan Kazakhstan .0008 8


.0005 5.0


[ ⚑ ] 48°34′N 82°1′E / 48.567°N 82.017°E / 48.567; 82.017
Karla Tatarstan Russia .00100 10


.0005 5.0


[ ⚑ ] 54°55′N 48°2′E / 54.917°N 48.033°E / 54.917; 48.033
Karakul Pamir Mountains Tajikistan .0052 52


.005 <5?

[16][17]

[ ⚑ ] 39°1′N 73°27′E / 39.017°N 73.45°E / 39.017; 73.45 (Kara-Kul)

Largest craters (10 Ma or more)

Craters with a diameter of 20 km or more are all older than 10 Ma, with the exception of Karakul whose age is uncertain. There are more than forty such craters. The largest two within the last hundred million years have been linked to two extinction events: Chicxulub for the Cretaceous–Paleogene and the Popigai impact for the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event.[18]

Vredefort crater, 160km
Sudbury Basin, 130km
Chicxulub crater, 150km
Popigai crater, 100km
Manicouagan crater, 100km
Acraman crater, 85-90km
Charlevoix crater, 54km
Siljan Ring, 52km
Name Location Country Diameter (km) Age (million years) Coordinates
Vredefort Free State South Africa .01600 160


.20230 2023


[ ⚑ ] 27°0′S 27°30′E / 27°S 27.5°E / -27; 27.5 (Vredefort)
Chicxulub Yucatán Mexico .01500 150


.00650 66


[ ⚑ ] 21°20′N 89°30′W / 21.333°N 89.5°W / 21.333; -89.5 (Chicxulub)
Sudbury Ontario Canada .01300 130


.18490 1849


[ ⚑ ] 46°36′N 81°11′W / 46.6°N 81.183°W / 46.6; -81.183 (Sudbury)
Popigai Siberia Russia .01000 100


.00350 35


[ ⚑ ] 71°39′N 111°11′E / 71.65°N 111.183°E / 71.65; 111.183 (Popigai)
Manicouagan Quebec Canada .01000 100


.02150 215


[ ⚑ ] 51°23′N 68°42′W / 51.383°N 68.7°W / 51.383; -68.7 (Manicouagan)
Acraman South Australia Australia .00900 90


.05800 580


[ ⚑ ] 32°1′S 135°27′E / 32.017°S 135.45°E / -32.017; 135.45 (Acraman)
Morokweng Kalahari Desert South Africa .00700 70


.01450 145


[ ⚑ ] 26°28′S 23°32′E / 26.467°S 23.533°E / -26.467; 23.533 (Morokweng)
Kara Nenetsia Russia .0065 65


.00703 70


[ ⚑ ] 69°6′N 64°9′E / 69.1°N 64.15°E / 69.1; 64.15 (Kara)
Beaverhead Idaho and Montana United States .00600 60


.06000 600


[ ⚑ ] 44°15′N 114°0′W / 44.25°N 114°W / 44.25; -114 (Beaverhead)
Tookoonooka Queensland Australia .00550 55


.01120 112-133


[ ⚑ ] 27°7′S 142°50′E / 27.117°S 142.833°E / -27.117; 142.833 (Tookoonooka)
Charlevoix Quebec Canada .00540 54


.03420 342


[ ⚑ ] 47°32′N 70°18′W / 47.533°N 70.3°W / 47.533; -70.3 (Charlevoix)
Siljan Ring Dalarna Sweden .00520 52


.03770 377


[ ⚑ ] 61°2′N 14°52′E / 61.033°N 14.867°E / 61.033; 14.867 (Siljan)
Karakul Pamir Mountains Tajikistan .00520 52


.00050 5?, 25?


[ ⚑ ] 39°1′N 73°27′E / 39.017°N 73.45°E / 39.017; 73.45 (Kara-Kul)
Montagnais Nova Scotia Canada .00450 45


.00505 50.5


[ ⚑ ] 42°53′N 64°13′W / 42.883°N 64.217°W / 42.883; -64.217 (Montagnais)
Araguainha Central Brazil Brazil .00400 40


.02444 244.4


[ ⚑ ] 16°47′S 52°59′W / 16.783°S 52.983°W / -16.783; -52.983 (Araguainha)
Chesapeake Bay Virginia United States .00400 40


.00350 35


[ ⚑ ] 37°17′N 76°1′W / 37.283°N 76.017°W / 37.283; -76.017 (Chesapeake Bay)
Mjølnir Barents Sea Norway .00400 40


.01420 142


[ ⚑ ] 73°48′N 29°40′E / 73.8°N 29.667°E / 73.8; 29.667 (Mjølnir)
Puchezh-Katunki Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Russia .00400 40


.01670 167


[ ⚑ ] 56°58′N 43°43′E / 56.967°N 43.717°E / 56.967; 43.717 (Puchezh-Katunki)
Saint Martin Manitoba Canada .00400 40


.02200 227


[ ⚑ ] 51°47′N 98°32′W / 51.783°N 98.533°W / 51.783; -98.533 (Saint Martin)
Woodleigh Western Australia Australia .00400 40


.03640 364


[ ⚑ ] 26°3′S 114°40′E / 26.05°S 114.667°E / -26.05; 114.667 (Woodleigh)
Carswell Saskatchewan Canada .00390 39


.01150 115


[ ⚑ ] 58°27′N 109°30′W / 58.45°N 109.5°W / 58.45; -109.5 (Carswell)
Clearwater West Quebec Canada .00360 36


.02900 290


[ ⚑ ] 56°13′N 74°30′W / 56.217°N 74.5°W / 56.217; -74.5 (Clearwater West)
Manson Iowa United States .00350 35


.00740 74


[ ⚑ ] 42°35′N 94°33′W / 42.583°N 94.55°W / 42.583; -94.55 (Manson)
Slate Islands Ontario Canada .00300 30


.04500 450


[ ⚑ ] 48°40′N 87°0′W / 48.667°N 87°W / 48.667; -87 (Slate Islands)
Yarrabubba Western Australia Australia .00300 30


.1130 1130-2600


[ ⚑ ] 27°10′S 118°50′E / 27.167°S 118.833°E / -27.167; 118.833 (Yarrabubba)
Keurusselkä Western Finland Finland .00300 30


.14000 1400-1500


[ ⚑ ] 62°8′N 24°36′E / 62.133°N 24.6°E / 62.133; 24.6 (Keurusselkä)
Shoemaker Western Australia Australia .00300 30


.16300 1630?


[ ⚑ ] 25°52′S 120°53′E / 25.867°S 120.883°E / -25.867; 120.883 (Shoemaker)
Mistastin Newfoundland and Labrador Canada .00280 28


.00364 36.4


[ ⚑ ] 55°53′N 63°18′W / 55.883°N 63.3°W / 55.883; -63.3 (Mistastin)
Clearwater East Quebec Canada .00260 26


.02900 290


[ ⚑ ] 56°04′N 74°06′W / 56.067°N 74.1°W / 56.067; -74.1 (Clearwater East)
Kamensk Southern Federal District Russia .00250 25


.00490 49


[ ⚑ ] 48°21′N 40°30′E / 48.35°N 40.5°E / 48.35; 40.5 (Kamensk)
Steen River Alberta Canada .00250 25


.00910 91


[ ⚑ ] 59°30′N 117°38′W / 59.5°N 117.633°W / 59.5; -117.633 (Steen River)
Strangways Northern Territory Australia .00250 25


.06460 646


[ ⚑ ] 15°12′S 133°35′E / 15.2°S 133.583°E / -15.2; 133.583 (Strangways)
Tunnunik Northwest Territories Canada .00250 25


.01300 130-450


[ ⚑ ] 72°28′N 113°58′W / 72.467°N 113.967°W / 72.467; -113.967 (Tunuunik)
Boltysh Kirovohrad Oblast Ukraine .00240 24


.00652 65.17


[ ⚑ ] 48°54′N 32°15′E / 48.9°N 32.25°E / 48.9; 32.25 (Boltysh)
Nördlinger Ries Bavaria Germany .00240 24


.00143 14.3-14.5


[ ⚑ ] 48°53′N 10°34′E / 48.883°N 10.567°E / 48.883; 10.567 (Nördlinger Ries)
Presqu'île Quebec Canada .00240 24


.05000 less than 500


[ ⚑ ] 49°43′N 74°48′W / 49.717°N 74.8°W / 49.717; -74.8 (Presqu'ile)
Haughton Nunavut Canada .00230 23


.00390 39


[ ⚑ ] 75°23′N 89°40′W / 75.383°N 89.667°W / 75.383; -89.667 (Haughton)
Lappajärvi Western Finland Finland .00230 23


.00733 76.2


[ ⚑ ] 63°12′N 23°42′E / 63.2°N 23.7°E / 63.2; 23.7 (Lappajärvi)
Rochechouart France France .00230 23


.02010 206.92 ± 0.32

[19]

[ ⚑ ] 45°49′27″N 0°46′54″E / 45.82417°N 0.78167°E / 45.82417; 0.78167 (Rochechouart)
Gosses Bluff Northern Territory Australia .00220 22


.01425 142.5


[ ⚑ ] 23°49′15″S 132°18′28″E / 23.82083°S 132.30778°E / -23.82083; 132.30778 (Gosses Bluff)
Amelia Creek Northern Territory Australia .00200 20


.06000 600-1660


[ ⚑ ] 20°55′S 134°50′E / 20.917°S 134.833°E / -20.917; 134.833 (Amelia Creek)
Logancha Siberia Russia .00200 20


.00400 40


[ ⚑ ] 65°31′N 95°56′E / 65.517°N 95.933°E / 65.517; 95.933 (Logancha)
Obolon' Poltava Oblast Ukraine .00200 20


.01690 169


[ ⚑ ] 49°35′N 32°55′E / 49.583°N 32.917°E / 49.583; 32.917 (Obolon')

Large unconfirmed craters

The largest unconfirmed craters 200 km or more are significant not only for their size, but also for the possible coeval events associated with them. For example, the Wilkes Land crater has been connected to the massive Permian–Triassic extinction event.[20] The sortable table has been arranged by diameter.

Name Location Country Diameter (km) Age (million years) Coordinates
Mistassini-Otish impact crater[21] Quebec Canada .600 600


2.1 2100


[ ⚑ ] 50°00′N 71°00′W / 50°N 71°W / 50; -71 (Mistassini-Otish impact crater)
Australian impact structure Northern Territory Australia .600 600


.545 545


Shiva crater offshore of India India .500 500


.065 65


Wilkes Land crater Wilkes Land Antarctica .480 480-500


.250 250-500


Nastapoka arc Nunavut/Quebec Canada .450 450


unknown [ ⚑ ] 57°00′N 78°50′W / 57°N 78.833°W / 57; -78.833 (Hudson Bay)
Czech Crater Central Europe Czech Republic 300-500 2000 [ ⚑ ] 49°28′N 14°24′E / 49.467°N 14.4°E / 49.467; 14.4 (Bohemia)
Ishim impact structure[22] Akmola Region Kazakhstan .300 300


.460 460-430

[23]

[ ⚑ ] 52°0′N 69°0′E / 52°N 69°E / 52; 69 (Akmola)
Bedout offshore of Western Australia Australia .250 250


.250 250


Falkland (Malvinas) Plateau anomaly[24][25][26] offshore of South America Falkland Islands .250 250


.250 250 (uncertain, estimated to be Late Palaeozoic)


[ ⚑ ] 51°0′S 62°0′W / 51°S 62°W / -51; -62 (West Falkland)
East Warburton Basin Southern Australia Australia .200 200+


.300 300-360


All craters listed alphabetically

(As of 2017), the Earth Impact Database (EID) contains 190 confirmed craters. The table below is arranged by the continent's percentage of the Earth's land area, and where Asian and Russian craters are grouped together per EID convention. The global distribution of known impact structures apparently shows a surprising asymmetry,[27] with the small but well-funded European continent having a large percentage of confirmed craters. It is suggested this situation is an artifact, highlighting the importance of intensifying research in less studied areas like Antarctica, South America and elsewhere.[27]

Asia
Americas
Africa
Europe
Australia
Continent Continent's %
of Earth's
land area		 Continent's %
of the 190
known craters		 Number
of craters
Asia & Russia 30% 16% 31
Africa 20% 11% 20
North America 16% 32% 60
South America 12% 6% 11
Antarctica 9% 0% 0
Europe 7% 22% 41
Australia 6% 14% 27
Total 100% 100% 190

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Earth Impact Database". http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/index.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bland, Phil A.; de Souza Filho, C. R.; Timothy Jull, A. J.; Kelley, Simon P.; Hough, Robert Michael; Artemieva, N. A.; Pierazzo, E.; Coniglio, J.; Pinotti, Lucio; Evers, V.; Kearsley, Anton; (2002); "A possible tektite strewn field in the Argentinian Pampa", Science, volume 296, issue 5570, pp. 1109-1112
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Rio Cuarto". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New%20website_05-2018/riocuarto.html. Retrieved 2009-08-19. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schultz, Peter H.; Lianza, Ruben E.; (1992) "Recent grazing impacts on the Earth recorded in the Rio Cuarto crater field, Argentina", Nature 355, p. 234-237 (16 January 1992)
  5. ↑ Haas, Ain; Peekna, Andres; Walker, Robert E.. "Echoes of Ancient Cataclysms in the Baltic Sea". Electronic Journal of Folklore. http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol23/echoes.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 
  6. ↑ Benítez, Giménez; López, Alejandro M.; Mammana, Luis A.. "Meteorites of Campo del Cielo: Impact on the indian culture". http://www.fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar/~sixto/arqueo/w-6-ing.htm. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bobrowsky, Peter T.; Rickman, Hans (2007). Comet/asteroid impacts and human society: an interdisciplinary approach. Springer. pp. 30–31. ISBN 3-540-32709-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Gpwgm022ltMC&pg=PA31. 
  8. ↑ Hamacher, Duane W.; Goldsmith, John. "Aboriginal oral traditions of Australian impact craters". http://www.narit.or.th/en/files/2013JAHHvol16/2013JAHH...16..295H.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Stankowski, Wojciech; Raukas, Anto; Bluszcz, Andrzej; Fedorowicz, Stanisław. "Luminescence dating of the Morasko (Poland), Kaali, Ilumetsa, and Tsõõrikmäe (Estonia) meteorite craters". http://www.geochronometria.pl/pdf/geo_28/Geo28_04.pdf. 
  10. ↑ Cione, Alberto L. et al. (2002). Putative Meteoritic Craters in Río Cuarto (Central Argentina) Interpreted as Eolian Structures, Earth, Moon, and Planets 91 (1), 9-24.
  11. ↑ Essay "Impact Cratering on Earth", based on: Grieve, Richard A. F.; (1990); "Impact cratering on the Earth", Scientific American, vol. 262, 66-73
  12. ↑ Povenmire, Harold; Liu, W.; Xianlin, Luo; (1999) "Australasian tektites found in Guangxi Province, China", in Proceedings of the 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, March 1999
  13. ↑ Glass, Billy P.; Pizzuto, James E.; (1994) "Geographic variation in Australasian microtektite concentrations: Implications concerning the location and size of the source crater", Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, no. E9, 19075-19081, September 1994
  14. ↑ "Agoudal". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New%20website_05-2018/Agoudal.html. Retrieved 2016-08-18. 
  15. ↑ University of New South Wales (19 September 2012). "Did a Pacific Ocean meteor trigger the Ice Age?". http://phys.org/news/2012-09-pacific-ocean-meteor-trigger-ice.html. Retrieved 8 October 2012. 
  16. ↑ "Kara-Kul". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New%20website_05-2018/karakul.html. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 
  17. ↑ Gurov, Eugene P.; Gurova, H. P.; Rakitskaya, R. B.; Yamnichenko, A. Yu. (1993). "The Karakul depression in Pamirs - the first impact structure in central Asia". Lunar and Planetary Science XXIV: 591-592. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940011739.pdf. 
  18. ↑ "Russia's Popigai Meteor Crash Linked to Mass Extinction". 13 June 2014. http://www.livescience.com/46312-popigai-crater-linked-eocene-mass-extinction.html. 
  19. ↑ Cohen, Benjamin E.; Mark, Darren F.; Lee, Martin R.; Simpson, Sarah L. (2017-08-01). "A new high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for the Rochechouart impact structure: At least 5 Ma older than the Triassic–Jurassic boundary" (in en). Meteoritics & Planetary Science 52 (8): 1600–1611. doi:10.1111/maps.12880. ISSN 1945-5100. Bibcode: 2017M&PS...52.1600C. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/maps.12880/abstract. 
  20. ↑ Gorder, Pam Frost (1 June 2006). "Big Bang in Antarctica – Killer Crater Found Under Ice". Ohio State University Research News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306140004/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/erthboom.htm. 
  21. ↑ Genest, Serge; Robert, Francine; "The Mistassini-Otish Impact Structure, Northern Quebec, Canada: An Update", Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, 2017
  22. ↑ Dachille, Frank. "Frequency of the formation of large terrestrial impact craters". http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1976Metic..11..270D. 
  23. ↑ Zeylik, B. S.; Seytmuratova, E. Yu; (1974); "A meteorite-impact structure in central Kazakhstan and its magmatic-ore controlling role", Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1, pages 167-170
  24. ↑ Rocca, Maximiliano C. L.; Presser, Jaime Leonardo Báez; (2015) "A possible new very large impact structure in Malvinas Islands", Historia Natural, Tercera Series, Volumen 5(2)
  25. ↑ Rocca, Maximiliano C. L.; Rampino, Michael R.; Presser, Jaime Leonardo Báez (2017). "Geophysical evidence for a large impact structure on the Falkland (Malvinas) Plateau". http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/ter.12269/abstract. 
  26. ↑ Osborne, Hannah (5 May 2017). "Crater Potentially Linked to the Biggest Mass Extinction Event in Earth’s History is Discovered". Newsweek Tech & Science. http://www.newsweek.com/asteroid-impact-crater-mass-extinction-great-dying-595229. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Prezzi, Claudia B.; Orgeira, María Julia; Acevedo, Rogelio D.; Ponce, Juan Federico; Martinez, Oscar; Rabassa, Jorge O.; Corbella, Hugo; Vásquez, Carlos; González-Guillot, Mauricio; Subías, Ignacio; (2011); "Geophysical characterization of two circular structures at Bajada del Diablo (Patagonia, Argentina): Indication of impact origin", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, volume 192, p. 21-34

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