List of supercontinents

Short description: A list of the past, present, and speculative future supercontinents of Earth

This is a list of supercontinents.

Past

The list is written in reverse-chronological order ("stratolithic order"). Dates are given as the approximate beginning of the formation of the supercontinent; dates in parentheses are approximate date of the fully formed supercontinent. The Notes column provides the geologic time period of the fully formed supercontinent.

Legend
Minor supercontinent
Major supercontinent

List of supercontinents
Name	Ga (Billions of years ago)	Geologic time period^[1] / Notes
Laurasia	~0.253–~0.056	Phanerozoic > Mesozoic^[2]
Pangaea	~0.335 (0.299^[3]) –~0.173	Phanerozoic > Paleozoic > Permian^[4]
Euramerica	0.433-0.056	Was next to Gondwana
Gondwana	~0.62–~0.132	Appeared in 550mya or the breakup of Pannotia.
Pannotia, also called Vendian	0.62–~0.555	Precambrian > Proterozoic > Neoproterozoic > Ediacaran^[5]
Avalonia	0.63–0.56
Protogondwana	1.071–0.62
Protolaurasia	1.071–0.592
Rodinia^[6]	1.071–~0.75	Precambrian > Proterozoic > Neoproterozoic > Tonian
Cimmeria	1.25–present
Baltica	1.8–present
Laurentia	1.816–present
Columbia, also called Nuna	~1.82–1.35^[7]	Precambrian > Proterozoic > Mesoproterozoic > Calymmian
Nena	1.95–0.592	Formation is 1.95bya
Atlantica	2.11–0.114	Protracted tectonic magma plume rifting occurred 1.31 Ga. Final breakup occurred ~114 Ma.
India (continent)	2.525–present
Siberia (continent)	2.695–present
Sclavia	2.665–2.33	Kenorland is a "one-piece" alternative to Superia, Vaalbara, and Sclavia.
Kenorland	~2.72–2.1	Neoarchean sanukitoid cratons and new continental crust formed Kenorland. Protracted tectonic magma plume rifting occurred 2.48 to 2.4 Ga and this contributed to the Paleoproterozoic glacial events in 2.4 to 2.22 Ga. Final breakup occurred ~2.1 Ga.
Ur	~3.0–2.803	Classified as the earliest known landmass, Ur was a continent that existed three billion years ago. While probably not a supercontinent, one can argue that Ur was a supercontinent for its time as it was possibly the only continent on Earth, even if it was smaller than Australia is today. Still, an older rock formation now in Greenland dates back from Hadean times.
Congo (continent) (Protoafrica)	3.6–present	This former continent thought to be parental to the São Francisco craton, Congo craton and the Central Africa.
Vaalbara	~3.6–2.803	Possibly the first supercontinent
Superior craton	4.031–present	existed when Vaalbara was formed.

Present (now)

**List of Supercontinents**
Name	Millions of years (– = past, + = future)	Notes
Afro-Eurasia	–5...+215^{[citation needed]}
Ocean-Eurasia	–5...+215^{[citation needed]}
America	–15...+150^{[citation needed]}
Eurasia	–253...+215^{[citation needed]}	If not considered a part of Afro-Eurasia Afro-Eurasia-America

Future (speculative) (+)

**List of Supercontinents**
Name	Millions of years in the future	Notes
Novopangaea	250	This assumes closure of the Pacific Ocean, docking of Australia with East Asia, and northward motion of Antarctica.
Pangaea Ultima	250	Africa will meet North America by then.
Amasia	250	Everything moves north and meets near the Arctic Circle
Aurica	250	Western Eurasia splits from Eastern Asia and moves west along with Africa, as Eastern Asia moves east along India and Australia.
Afro-Euraustralasia	27–215

References

External links

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[1] Inc., Advanced Solutions International. "GSA Geologic Time Scale". https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Education_Careers/Geologic_Time_Scale/GSA/timescale/home.aspx?hkey=8668fe3f-c0a8-4dd8-aaca-13603b24c9e0.

[2] "Tectonics of the Triassic Period". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic/triassic/triassictect.html.

[3] "The Permian Period". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permian.php.

[4] "The Permian Period". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permian.php.

[5] "The Ediacaran Period". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/ediacaran.php.

[6] "One of The Supercontinents Is Different from the Others (It’s Rodinia)" (in en). Deep Carbon Observatory. 2017-12-14. https://www.deepcarbon.net/feature/one-supercontinents-different-others-it%25E2%2580%2599s-rodinia.

[7] ttps://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/gday-mate-17-billion-year-old-chunk-of-north-america-found-in-australia/ar-AAv5aZn

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