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Nunavut

Topic: Earth

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 24 min
Short description: Territory of Canada

Template:Infobox province or territory of Canada Nunavut (/ˈnʊnəvʊt/ NUU-nə-vuut, /ˈnuːnəvuːt/ NOO-nə-voot; French: [nunavut], [nunavʊt], [nynavʏt]; Template:Lang-iu, Template:IPA-iu, lit. our land[1]) is the largest and northernmost territory of Canada . It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act[2] and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act,[3] which provided this territory to the Inuit for independent government. The boundaries had been drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map in half a century since the province of Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) was admitted in 1949.

Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada and most of the Arctic Archipelago. Its vast territory makes it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world, as well as North America's second-largest (after Greenland). The capital Iqaluit (formerly Frobisher Bay), on Baffin Island in the east, was chosen by a capital plebiscite in 1995. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay.

Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the far north, as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west, and all islands in Hudson, James and Ungava bays, including Akimiski Island far to the southeast of the rest of the territory. It is Canada's only geo-political region that is not connected to the rest of North America by highway.[4]

Nunavut is the least densely populated major country sub-division in the world (not considering Antarctica), being even less densely populated than Denmark's Greenland. With a population of 39,589 as of the 2021 Canadian census, (up from 35,944 in 2016), consisting mostly of Inuit, and a land mass almost as large as Mexico, Nunavut's land area, excluding water surface area, of just over 1,836,993.78 km2 (709,267.26 sq mi),[5] is occupied with a population density of Script error: No such module "Pop density".. Nunavut is also home to the world's northernmost permanently inhabited place, Alert.[6] Eureka, a weather station on Ellesmere Island, has the lowest average annual temperature of any Canadian weather station.[7]

History

Early history

Map showing Thule migration and Dorset decline

The region which is now mainland Nunavut was first populated approximately 4,500 years ago by the Pre-Dorset, a diverse Paleo-Eskimo culture that migrated eastward from the Bering Strait region.[8]

The Pre-Dorset culture was succeeded by the Dorset culture about 2,800 years ago.[9] Anthropologists and historians believe that the Dorset culture developed from the Pre-Dorset somehow.[9]

Helluland, which Norse explorers described visiting in their Sagas of Icelanders, has been associated with Nunavut's Baffin Island. Claims of contact between the Dorset and Norse are controversial.[10][11]

The Thule people, ancestors of the modern Inuit, began migrating from Alaska in the 11th century into the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. By 1300, the geographic extent of Thule settlement included most of modern Nunavut.

The migration of the Thule people coincides with the decline of the Dorset, who died out between 800 and 1500.[12]

European exploration

Depiction of an Inuit settlement on Boothia Peninsula in the 1830s, during John Ross' second expedition to find the Northwest Passage

The earliest written historical account of the area is dated to 1576, an account by English explorer Martin Frobisher. While leading an expedition to find the Northwest Passage, Frobisher thought he had discovered gold ore around the body of water now known as Frobisher Bay on the coast of Baffin Island.[13] The ore turned out to be worthless, but Frobisher made the first recorded European contact with the Inuit. Other explorers in search of the elusive Northwest Passage followed in the 17th century, including Henry Hudson, William Baffin and Robert Bylot.

20th and 21st centuries

Cornwallis and Ellesmere Islands featured in the history of the Cold War in the 1950s. Concerned about the area's strategic geopolitical position, the federal government, as part of the High Arctic relocation, relocated Inuit from Nunavik (northern Quebec) to Resolute and Grise Fiord. In the unfamiliar and hostile conditions, they faced starvation[14] but were forced to stay.[15]

Forty years later, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples issued a report titled The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation.[16] The government paid compensation to those affected and their descendants. On August 18, 2010, in Inukjuak, the Honourable John Duncan, PC, MP, previous Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians formally apologized on behalf of the Government of Canada for the relocation of Inuit to the High Arctic.[17][18]

Discussions on dividing the Northwest Territories along ethnic lines began in the 1950s, and legislation to achieve this was introduced in 1963. After its failure, a federal commission recommended against such a measure.[19]

During the 1970s, activism increased among the Inuit, First Nations, and Innu peoples for recognition of their forced assimilation. In 1976, as part of the land claims negotiations between the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (then called the "Inuit Tapirisat of Canada") and the federal government, the parties discussed division of the Northwest Territories to provide a separate territory for the Inuit. On April 14, 1982, a plebiscite on division was held throughout the Northwest Territories. A majority of the residents voted in favour and the federal government gave a conditional agreement seven months later.[20]

A ceremony commemorating the establishment of Nunavut, April 1999

The land claims agreement was completed in September 1992 and ratified by nearly 85% of the voters in Nunavut in a referendum. On July 9, 1993, the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act[3] and the Nunavut Act[2] were passed by the Canadian Parliament. The transition to establish Nunavut Territory was completed on April 1, 1999.[21]

In 2020, Nunavut imposed strict travel regulations in order to prevent an outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The government barred entry to almost all non-residents.[22] As of October 2020, it was the only place in North America to have had no cases of COVID-19.[23] On November 6, 2020, Nunavut confirmed its first case in Sanikiluaq.[24]

Geography

An aerial photo of Nunavut near the Roes Welcome Sound on April 22, 2017

Nunavut covers 1,836,993.78 km2 (709,267.26 sq mi)[5] of land and 160,930 km2 (62,137 sq mi)[25] of water in Northern Canada. The territory includes part of the mainland, most of the Arctic Archipelago, and all of the islands in Hudson Bay, James Bay, and Ungava Bay, including the Belcher Islands, all of which were part of the Northwest Territories from which Nunavut was separated. This makes it the fifth-largest subnational entity (or administrative division) in the world. If Nunavut were a country, it would rank 15th in area.[26]

Nunavut has long land borders with the Northwest Territories on the mainland and a few Arctic islands, and with Manitoba to the south of the Nunavut mainland; it also meets Saskatchewan to the southwest at a quadripoint, and has a short land border with Newfoundland and Labrador on Killiniq Island. The boundary with the Northwest Territories roughly approximates the tree line in Canada.[27] Nunavut shares maritime borders with the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and with constituent country Greenland, with which it also shares a land border on Hans Island.

Nunavut's highest point is Barbeau Peak (2,616 m or 8,583 ft) on Ellesmere Island. The population density is 0.019 persons/km2 (0.05 persons/sq mi), one of the lowest in the world. By comparison, Greenland has approximately the same area and nearly twice the population.[28]

Climate

Köppen climate types in Nunavut

Nunavut experiences a polar climate in most regions, owing to its high latitude and lower continental summertime influence than areas to the west. In more southerly continental areas, very cold subarctic climates can be found, due to July being slightly milder than the required 10 °C (50 °F).

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Nunavut
City July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
High Low High Low High Low High Low
Alert[29] 6 1 43 33 −29 −36 −20 −33
Baker Lake[30] 17 6 63 43 −28 −35 −18 −31
Cambridge Bay[31] 13 5 55 41 −29 −35 −19 −32
Eureka[32] 9 3 49 37 −33 −40 −27 −40
Iqaluit[33] 12 4 54 39 −23 −31 −9 −24
Kugluktuk[34] 16 6 60 43 −23 −31 −10 −25
Rankin Inlet[35] 15 6 59 43 −27 −34 −17 −30


Demography

Visible minority and indigenous identity (2016):[36][37]

  Inuit (84.7%)
  European Canadian (11.6%)
  Visible minority (2.5%)
  First Nations (0.5%)
  Métis (0.5%)
  Other Indigenous responses (0.2%)

Nunavut has a population of 36,858 from the 2021 Census. In 2021, 30,865 people identified as Inuit (85.4% of the total population), 180 as First Nations (0.5%), 120 as Métis (0.0%) and 5,210 as non-aboriginal (13.3%).[38]

Most populous communities
Municipality 2021 2016 2011
[citation needed] 		Change
2011–2021 		Refs.
Iqaluit 7,429 7,740 6,699 10.9% [39]
Rankin Inlet 2,975 2,842 1,905 56.2% [40]
Arviat 2,864 2,657 2,060 39.0% [41]
Baker Lake 2,061 2,069 1,728 19.3% [42]
Igloolik 2,049 1,744 1,538 33.2% [43]
Cambridge Bay 1,760 1,766 1,452 21.2% [44]
Pond Inlet 1,555 1,617 1,315 18.3% [45]
Pangnirtung 1,504 1,481 1,325 13.5% [46]
Kinngait 1,396 1,441 1,363 2.4% [47]
Kugluktuk 1,382 1,491 1,302 6.1% [48]

The population growth rate of Nunavut has been well above the Canadian average for several decades, mostly due to birth rates significantly higher than the Canadian average—a trend that continues. Between 2011 and 2016, Nunavut had the highest population growth rate of any Canadian province or territory, at a rate of 12.7%.[49] The second-highest was Alberta, with a growth rate of 11.6%. Between 2016 and 2021, the population growth increased by 2.5% (the third lowest), a decrease of 10.2 percentiles from the previous census.[5]

Nunavut has the highest smoking rate in all of Canada, with more than half of its adult population smoking cigarettes.[50] Both men and women smoke regularly. Some 90% of pregnant women are smokers, although studies have shown it has detrimental effects.[51]

Language

Entrance sign to Igloolik Airport, with text in Inuktitut, English, and French[note 1]

Official languages are the Inuit Language (Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun), known as Inuktut,[52] English, and French.[53][54]

In his 2000 commissioned report (Aajiiqatigiingniq Language of Instruction Research Paper) to the Nunavut Department of Education, Ian Martin of York University said that a "long-term threat to Inuit languages from English is found everywhere, and current school language policies and practices on language are contributing to that threat" if Nunavut schools follow the Northwest Territories model. He provided a 20-year language plan to create a "fully functional bilingual society, in Inuktitut and English" by 2020.[55][needs update]

The plan provided different models, including:

  • "Qulliq Model", for most Nunavut communities, with Inuktitut to be the main language of instruction.
  • "Inuinnaqtun Immersion Model", for language reclamation and immersion to revitalize Inuinnaqtun as a living language.
  • "Mixed Population Model", mainly for Iqaluit (possibly for Rankin Inlet), where the population is 40% Qallunaat, or non-Inuit, and may have different requirements.[56]

Of the 34,960 responses to the census question concerning "mother tongue" in the 2016 census, the most commonly reported languages in Nunavut were:

Mother tongue
Rank Language Number of respondents Percentage
1 Inuktitut 22,070 63.1%
2 English 11,020 31.5%
3 French 595 1.7%
4 Inuinnaqtun 495 1.4%

At the time of the census, only English and French were counted as official languages. Figures shown are for single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.[57]

In the 2016 census it was reported that 2,045 people (5.8%) living in Nunavut had no knowledge of either official language of Canada (English or French).[58] The 2016 census also reported that of the 30,135 Inuit in Nunavut, 90.7% could speak either Inuktitut or Inuinnaqtun.[citation needed]

Religion

In 2021 census, Christianity constitutes 73.5% of Nunavut's population down from 86% in the 2011 Census. The percentage of population which is non-religious has grown from 13% in 2011 to 24.9% in 2021 Census. About 1.6% of the population reported another religious affiliation including Aboriginal spirituality, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism etc.[59][60]

Economy

CHARS is one of several Arctic research stations in Nunavut.

The economy of Nunavut is driven by the Inuit and Territorial Government, mining, oil, gas, and mineral exploration, arts, crafts, hunting, fishing, whaling, tourism, transportation, housing development, military, research, and education. Currently, one college operates in Nunavut, the Nunavut Arctic College, as well as several Arctic research stations located within the territory. The new Canadian High Arctic Research Station CHARS is planning for Cambridge Bay and high north Alert Bay Station.

Iqaluit hosts the annual Nunavut Mining Symposium every April,[61] a tradeshow that showcases the many economic activities ongoing in Nunavut.

Baffinland is the territory’s largest private sector employer with more than 2,600 workers and accounted for 23 per cent of Nunavut’s economic activity in 2019.[62]

Mining

There are currently three major mines in operation in Nunavut. Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd – Meadowbank Division. Meadowbank Gold Mine is an open pit gold mine with an estimated mine life 2010–2020 and employs 680 people.

The second mine in production is the Mary River Iron Ore mine operated by Baffinland Iron Mines. It is located close to Pond Inlet on North Baffin Island. They produce a high grade direct ship iron ore.

The Hope Bay gold mine is one of three major mines in the territory.

The most recent mine to open is Doris North or the Hope Bay Mine operated near Hope Bay Aerodrome by TMAC Resource Ltd. This new high grade gold mine is the first in a series of potential mines in gold occurrences all along the Hope Bay greenstone belt.

Mining projects

Name Company In the region of Material
Amaruq and Meliadine Gold Projects Agnico-Eagle Rankin Inlet Gold
Back River Project Sabina Gold & Silver Corp. Bathurst Inlet Gold
Izok Corridor Project MMG Resources Inc. Kugluktuk Gold, Copper, Silver, Zinc
Hackett River Glencore Kugluktuk Copper, Lead, Silver, Zinc
Chidliak De Beers Canada Iqaluit / Pangnirtung Diamonds
Committee Bay, Three Bluffs Gold Project Fury Gold Mines Naujaat Gold
Kiggavik Areva Resources Baker Lake Uranium
Roche Bay Advanced Exploration Hall Beach Iron Ore
Ulu, Lupin Blue Star Gold, Elgin Mining Ltd. Contwoyto Lake - connected to Yellowknife with an ice road Gold
Storm Copper Property Aston Bay Holdings Taloyoak Copper

Historic mines

The Jericho Diamond Mine is a dormant mine in Nunavut, that operated from 2006 to 2008.
  • Lupin Mine 1982–2005, gold, current owner Elgin Mining Ltd located near the Northwest Territories boundary near Contwoyto Lake)[63]
  • Polaris Mine 1982–2002, lead and zinc (located on Little Cornwallis Island, not far from Resolute)
  • Nanisivik Mine 1976–2002, lead and zinc, prior owner Breakwater Resources Ltd (near Arctic Bay) at Nanisivik
  • Rankin Nickel Mine 1957–1962, nickel, copper and platinum group metals
  • Jericho Diamond Mine 2006–2008, diamond (located 400 km, 250 mi, northeast of Yellowknife) 2012 produced diamonds from existing stockpile. No new mining; closed.
  • Doris North Gold Mine Newmont Mining approx 3 km (2 mi) underground drifting/mining, none milled or processed. Newmont closed the mine and sold it to TMAC Resources in 2013. TMAC has now reached commercial production in 2017.

Energy

A power station powered by diesel fuel in Rankin Inlet

Nunavut's people rely primarily on diesel fuel[64] to run generators and heat homes, with fossil fuel shipments from southern Canada by plane or boat because there are few to no roads or rail links to the region.[65] There is a government effort to use more renewable energy sources,[66] which is generally supported by the community.[67]

This support comes from Nunavut feeling the effects of global warming.[68][69] Former Nunavut Premier Eva Aariak said in 2011, "Climate change is very much upon us. It is affecting our hunters, the animals, the thinning of the ice is a big concern, as well as erosion from permafrost melting."[65] The region is warming about twice as fast as the global average, according to the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Transportation

  • Northern Transportation Company Limited, owned by Norterra, a holding company that was, until April 1, 2014, jointly owned by the Inuvialuit of the Northwest Territories and the Inuit of Nunavut.[70][71][72][73]
  • There are no sidewalks in Nunavut.[74]

Tourism

In the second half of 2018 travellers visited Nunavut 134,000 times and spent $436 million. Two-thirds of those visits were by Nunavummiut (residents of Nunavut) travelling within the territory. The remaining came from outside other provinces or territories in Canada, or from abroad and spent $219 million. Travellers from Ontario make up the largest portion of visitors from outside the territory. The majority of visitors from outside of Nunavut are business travellers; in the second half of 2018 only 14% of visitors were in the territory for leisure.[75] Tourism recreation in Nunavut include activities like dog sledding, snowmobiling, cultural festivals, hiking, arctic wildlife safaris and sea kayaking.[76]

Culture

Media

The former regional network centre for CBC North in Iqaluit

The Inuit Broadcasting Corporation is based in Nunavut. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) serves Nunavut through a radio and television production centre in Iqaluit, and a bureau in Rankin Inlet. Iqaluit is served by private commercial radio stations CKIQ-FM and CKGC-FM, both owned by Northern Lights Entertainment Inc. (CKIQ-FM had a rebroadcaster in Rankin Inlet that was discontinued in 2009.)

Periodicals

Nunavut is served by two regional weekly newspapers, Nunatsiaq News published by Nortext, and Nunavut News/North, published by Northern News Services, who also publish the multi-territory regional Kivalliq News.[77]

Film

The film production company Isuma is based in Igloolik. Co-founded by Zacharias Kunuk and Norman Cohn in 1990, the company produced the 1999 feature Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner, winner of the Caméra d'Or for Best First Feature Film at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. It was the first feature film written, directed, and acted entirely in Inuktitut.

The National Film Board (NFB) has released Animation from Cape Dorset (1973),[78] a "collection assembles the first animated films to be made by Inuit artists at the NFB. Featured is work by Solomonie Pootoogook, Timmun Alariaq, Mathew Joanasie, and Itee Pootoogook Pilaloosie—all participants in the Kinngait (formerly Cape Dorset) Film Animation Workshop on Baffin Island."

In November 2006, the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) and the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation announced the start of the Nunavut Animation Lab, offering animation training to Nunavut artists at workshops in Iqaluit, Cape Dorset and Pangnirtung.[79] Films from the Nunavut Animation Lab include Alethea Arnaquq-Baril's 2010 digital animation short Lumaajuuq, winner of the Best Aboriginal Award at the Golden Sheaf Awards and named Best Canadian Short Drama at the imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival.[80]

In November 2011, the Government of Nunavut and the NFB jointly announced the launch of a DVD and online collection entitled Unikkausivut (Inuktitut: Sharing Our Stories), which will make over 100 NFB films by and about Inuit available in Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun and other Inuit languages, as well as English and French. The Government of Nunavut is distributing Unikkausivut to every school in the territory.[81][82]

Music

An Inuit drum dancer performing at Gjoa Haven

The music of Nunavut includes Inuit throat singing and drum-led dancing, along with country music, bluegrass, fiddling, square dancing and the button accordion from Austria.

Performing arts

Artcirq is a collective of Inuit circus performers based in Igloolik.[83] The group has performed around the world, including at the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Sport

Nunavut competes at the Arctic Winter Games. Iqaluit co-hosted the 2002 edition in partnership with Nuuk, Greenland.

Hockey Nunavut was founded in 1999 and competes in the Maritime-Hockey North Junior C Championship.

Government and politics

The Commissioner of Nunavut is appointed by the Governor-in-Council consisting of the Governor General of Canada and the King's Privy Council for Canada.[84][85] As in the other territories, the commissioner's role is symbolic and is analogous to that of a lieutenant-governor.[86] While the commissioner is not formally a representative of the Canadian monarch, a role roughly analogous to representing the Crown has accrued to the position.

Nunavut elects a single member of the House of Commons of Canada. This makes Nunavut the second largest electoral district in the world by area after Greenland. Lori Idlout of the New Democratic Party became Nunavut's MP in the 2021 election.

The Legislative Building of Nunavut in Iqaluit. The building is home to the territory's legislative assembly.

The members of the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Nunavut are elected individually; there are no parties and the legislature is consensus-based.[87] The head of government, the premier of Nunavut, is elected by and from the members of the legislative assembly. On June 14, 2018, Joe Savikataaq was elected as the premier, after his predecessor Paul Quassa lost a non-confidence motion.[88][89] Former Premier Paul Okalik set up an advisory council of eleven elders, whose function it is to help incorporate "Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit" (Inuit culture and traditional knowledge, often referred to in English as "IQ") into the territory's political and governmental decisions.[90]

Due to the territory's small population, and the fact that there are only a few hundred voters in each electoral district, the possibility of two election candidates finishing in an exact tie is significantly higher than in any Canadian province. This has actually happened twice in the five elections to date, with exact ties in Akulliq in the 2008 Nunavut general election and in Rankin Inlet South in the 2013 Nunavut general election. In such an event, Nunavut's practice is to schedule a follow-up by-election rather than choosing the winning candidate by an arbitrary method. The territory has also had numerous instances where MLAs were directly acclaimed to office as the only person to register their candidacy by the deadline, as well as one instance where a follow-up by-election had to be held due to no candidates registering for the regular election in their district at all.

Owing to Nunavut's vast size, the stated goal of the territorial government has been to decentralize governance beyond the region's capital. Three regions—Kitikmeot, Kivalliq and Qikiqtaaluk (formerly Baffin)—are the basis for more localized administration, although they lack autonomous governments of their own.[citation needed]

The territory has an annual budget of C$700 million, provided almost entirely by the federal government. Former Prime Minister Paul Martin designated support for Northern Canada as one of his priorities in 2004, with an extra $500 million to be divided among the three territories.[citation needed]

The Nattinnak Centre in Pond Inlet includes a branch of the Nunavut Public Library Services.

In 2001, the government of New Brunswick[citation needed] collaborated with the federal government and the technology firm SSI Micro to launch Qiniq, a unique network that uses satellite delivery to provide broadband Internet access to 24 communities in Nunavut. As a result, the territory was named one of the world's "Smart 25 Communities" in 2006 by the Intelligent Community Forum, a worldwide organization that honours innovation in broadband technologies. The Nunavut Public Library Services, the public library system serving the territory, also provides various information services to the territory.

In September 2012, Premier Aariak welcomed Prince Edward and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, to Nunavut as part of the events marking the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.[91]

Administrative regions

Administrative regions of Nunavut

Nunavut is divided into three administrative regions, the Kitikmeot Region, the Kivalliq Region, and the Qikiqtaaluk Region

Licence plates

The first design for Nunavut's licence plate was originally created for the Northwest Territories in the 1970s. The plate has long been famous worldwide for its unique design in the shape of a polar bear.

Nunavut was licensed by the NWT to use the same licence plate design in 1999 when it became a separate territory,[92] but adopted its own plate design in March 2012 for launch in August 2012—a rectangle that prominently features the northern lights, a polar bear and an inuksuk.[92][93]

Symbols

The flag and the coat of arms of Nunavut were designed by Andrew Qappik from Pangnirtung.[94]

Territorial dispute

A long-simmering dispute between Canada and the U.S. involves the issue of Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage.[95]

Alcohol

Due to prohibition laws influenced by local and traditional beliefs, Nunavut has a highly regulated alcohol market. The territory is the last outpost of prohibition in Canada, and it is often easier to obtain firearms than alcohol.[96] Although every community in Nunavut has slightly differing regulations, as a whole it is still very restrictive. Seven communities have complete bans against alcohol and another 14 have orders being restricted by local committees. Due to these laws, a lucrative bootlegging market has appeared in which people mark up the prices of bottles by extraordinary amounts.[97] The RCMP estimate Nunavut's bootleg liquor market rakes in some $10 million a year.[96]

Despite the restrictions, alcohol's availability leads to widespread alcohol related crime. One estimation states some 95% of police calls are alcohol-related.[98] Alcohol is also believed to be a contributing factor to the territory's high rates of violence, suicide, and homicide. A special task force created in 2010 to study and address the territory's increasing alcohol-related problems recommended the government ease alcohol restrictions. With prohibition shown to be highly ineffective historically, some believe these laws contribute to the territory's widespread social ills. Others are skeptical about the effectiveness of liquor sale liberalization and want to ban it completely. In 2014, Nunavut's government moved toward more legalization. In 2017, the first liquor store in 38 years opened in Iqaluit.[96]

Notable people

Susan Aglukark is an Inuk singer and songwriter. She has released six albums and has won several Juno Awards. She blends the Inuktitut and English languages with contemporary pop music arrangements to tell the stories of her people, the Inuit of the Arctic.

On May 3, 2008, the Kronos Quartet premiered a collaborative piece with Inuit throat singer Tanya Tagaq, entitled Nunavut, based on an Inuit folk story. Tagaq is also known internationally for her collaborations with Icelandic pop star Björk, and her 2018 novel Split Tooth which was longlisted for the Scotiabank Giller Prize.

Jordin John Kudluk Tootoo (Inuktitut syllabics: ᔪᐊᑕᓐ ᑐᑐ; born February 2, 1983, in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada) played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for from 2003 to 2017. Although born in Manitoba, Tootoo grew up in Rankin Inlet, where he was taught to skate and play hockey by his father, Barney.

Hunter Tootoo, Member of Parliament for the Territory of Nunavut, was elected to the Liberal government in 2015. He served as the Minister of Fisheries, Oceans, and the Canadian Coast Guard until his resignation from the post on May 31, 2016.

See also

  • Archaeology in Nunavut
  • List of communities in Nunavut
  • Symbols of Nunavut
  • Nunatsiavut
  • Nunavik

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Northwest Territories is written at the bottom, as the sign predates the creation of Nunavut.

References

  1. ↑ "Origin of the names of Canada and its provinces and territories". Natural Resources Canada. September 18, 2007. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/place-names/origins-geographical-names/9224. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Nunavut Act". Justice Canada. 1993. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-28.6/index.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Justice Canada (1993). "Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act". http://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-28.7/FullText.html. 
  4. ↑ "How to Get Here". Nunavut Tourism. http://www.nunavuttourism.com/planning-your-trip/how-to-get-here. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101. 
  6. ↑ "Canadian Forces Station Alert - 8 Wing". Royal Canadian Air Force. http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/8-wing/alert.page. 
  7. ↑ "Cold Places in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cold-places-in-canada. Retrieved March 12, 2013. 
  8. ↑ "Dorset DNA: Genes Trace the Tale of the Arctic's Long-Gone 'Hobbits'" (in en). NBC News. August 28, 2014. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/dorset-dna-genes-trace-tale-arctics-long-gone-hobbits-n191156. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Houmard, Claire (2018-01-01). "Cultural Continuity from Pre-Dorset to Dorset in the Eastern Canadian Arctic Highlighted by Bone Technology and Typology" (in en). Arctic Anthropology 55 (1): 24–47. doi:10.3368/aa.55.1.24. ISSN 0066-6939. 
  10. ↑ George, Jane (September 12, 2008). "Kimmirut site suggests early European contact". Nunatsiaq News. http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/2008/809/80912/news/nunavut/80912_1516.html. 
  11. ↑ Weber, Bob (22 July 2018). "Ancient Arctic people may have known how to spin yarn long before Vikings arrived". CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/vikings-yarn-inuit-research-1.4757237. "Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University in Rhode Island, lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Hayeur Smith and her colleagues were looking at scraps of yarn, perhaps used to hang amulets or decorate clothing, from ancient sites on Baffin Island and the Ungava Peninsula. The idea that you would have to learn to spin something from another culture was a bit ludicrous," she said. "It's a pretty intuitive thing to do." 
  12. ↑ Friesen, T. Max (2004-12-01). "Contemporaneity of Dorset and Thule Cultures in the North American Arctic: New Radiocarbon Dates from Victoria Island, Nunavut". Current Anthropology 45 (5): 685–691. doi:10.1086/425635. ISSN 0011-3204. 
  13. ↑ "Nunavut: The Story of Canada's Inuit People [sic]" , Maple Leaf Web
  14. ↑ "Grise Fiord: History". http://www.grisefiord.ca/eng/history.html. 
  15. ↑ McGrath, Melanie. The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Hardcover: ISBN:978-0-00-715796-9 Paperback: ISBN:978-0-00-715797-6
  16. ↑ René Dussault and George Erasmus (1994). "The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation". Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Canadian Government Publishing. http://www.fedpubs.com/subject/aborig/arctic_reloc.htm. 
  17. ↑ Royte, Elizabeth (April 8, 2007). "Trail of Tears (review of Melanie McGrath, The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic (2006)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/books/review/Ro.t.html?ex=1188964800&en=4b6eb6a89d7e85dd&ei=5070. 
  18. ↑ Branch, Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Communications. "Apology for the Inuit High Arctic relocation". http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100016115/1100100016116. 
  19. ↑ "Creation of a New Northwest Territories". Legislative Assembly of The Northwest Territories. http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/visitors/creation-new-nwt. 
  20. ↑ Peter Jull (Summer 1988). "Building Nunavut: A Story of Inuit Self-Government". The Northern Review. Yukon College. pp. 59–72. http://www.yukoncollege.yk.ca/~agraham/jull/buildnun.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Creation of Nunavut". CBC. 2006. http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/provincial-territorial-politics/creation-of-nunavut/topic-creation-of-nunavut.html. 
  22. ↑ "Coronavirus: The place in North America with no cases" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-10-19. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54405736. 
  23. ↑ Murphy, Jessica (October 19, 2020). "Coronavirus: The place in North America with No Cases". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54405736. 
  24. ↑ "Nunavut confirms 1st case of COVID-19". CBC. 2020-11-06. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut-confirms-1st-covid-19-case-1.5792736. 
  25. ↑ "Nunavut". http://www.canadafaq.ca/nunavut/. 
  26. ↑ See List of countries and outlying territories by total area
  27. ↑ Heidt, Daniel (2018). RECONSIDERING CONFEDERATION: Canada's Founding Debates, 1864–1999. University of Calgary. pp. 263–264. ISBN 978-1-77385-016-0. https://prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/1880/108896/9781773850160_chapter11.pdf. "a new Northwest Territories and Nunavut ("our land" in Inuktitut)—were created when the federal government redrew the boundaries in Canada's North, splitting off the central and eastern Canadian Arctic north and east of the tree-line from the rest of the Northwest Territories." 
  28. ↑ "Greenland". CIA World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greenland/. 
  29. ↑ "Alert". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Alert&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1731&dispBack=1. 
  30. ↑ "Baker Lake A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Baker+Lake&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1709&dispBack=1. 
  31. ↑ "Cambridge Bay A *". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=1786&prov=&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1&StationName=Cambridge_Bay&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12. 
  32. ↑ "Eureka A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=1750&autofwd=1. 
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ccnYFB
  34. ↑ "Kugluktuk A *". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=1641&prov=&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1&StationName=Kugluktuk&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12. 
  35. ↑ "Rankin Inlet A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Rankin+Inlet&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1721&dispBack=1. 
  36. ↑ "Aboriginal Peoples Highlight Tables". 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 2019. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/abo-aut/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&S=99&O=A&RPP=25. 
  37. ↑ "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 2019. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=00&SP=1&vismin=2&age=1&sex=1. 
  38. ↑ "2021 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. 2021. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A000262&SearchText=Nunavut. 
  39. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Iqaluit, City (CY) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  40. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Rankin Inlet, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  41. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Arviat, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  42. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Baker Lake, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  43. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Igloolik, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  44. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Cambridge Bay, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  45. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Pond Inlet, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  46. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Pangnirtung, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  47. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Cape Dorset, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  48. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Kugluktuk, Hamlet (HAM) [Census subdivision, Nunavut"]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. 
  49. ↑ "Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=101&SR=1&S=3&O=D#tPopDwell. 
  50. ↑ Ducharme, Steve (2016-11-02). "Nunavut smoking rates high, but tobacco law enforcement low". https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674nunavut_smoking_rates_high_but_tobacco_law_enforcement_low/. 
  51. ↑ "9 out of 10 pregnant women in Nunavut smoke, says gov't rep". CBC. 2016-01-22. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut-pregnant-women-smoking-1.3413920. 
  52. ↑ "We Speak Inuktut". Government of Nunavut, Department of Culture and Heritage. https://gov.nu.ca/culture-and-heritage/information/we-speak-inuktut. 
  53. ↑ "Consolidation of (S.Nu. 2008, c.10) (NIF) Official Languages Act". https://www.gov.nu.ca/sites/default/files/2015-07-28-official_language_act-conssnu2008c10.pdf.  and "Consolidation of Inuit Language Protection Act". Government of Nunavut. https://www.gov.nu.ca/sites/default/files/inuit_language_protection_act_0.pdf. 
  54. ↑ Your Linguistic Rights at the Office of the Language Commissioner of Nunavut
  55. ↑ Ian Martin (December 2000). "Aajiiqatigiingniq Language of Instruction Research Paper". p. i. https://assembly.nu.ca/library/GNedocs/2000/000076-e.pdf. 
  56. ↑ Board of Education (2000). "Summary of Aajiiqatigiingniq". gov.nu.ca. http://www.gov.nu.ca/education/eng/pubdoc/Aajjiqatigiingnisumeng.pdf. 
  57. ↑ "Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) (3) (2006 Census)". Statistics Canada. December 7, 2010. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89201&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=838093. 
  58. ↑ Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory (2006 Census) . Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
  59. ↑ "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. May 8, 2013. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA. 
  60. ↑ "In 2021, more than half of the population of British Columbia and Yukon reported having no religion, while the Christian religion was predominant in the other provinces and territories". October 26, 2022. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/mc-b001-eng.htm. 
  61. ↑ "Travel" (in en-US). https://www.nunavutminingsymposium.ca/travel/. 
  62. ↑ Venn, David (November 16, 2022). "Vandal rejects Baffinland's Phase 2 expansion; company expected to release statement Thursday". Nortext Publishing Corporation (Iqaluit). https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/vandal-rejects-baffinlands-phase-2-expansion-agrees-with-review-board/. 
  63. ↑ "Development projects". Wolfden Resources. August 31, 2007. http://www.wolfdenresources.com/what_we_do/developmentprojects.aspx. 
  64. ↑ "Canada's North struggles to ditch diesel". Alberta Oil Magazine. http://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2011/07/canada%E2%80%99s-north-struggles-to-generate-a-cleaner-electricity-future/. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Van Loon, Jeremy (December 7, 2011). "Nunavut Region to Boost Renewable Power to Offset Climate Change". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-07/nunavut-region-to-boost-renewable-power-to-offset-climate-change. 
  66. ↑ McDonald, N.C.; J.M. Pearce (2012). "Renewable Energy Policies and Programs in Nunavut: Perspectives from the Federal and Territorial Governments". Arctic 65 (4): 465–475. doi:10.14430/arctic4244. 
  67. ↑ Nicole C. McDonald & Joshua M. Pearce, "Community Voices: Perspectives on Renewable Energy in Nunavut" , Arctic 66(1), pp. 94–104 (2013).
  68. ↑ Nunavut and Climate Change , Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
  69. ↑ "Climate Change FAQ". Climate Change Nunavut. http://climatechangenunavut.ca/en/understanding-climate-change/climate-change-faq. 
  70. ↑ The NorTerra Group of Companies , corporate website
  71. ↑ Northern Transportation Company Limited at NorTerra , corporate website
  72. ↑ "Nunasi Corp. sells its stake in NorTerra, Canadian North". April 1, 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunasi-corp-sells-its-stake-in-norterra-canadian-north-1.2594298. 
  73. ↑ "NunatsiaqOnline 2014-04-01: NEWS: Nunasi Corp. sells its half of Norterra to the Inuvialuit". April 2014. http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674nunasi_corp._sells_stake_in_norterra/. 
  74. ↑ "Nunavut FAQs". Government of Nunavut. https://www.gov.nu.ca/eia/information/nunavut-faqs. 
  75. ↑ "Annual Tourism Report 2018-2019". Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. https://assembly.nu.ca/sites/default/files/TD-209-5(2)-EN-2018-2019-Annual-Report-Tourism.pdf. 
  76. ↑ Ferguson, Mikaela (September 1, 2019). "The Ultimate Nunavut Travel Guide". https://www.voyageurtripper.com/travelling-to-nunavut-ultimate-guide/. 
  77. ↑ "Newspapers in Nunavut". http://www.altstuff.com/newsnu.htm. 
  78. ↑ Animation from Cape Dorset
  79. ↑ George, Jane (November 3, 2006). "Nunavut's getting animated". Nunatsiaq News. http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/61103/news/nunavut/61103_06.html. 
  80. ↑ "Nunavut Animation Lab: Lumaajuuq". Collection. National Film Board of Canada. http://www.onf-nfb.gc.ca/eng/collection/film/?id=57615. 
  81. ↑ "Inuit films move online and into northern communities". CBC News. November 2, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2011/11/02/nfb-inuit-film-project.html. 
  82. ↑ "New NFB collection includes 24 films on or by Inuit". Nunatsiaq News. November 4, 2011. http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674new_nfb_collection_includes_24_films_on_or_by_inuit/. 
  83. ↑ "Bringing circus – and new hope – to a remote Arctic village". Christian Science Monitor. December 22, 2009. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2009/1222/Bringing-circus-and-new-hope-to-a-remote-Arctic-village. Retrieved December 28, 2009. 
  84. ↑ "Governor in Council". July 4, 2019. https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/2019/07/governor-in-council/. 
  85. ↑ "Prime Minister announces the reappointments of the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories and the Administrator of Yukon". June 10, 2021. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2021/06/10/prime-minister-announces-reappointments-commissioner-northwest. 
  86. ↑ "Nellie Kusugak named as new Nunavut commissioner". June 23, 2015. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nellie-kusugak-named-as-new-nunavut-commissioner-1.3124575. 
  87. ↑ CBC Digital Archives (2006). "On the Nunavut Campaign Trail". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/provincial-territorial-politics/on-the-nunavut-campaign-trail/topic-on-the-nunavut-campaign-trail.html. 
  88. ↑ Weber, Bob (June 14, 2018). "After Paul Quassa ejected, Nunavut chooses deputy as new premier". https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/after-paul-quassa-ejected-nunavut-chooses-deputy-as-new-premier-1.3972943. 
  89. ↑ Frizell, Sara (June 14, 2018). "Joe Savikataaq is the new premier of Nunavut, after non-confidence vote ousts former leader". http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut-premier-non-confidence-motion-1.4704708. 
  90. ↑ "GN appoints IQ advisory council". September 12, 2003. http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/30912/news/nunavut/briefs.html. 
  91. ↑ "Prince Edward and wife Sophie arrive in Iqaluit". CBC News. September 13, 2012. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/prince-edward-and-wife-sophie-arrive-in-iqaluit-1.1140375. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Sarah Rogers (March 6, 2012). "GN launches new license plate". Nunatsiaq Online. http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674gn_launches_new_license_plate/. 
  93. ↑ "Nunavut licence plates 1999–present". 15q.net. http://www.15q.net/nu.html. 
  94. ↑ "The Coat of Arms of Nunavut". The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. https://assembly.nu.ca/about-legislative-assembly/coat-arms-nunavut. 
  95. ↑ "The US is picking a fight with Canada over a thawing Arctic shipping route". Quartz. 27 June 2019. https://qz.com/1653831/the-us-is-picking-a-fight-with-canada-over-an-arctic-shipping-route/. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 Hopper, Tristin (September 21, 2014). "Iqaluit hopes to curb alcoholism and binge-drinking by opening city's first beer store in 38 years". https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/iqaluit-hopes-to-curb-alcoholism-and-binge-drinking-by-opening-citys-first-beer-store-in-fifteen-years. 
  97. ↑ "Prohibition in Northern Canada". VICE. January 14, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIhUhHbTJ_s. 
  98. ↑ "Department of Justice - Legal Aid, Courtworker, and Public Legal Education and Information Needs in the Northwest Territories". Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications. September 30, 2004. http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/aj-ja/rr03_la8-rr03_aj8/p10.html. 

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