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Paleobiota of the Chinle Formation

Topic: Earth

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The Chinle Formation is an extensive geological unit in the southwestern United States, preserving a very diverse fauna of Late Triassic (primarily Norian-age) animals and plants. This is a list of fossilized organisms recovered from the formation.

Amniotes

Archosauromorphs

Crurotarsans

Other Archosauromorphs

Non-crurotarsan Archosauromorphs of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Member Abundance Notes Images

Crosbysaurus[1]

C. harrisae[1]

  • Arizona
  • Utah [1]

An archosauriform represented only by teeth.[1] It is treated as indeterminate archosauriform remains by Irmis in 2005.[1] It was originally thought to be an ornithischian dinosaur.

Crosbysaurus
Doswellia
Trilophosaurus
Vancleavea
Doswellia[2] cf. D. kaltenbachi
  • Arizona
 Osteoderms, vertebrae, rib and hip fragments. A doswelliid archosauriform.
Puercosuchus[3] P. traverorum
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa

Two monodominant bonebeds.

A carnivorous azendohsaurid archosauromorph.

Rugarhynchos[4] R. sixmilensis
  • New Mexico
  • Bluewater Creek
 Skull and postcranial fragments. A doswelliid archosauriform. Originally described as a species of Doswellia,[5] but subsequently transferred to a separate genus.
Syntomiprosopus[6] S. sucherorum
  • Arizona

Two to four individuals from a single quarry.[6]

A short-faced archosauriform, possibly an unusual early-diverging crocodylomorph. Appears convergent with some Late Cretaceous notosuchians.[6]

Tanystropheidae[7] Indeterminate
  • New Mexico
  • Petrified Forest
 Vertebrae Moderately-sized tanystropheid vertebrae from the Hayden Quarry, likely representing a new taxon closely related to Langobardisaurus and Tanytrachelos.[7]

Tanytrachelos[8]

Indeterminate[8] / T. ahynis[7]

  • New Mexico
  • Arizona[8]
  • Petrified Forest
  • Mesa Redondo[8]

Cervical rib,[8] calcaneum, etc.

A small tanystropheid represented by several hundred fossil specimens.

Tecovasaurus[9]

T. murryi[9]

  • Mesa Redondo[9]

An unknown amniote represented by scattered teeth formerly believed to be from an ornithischian dinosaur.[9] Later discoveries of similar teeth in pseudosuchians meant that these could no longer be regarded as anything more specific than some kind of archosauriform.[9]

Trilophosaurus[10]

T. buettneri[11]

T. dornorum[12]

T. jacobsi[13]

T. phasmalophos[14]

  • Arizona
  • Sonsela

Vancleavea[15]

V. campi[15]

  • Arizona[15]
  • New Mexico

A strange aquatic carnivorous archosauriform, represented by both articulated skeletons and scattered elements like osteoderms and vertebrae.[15]

Other amniotes

Miscellaneous amniotes of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Member Abundance Notes Images

Acallosuchus[17]

A. rectori[17]

Known only from a partial skull.[17]

A strange neodiapsid whose bones were heavily ornamented "with subtriangular knobs... running the length of the bones." Even these ornamentations were ornamented "with additional grooves." It is too bizarre to be currently classified as anything more than a probable diapsid.[17]

Drepanosaurus
Placerias
Ancistronychus[18] A. paradoxus
  • Arizona
  • Sonsela
 Manual unguals (hand claws). A drepanosaur related to Drepanosaurus.
Avicranium[19] A. renestoi
  • New Mexico
  • 'Siltstone'
 Skull and neck vertebrae. A drepanosaur with a toothless skull and a flexible neck owing to the heterocoelous (saddle-shaped) articular surfaces of the vertebral centrae. The neural spines are anteroposteriorly short and strongly anterodorsally inclined. These features closely resemble those of Drepanosaurus.

Colognathus[20]

C. obscurus[20]

Known only from a jaw fragment and some isolated teeth.[20]

Originally believed to be a fish, Colognathus was a strange amniote with distinctive fluted teeth.[20]

Dolabrosaurus D. aquatilis
  • New Mexico
  • Petrified Forest
 Articulated vertebral and limb material. A drepanosaur.
Drepanosaurus[21] D. unguicaudatus
  • New Mexico
  • Petrified Forest
 A drepanosaur.

Kataigidodon[22]

K. venetus

  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa
 Partial dentaries.

A non-mammalian eucynodont.

Kraterokheirodon[23]

K. colberti[23]

  • Petrified Forest[23]
  • Blue Mesa or Mesa Redondo[23]

Known only from two teeth.[23]

A possible cynodont. Although they share some similarities with cynodont teeth, the teeth of Kraterokheirodon are very distinctive and can't be confidently referred to a known amniote group.[23]

Palacrodon[24] Indeterminate
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa
 Jaw fragments. A diapsid reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement with unusual broadened teeth. More complete fossils of this genus from the Fremouw Formation of Antarctica suggest that it was an arboreal saurian.[25]

Placerias[26]

P. hesternus[26]

Known from several hundred remains, but very rare outside of the highly concentrated Placerias Quarry.[26]

A placeriine stahleckeriid dicynodont.
Skybalonyx[27] S. skapter
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa
 Manual unguals (hand claws). A drepanosaur which likely had a burrowing lifestyle.

Uatchitodon[28]

U. schneideri[29]

Known in Chinle from only a single tooth. The presence of venom channels is consistent with other known Uatchitodon specimens, although the Chinle specimen's channels are unique in being "completely enclosed under the surface of the crown."[30]

A reptile of unknown affinities, probably a carnivorous archosauromorph with venomous capabilities.
Whitakersaurus[31] W. bermani
  • New Mexico
  • "Siltstone"
 A rhynchocephalian found at Ghost Ranch.
Indeterminate procolophonid[32] Indeterminate
  • Utah

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Member Abundance Notes Images

Apachesaurus[33]

A. gregorii[33]

Common in the Owl Rock and Petrified forest members.[33] Blue Mesa remains are fragmentary.[33]

A metoposaurid temnospondyl which is a junior synonym of Anaschisma

Anaschisma
Funcusvermis

Anaschisma[34][35]

A. browni[36][35]

A. browni is "possibly the most common tetrapod fossil in the lower Chinle", although its presence in the upper Chinle is "unclear".[36]

A metoposaurid temnospondyl. Koskinonodon was erected for the species "Buettneria" perfecta when it was discovered that the latter genus was preoccupied. Gee et al., 2017 then synonymised it with Anaschisma.[34][35]

Chinlestegophis[37]

C. jenkinsi

  • Colorado

A temnospondyl in the group Stereospondyli, related to Rileymillerus from the Dockum Group of Texas. Possibly a stem-caecilian according to one analysis,[37] though others have disputed this finding

Funcusvermis[38] F. gilmorei
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa
 Numerous jaw fragments, as well as a referred maxillopalatine, vertebra, and femur A stem-caecilian

Salientia indet.[39]

Indeterminate

  • Arizona
  • Sonsela Member
  • Blue Mesa Member

Five bones: four ilia and a partial maxilla.

A stem-group frog. Might be more closely related to crown-group frogs (anurans) than to Early Triassic taxa Triadobatrachus and Czatkobatrachus.

Cartilaginous fish

Chondrichthyans of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Acrodus[40]

Indeterminate[40]

Only a single tooth is known.[40]

A hybodontiform shark.
Xenacanthus

Lonchidion[42]

L. humblei[42]

A hybodontiform shark. Lonchidion remains are common throughout the Carnian microvertebrate sites of the American southwest.[42]

Palaeoxyris P. humblei[43]
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa
 Several specimens An egg capsule of a freshwater hybodont shark.

Phoebodus[44]

Indeterminate[44]

Only a single specimen has been recovered from the formation.[44]

Reticulodus[45]

R. synergus[45]

The crown of its tooth bears a "reticulating ornamentation on [its] occlusal surface[.]"[45] Reticulodus remains are common throughout the Norian microvertebrate sites of the American southwest.[45]

Xenacanthus[46]

X. moorei[46]

Common in the lower Chinle Formation's microvertebrate localities.[46]

A xenacanthiform shark.

Lobe-finned fish

Coelacanths

Actinistians (coelacanths) of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Chinlea[47]

Indeterminate[48]

An actinisitan (coelacanth).
Chinlea

Lungfish

Dipnoans (lungfish) of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes

Arganodus[49]

A. dorotheae[49]

Indeterminate[49]

Arganodus toothplates are the most common fossil in the formation from a non-tetrapod.[49] They are evenly distributed across strata, although some individual localities have very high concentrations.[49]

Most Chinlean Arganodus fossils are isolated tooth plates.[49]

Ceratodus[49]

C. dorotheae[49]

Named by Case in 1921, in the 1980s it was referred to Arganodus.[49]

Ray-finned fish

Actinopterygians (ray-finned fish) of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Australosomus[50]

Indeterminate[51]

Known only from two vertebrae.[51]

Australosomus
Saurichthys

Cionichthys[52]

C. dunklei

  • Colorado
  • Utah

A member of Redfieldiiformes.

Hemicalypterus

H. weiri

  • Utah
  • Church Rock Member

A member of Dapediiformes.[53]

Lasalichthys[52][54]

L. hillsi[52]

A member of Redfieldiiformes.

Indeterminate[55]

Represented by isolated scales.[55]

Lophionotus[56]

L. sanjuanensis[56]

  • Utah
  • Church Rock Member[56]

A member of Semionotiformes.

L. chinleana[57]

  • Utah
  • Church Rock Member

A member of Semionotiformes.

Saurichthys[58]

Indeterminate

  • Arizona
  • Upper Blue Mesa Member

A member of Saurichthyiformes.

Synorichthys[52]

S. stewarti

  • Colorado
  • Utah

A member of Redfieldiiformes.

Tanaocrossus[52]

T. kalliokoskii

  • Colorado

An enigmatic actinopterygian.[53]

Turseodus[52][59]

T. dolorensis[52]

A member of Palaeonisciformes.[52]

Indeterminate[60]

Common.[60]

Isolated scales from Chinle microvertebrate sites commonly have Turseodus-like ridges, however that feature is not unique to Turseodus and in 2005 Irmis advised researchers to regard them as indeterminate palaeoniscid remains.[60]

Plants

The Chinle Formation has a diverse flora of plant megafossils, though they are concentrated in only a few sites with suitable conditions. One of the most diverse floral communities is found near Fort Wingate, New Mexico. Paleobotanists have traditionally placed the Fort Wingate plant beds into the Monitor Butte Member, though more recently they are placed within the Bluewater Creek Formation, a subunit of the Chinle Formation first defined in 1989.[61] Some Fort Wingate plant fossils belong to the "Lake Ciniza beds", a localized patch of grey mudstone corresponding to an ancient lake.[62]

Another productive areas for plant fossils is Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. Though petrified wood could be found through the entire stratigraphy of the park, most other plant fossils are exclusive to greenish mudstone layers adjacent to the Newspaper Rock sandstone bed in the Blue Mesa Member (formerly known as the "Lower Petrified Forest").

Conifers are the most common and diverse plants, including petrified wood and leafy branches from massive trees (Araucarioxylon, Pagiophyllum) as well as smaller shrubby forms (Pelourdea). Cycad and bennettitalean leaves and other remains make up a significant portion of the flora (Zamites, Nilssoniopteris, Williamsonia, etc.). Ferns (Cladophlebis, Phlebopteris, Clathropteris, Cynepteris, etc.) are abundant, with a range of growth habits including low shrubs, tree ferns, and palm-like fronds comparable to their modern relatives. Sphenophytes (horsetails: Neocalamites, Equistetites, Schizoneura, etc.) have low diversity but high abundance, and the largest Neocalamites fossils in the Chinle Formation could reach up to 6 meters (20 feet) in height. "Seed ferns" (Chilbinia, Marcouia?) ginkgophytes (Baiera), and small lycopods (Chinlea, Selaginella) were present but uncommon. The flora is rounded out by unusual low-growing gymnosperms such as Sanmiguelia (an angiosperm-like shrub), Dechellyia, and Dinophyton (possible relatives of Gnetales).[63][64]

The floral composition of the Chinle Formation (and other parts of Late Triassic North America) seem to shift with changes in climate over time. The lowest parts of the Chinle, such as the Shinarump Conglomerate, are dominated by the bennettitalean Eoginkgoites alongside the first occurrence of other persistent plants such as Phlebopteris, Equisetites, and most common conifer species. Subsequent subunits (such as the Blue Mesa Member, Monitor Butte Member, and Bluewater Creek Formation) are much more diverse, with a wide array of humidity-adapted plants making up the typical Chinle flora. This second floral zone is characterized by Dinophyton, a common but enigmatic shrubby gymnosperm. Plant fossils are rare in the upper part of the Chinle Formation, which was presumably much drier than the lower part. In these later layers, by far the most common plant fossils belong to Sanmiguelia (an endemic of southwestern North America) alongside conifers and horsetails.[65][66]

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Araucariorhiza[67] A. joae Uncommon Roots of conifers similar to modern Araucariaceae. Possibly from the same plant as Araucarioxylon arizonicum.

Araucarioxylon[68]

A. arizonicum,

A. sp.[69]

Abundant Petrified trunks of large conifers possibly related to modern Araucariaceae.[72] State fossil of Arizona.
Araucarioxylon arizonicum
Araucarites A. rudicula[73]
  • Arizona
  • New Mexico
  • Blue Mesa
  • Monitor Butte
 Very rare Large female conifer cones similar to those of araucariacean conifers.
Aricycas[74] A. paulae
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa ( = "Lower Petrified Forest")
 Moderately common Pinnate cycad leaves
Baiera B. arizonica
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[63][65]
  • Bluewater Creek ( = "lower red member", formerly Monitor Butte)[75][71]
 Uncommon Ginkgophyte leaves
Brachyphyllum B. sp,

B. hegewaldia[76]

Uncommon Conifer leaves and shoots
Carpolithus C. chinleana
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[63][65]
 Rare Seeds of uncertain affinities
Cephalotaxopsis C. sp. Conifer foliage
Charmorgia C. dijolli
  • "Petrified Forest" sensu lato[63]
 Rare Short cycad stems
Chilbinia[77] C. lichii
  • Arizona
  • Shinarump
 Rare An archaic seed fern with seeds and leaves more similar to Carboniferous-Permian seed ferns than to Triassic forms.
Creberanthus C. bealeii[73]
  • Arizona
 Very rare Pollen-bearing cones similar to those of some extinct "pteridosperms" (seed ferns). Associated with Alisporites opii, a common palynomorph.
Dadoxylon D. chaneyi
  • "Petrified Forest" sensu lato[63]
 Very rare Possible cordaitalean conifer wood.
Dechellyia[78] D. gormanii Uncommon An enigmatic gymnosperm with narrow pinnate leaves, "clasping" leaf-like sporophylls, and winged seeds. Some leaves are affected by galls, similar to those formed by eriophyid mites in modern plants.[79][80]
Dinophyton D. spinosus[81]
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[81][63][65]
  • Monitor Butte[81]
  • Bluewater Creek ("Ciniza Lake beds", formerly Monitor Butte)[62][71]
 Common An unusual gymnosperm combining needle-covered shoots with seed-bearing structures having the form of "pinwheel"-like clusters of tubular needles. Possibly related to Gnetales.
Elatocladus E. puercoensis[80]
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa
 Uncommon Leaf-bearing conifer shoots
Eoginkgoites E. sp.,

E. davidsonii[82]

Common within its small stratigraphic range A bennettitalean with palm-shaped fronds similar to some ginkgo species.
Ginkgoites G. sp. Rare A ginkgophyte
Lindleycladus L. arizonicus[80]
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa
 Uncommon Conifer shoots bearing Podozamites leaves. Formerly known as Podozamites arizonicus.
Lyssoxylon L. grigsbyi
  • "Petrified Forest" sensu lato[63]
  • Bluewater Creek (formerly Monitor Butte)[71]
 Rare Cycad trunks
Marcouia M. neuropteroides
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[63][65]
  • Bluewater Creek (formerly Monitor Butte)[71]
  • Monitor Butte[79]
 Uncommon Fern-like gymnosperm leaves of uncertain affinities. Some leaves are affected by feeding traces including crescent-shaped marginal incisions and oval-shaped holes. These were probably produced by beetles or orthopterans (grasshoppers and kin).[79]
Masculostrobus M. clathratus[78]
  • Arizona
  • Monitor Butte
 Locally common A pollen-bearing cone associated with lattice-shaped Equisetosporites chinleana pollen.
Nilssoniopteris N. ciniza[62][71]
  • "Petrified Forest" sensu lato[63]
  • Bluewater Creek ("Ciniza Lake beds", formerly Monitor Butte)[75][62][71]
  • Shinarump[63]
 Uncommon Large smooth-edged bennettitalean leaves, some of which were originally identified as Macrotaeniopteris magnifola.
Otozamites O. macombii
  • Agua Zarca Sandstone[70]
 Uncommon Bennettitalean leaves
Pagiophyllum P. sp.,

P. duttonia,[62]

P. navajoensis,[62]

P. readiana,[62]

P. zuniana,[62]

P. simpsonii[83]

  • "Middle Dolores"[69]
  • "Petrified Forest" sensu lato[63]
  • Sonsela[83][65]
  • Bluewater Creek ("Ciniza Lake beds", formerly Monitor Butte)[62][71]
  • Agua Zarca Sandstone[70]
 Locally very common Conifer leaves
Palissya P. sp.,

P. diffusa,

P. sphenolepis

Uncommon Conifer leaves and shoots
Pelourdea P. poleoensis
  • "Siltstone"[69]
  • "Middle Dolores"[69]
  • Poleo[63]
  • Bluewater Creek ("Ciniza Lake beds", formerly Monitor Butte)[62][71]
  • Shinarump[63]
 Common A shrubby conifer with strap-like leaves arranged around a single narrow stem.
Podozamites P. sp.,

P. emmonsi,

P. lanceolatus

  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[63][65]
  • Shinarump[63]
  • Temple Mountain[63]
 Uncommon Conifer leafs and shoots
Pramelreuthia P. dubielli,[84] P. yazzi[84]
  • Arizona
  • New Mexico
  • Utah
  • Blue Mesa[65]
  • Monitor Butte
 Rare Gymnosperm microsporophylls (pollen-bearing organs)
Pterophyllum P. sp.,

P. braunianum

Uncommon Bennettitalean leaves
Samaropsis S. sp.,

S. puerca

  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[63][65]
 Uncommon Seeds of uncertain affinities
Sanmiguelia S. lewisii Common An unusual palm-like shrub, controversially suggested to be a relative or predecessor of angiosperms (flowering plants).

Schilderia

S. adamanica

Rare Petrified stems of a conifer or gnetalean[72]
Williamsonia W. nizhonii[87]
  • Bluewater Creek ( = "lower red member", formerly Monitor Butte)[75][87][71]
 Rare A bennettitalean "flower" (female cone)

Woodworthia

W. arizonica

Uncommon

Stems and petrified wood of a conifer related to A. arizonicum.[72][88]

Zamites Z. sp.,

Z. occidentalis,

Z. powellii

Very common Bennettitalean leaves. Some leaves exhibit feeding traces, including sharp diagonal marginal traces and slot-like non-marginal traces. These traces were probably left by beetles.[79] Zamites powellii was formerly known as Otozamites powellii.

Ferns

Ferns of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Apachea A. arizonica
  • "Petrified Forest"[63]
 Rare Dipteridacean fern leaves, possibly damaged specimens of Clathropteris walkeri.[91]
Cladophlebis C. daughertyi,[91] C. subfalcata,

C. yazzia,[76]

C. sp.

Very common Large sterile fern leaves of uncertain affinities
Clathropteris C. walkeri
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[91][65]
  • Bluewater Creek (= "lower red member", formerly Monitor Butte)[75][91][71][63]
 Common Dipteridacean fern leaves
Cynepteris[91] C. sp.,

C. lasiophora[91]

  • Church Rock?[90]
  • Owl Rock?[90]
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[91][79]
  • Bluewater Creek (= "lower red member", formerly Monitor Butte)[91][71]
  • Monitor Butte[79]
 Common Bipinnate fern leaves previously identified as Lonchopteris. Some leaves are affected by crescent-shaped marginal feeding traces, probably from beetles or orthopterans (grasshoppers and kin).[79]
Itopsidema[92] I. vancleavi
  • Arizona
  • Sonsela
 Uncommon Stems of large osmundacean tree ferns. Some stems show evidence of being bored by oribatid mites.[93]
Phlebopteris P. smithii,

P. utensis

  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[94][65]
  • Bluewater Creek ( = "lower red member" / "Ciniza Lake beds", formerly Monitor Butte)[75][91][62][71]
  • Shinarump[94]
 Common Matoniacean fern leaves with a palmate structure
Sphenopteris S. arizonica
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[63][65]
 Uncommon Sterile fern leaves of uncertain affinities. Some show evidence for marginal damage by insect feeding traces.[95]
Todites T. fragilis
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[91]
  • Bluewater Creek (="lower red member", formerly Monitor Butte)[75][91][71]
 Uncommon Osmundacean fern leaves
Wingatea[91] W. plumosa
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[91][65]
  • Bluewater Creek (="lower red member", formerly Monitor Butte)[91][71]
 Rare Gleicheniacean fern leaves previously named as a species of Coniopteris.

Other plants

Other plants of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Chinlea C. sp.,

C. campii

  • "Petrified Forest" sensu lato[63]
 Uncommon Small lycopod stems similar to shrubby forms such as Pleuromeia.[96]
Equisetites E. sp.,

E. bradyi

  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[63][65]
  • Bluewater Creek ("Ciniza Lake beds", formerly Monitor Butte)[62][71]
  • Shinarump[63]
 Common A horsetail indistinguishable from modern Equisetum.
Equisetocalis[97] E. muirii
  • Arizona
  • Blue Mesa
 Concentrated in a narrow stratigraphic range (the Newspaper Rock sandstone bed) Small three-dimensional horsetail stems preserved in pyrite nodules.
Isoetites I. circularis
  • "Petrified Forest" sensu lato[63]
 Rare Quillwort shoots
Lycostrobus L. chinleana
  • Blue Mesa (= "Lower Petrified Forest")[63][65]
 Rare Horsetail cones sometimes placed in the genus Equicalostrobus
Neocalamites N. sp.,

N. virginiensis

  • "Siltstone"[69]
  • Church Rock?[90]
  • Owl Rock?[90]
  • "Petrified Forest" sensu lato[63]
  • Bluewater Creek ( = "lower red member" / "Ciniza Lake beds", formerly Monitor Butte)[75][62]
 Common Stems and leaves of a giant sphenophyte (horsetail)
Schizoneura S. harrisii
  • Bluewater Creek (formerly Monitor Butte)[71]
 Uncommon Stems and leaves of a large sphenophyte (horsetail) more typical of Southern Hemisphere plant assemblages.
Selaginella S. anasazia[78]
  • Arizona
  • Monitor Butte
 Uncommon A low-growing lycopsid similar to modern broad-leaved species of Selaginella, such as S. kraussiana

Arthropods

Arthropods of the Chinle Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Enoplocytia E. porteri[99]
  • Arizona
  • Sonsela?
 Single well-preserved fossil An erymid crayfish

Paleoscolytus[100]

P. divergus

  • Arizona
  • Sonsela

A species of bark beetle, evidenced by trace fossils of tracks made on A. arizonicum specimens.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Vertebrate Fauna; Archosauriformes; Crosbysaurus harrisae," Irmis (2005) p. 71
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 William G. Parker; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Adam D. Marsh; Ben T. Kligman; Kenneth Bader (2021). "First occurrence of Doswellia cf. D. kaltenbachi (Archosauriformes) from the Late Triassic (middle Norian) Chinle Formation of Arizona and its implications on proposed biostratigraphic correlations across North America during the Late Triassic". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (3): e1976196. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1976196. 
  3. ↑ Marsh, Adam D.; Parker, William G.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Kligman, Ben T.; Stocker, Michelle R. (2022). "Puercosuchus traverorum n. gen. n. sp.: a new malerisaurine azendohsaurid (Archosauromorpha: Allokotosauria) from two monodominant bonebeds in the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic, Norian) of Arizona" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 96 (S90): 1–39. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.49. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  4. ↑ Brenen M. Wynd; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Michelle R. Stocker; Andrew B. Heckert (2020). "A detailed description of Rugarhynchos sixmilensis, gen. et comb. nov. (Archosauriformes, Proterochampsia), and cranial convergence in snout elongation across stem and crown archosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (6): e1748042. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1748042. 
  5. ↑ Lucas, Spencer; Heckert, Andrew (2012). "A new species of the enigmatic archosauromorph Doswellia from the Upper Triassic Bluewater Creek Formation, New Mexico, USA" (in en). Palaeontology 55 (6): 1333–1348. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01200.x. https://www.academia.edu/2155600. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Heckert, A. B.; Nesbitt, S. J.; Stocker, M. R.; Schneider, V. P.; Hoffman, D. K.; Zimmer, B. W. (2021). "A new short-faced archosauriform from the Upper Triassic Placerias/Downs' quarry complex, Arizona, USA, expands the morphological diversity of the Triassic archosauriform radiation". The Science of Nature 108 (4): Article 32. doi:10.1007/s00114-021-01733-1. PMID 34213630. Bibcode: 2021SciNa.108...32H. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Pritchard, Adam C.; Turner, Alan H.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Smith, Nathan D. (2015-03-04). "Late Triassic tanystropheids (Reptilia, Archosauromorpha) from northern New Mexico (Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation) and the biogeography, functional morphology, and evolution of Tanystropheidae" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (2): e911186. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.911186. ISSN 0272-4634. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2014.911186. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Vertebrate Fauna; Archosauromorpha; Tanytrachelos sp.," Irmis (2005) p. 70
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 "Vertebrate Fauna; Archosauriformes; Tecovasaurus murryi," Irmis (2005) p. 71
  10. ↑ "Vertebrate Fauna; Archosauromorpha; Trilophosaurus buettneri, Trilophosaurus jacobsi, Trilophosaurus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 70
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Vertebrate Fauna; Archosauromorpha; Trilophosaurus buettneri," Irmis (2005) p. 70
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Abstract," Mueller and Parker (2006) p. 119
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Vertebrate Fauna; Archosauromorpha; Trilophosaurus jacobsi," Irmis (2005) p. 70
  14. ↑ Ben T. Kligman; Adam D. Marsh; Sterling J. Nesbitt; William G. Parker; Michelle R. Stocker (2020). "New trilophosaurid species demonstrates a decline in allokotosaur diversity across the Adamanian-Revueltian boundary in the Late Triassic of western North America". Palaeodiversity 13 (1): 25–37. doi:10.18476/pale.v13.a3. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 "Vertebrate Fauna; Archosauriformes; Vancleavea campi," Irmis (2005) p. 71
  16. ↑ Nesbitt, S.J.; Stocker, M.R.; Small, B.J.; Downs, A. (November 26, 2009). "The osteology and relationships of Vancleavea campi (Reptilia: Archosauriformes)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (4): 814–864. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00530.x. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 "Vertebrate Fauna; Reptilia incertae sedis; Acallosuchus rectori," Irmis (2005) pp. 69-70
  18. ↑ Gabriel S. Gonçalves; Christian A. Sidor (2019). "A new drepanosauromorph, Ancistronychus paradoxus n. gen. et sp., from the Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA". PaleoBios 36: ucmp_paleobios_46203. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x7767f8. 
  19. ↑ Pritchard, Adam C.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (2017-10-01). "A bird-like skull in a Triassic diapsid reptile increases heterogeneity of the morphological and phylogenetic radiation of Diapsida" (in en). Royal Society Open Science 4 (10): 170499. doi:10.1098/rsos.170499. ISSN 2054-5703. PMID 29134065. Bibcode: 2017RSOS....470499P. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 "Vertebrate Fauna; Parareptilia; Colognathus obscurus," Irmis (2005) p. 69
  21. ↑ Pritchard, Adam C.; Turner, Alan H.; Irmis, Randall B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Smith, Nathan D. (2016-10-24). "Extreme Modification of the Tetrapod Forelimb in a Triassic Diapsid Reptile" (in en). Current Biology 26 (20): 2779–2786. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.084. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27693141. 
  22. ↑ Ben T. Kligman; Adam D. Marsh; Hans-Dieter Sues; Christian A. Sidor (2020). "A new non-mammalian eucynodont from the Chinle Formation (Triassic: Norian), and implications for the early Mesozoic equatorial cynodont record". Biology Letters 16 (11): Article ID 20200631. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0631. PMID 33142088. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 "Vertebrate Fauna; Amniota incertae sedis; Kraterokheirodon colberti," Irmis (2005) p. 69
  24. ↑ Ben T. Kligman; Adam D. Marsh; William G. Parker (2018). "First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 117–127. doi:10.4202/app.00426.2017. 
  25. ↑ Jenkins, Kelsey M.; Meyer, Dalton L.; Lewis, Patrick J.; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S. (2022). "Re-description of the early Triassic diapsid Palacrodon from the lower Fremouw formation of Antarctica". Journal of Anatomy 241 (6): 1441–1458. doi:10.1111/joa.13770. PMID 36168715. PMC 9644968. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.13770. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 "Vertebrate Fauna; Synapsida; Placerias hesternus," Irmis (2005) p. 82
  27. ↑ Xavier A. Jenkins; Adam C. Pritchard; Adam D. Marsh; Ben T. Kligman; Christian A. Sidor; Kaye E. Reed (2020). "Using manual ungual morphology to predict substrate use in the Drepanosauromorpha and the description of a new species". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40 (5): e1810058. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1810058. 
  28. ↑ Listed as cf. Uatchitodon sp. in "Vertebrate Fauna; Reptilia incertae sedis; Cf. Uatchitodon sp," Irmis (2005) p. 69
  29. ↑ Mitchell, Jonathan S.; Heckert, Andrew B.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2010). "Grooves to tubes: evolution of the venom delivery system in a Late Triassic "reptile"". Naturwissenschaften 97 (12): 1117–1121. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0729-0. PMID 21060984. Bibcode: 2010NW.....97.1117M. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Vertebrate Fauna; Reptilia incertae sedis; Cf. Uatchitodon sp," Irmis (2005) p. 69
  31. ↑ Heckert, Andrew B.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Rinehart, Larry F.; Hunt, Adrian P. (2008-07-01). "A New Genus and Species of Sphenodontian from the Ghost Ranch Coelophysis Quarry (upper Triassic: Apachean), Rock Point Formation, New Mexico, Usa" (in en). Palaeontology 51 (4): 827–845. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00786.x. ISSN 1475-4983. 
  32. ↑ Nicholas C. Fraser; Randall B. Irmis; David K. Elliott (2005). "A procolophonid (Parareptilia) from the Owl Rock Member, Chinle Formation of Utah, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica 8 (1): Article Number 8.1.13. https://palaeo-electronica.org/2005_1/fraser13/issue1_05.htm. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 "Vertebrate Fauna; Temnospondyli; Apachesaurus gregorii" Irmis (2005) pp. 67-68
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Mueller (2007)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Gee, Bryan M.; Parker, William G.; Marsh, Adam D. (2020). "Redescription of Anaschisma (Temnospondyli: Metoposauridae) from the Late Triassic of Wyoming and the phylogeny of the Metoposauridae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18 (3): 233–258. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1602855. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1200&context=natlpark. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 "Vertebrate Fauna; Temnospondyli; Buettneria perfecta" Irmis (2005) p. 67. Note that Koskinonodon was listed under the preoccupied (see Mueller 2007) name Buettneria in the preceding reference.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Jason D. Pardo; Bryan J. Small; Adam K. Huttenlocker (2017). "Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (27): E5389–E5395. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706752114. PMID 28630337. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..114E5389P. 
  38. ↑ Kligman, Ben T.; Gee, Bryan M.; Marsh, Adam D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Smith, Matthew E.; Parker, William G.; Stocker, Michelle R. (2023-01-25). "Triassic stem caecilian supports dissorophoid origin of living amphibians" (in en). Nature 614 (7946): 102–107. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05646-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36697827. 
  39. ↑ Michelle R. Stocker; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Ben T. Kligman; Daniel J. Paluh; Adam D. Marsh; David C. Blackburn; William G. Parker (2019). "The earliest equatorial record of frogs from the Late Triassic of Arizona". Biology Letters 15 (2): Article ID 20180922. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0922. PMID 30958136. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 "Vertebrate Fauna; Chondrichthyes; Acrodus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 65
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 The Petrified Forest and Sonsela Acrodus specimens are actually Reticulodus. See "Vertebrate Fauna; Chondrichthyes; Acrodus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 65 for details.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 "Vertebrate Fauna; Chondrichthyes; Lonchidion humblei," Irmis (2005) p. 65
  43. ↑ Fischer, Jan; Axsmith, Brian J.; Ash, Sidney R. (2010-03-01). "First unequivocal record of the hybodont shark egg capsule Palaeoxyris in the Mesozoic of North America" (in en). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 255 (3): 327–344. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0028. ISSN 0077-7749. https://www.academia.edu/473236. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 "Vertebrate Fauna; Chondrichthyes; Phoebodus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 65
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 45.7 "Vertebrate Fauna; Chondrichthyes; Reticulodus synergus," Irmis (2005) p. 65
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 "Vertebrate Fauna; Chondrichthyes; 'Xenacanthus' moorei," Irmis (2005) p. 64
  47. ↑ Listed as cf. Chinlea sp. in "Vertebrate Fauna; Temnospondyli; Cf. Chinlea sp." Irmis (2005) p. 67
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 "Vertebrate Fauna; Temnospondyli; Cf. Chinlea sp." Irmis (2005) p. 67
  49. ↑ 49.00 49.01 49.02 49.03 49.04 49.05 49.06 49.07 49.08 49.09 49.10 49.11 49.12 49.13 "Vertebrate Fauna; Temnospondyli; Arganodus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 67
  50. ↑ Listed as "cf. Australosomus" in "Vertebrate Fauna; Osteichthyes; Cf. Australosomus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 66-67
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 "Vertebrate Fauna; Osteichthyes; Cf. Australosomus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 66-67
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 52.7 52.8 52.9 Bobb Schaeffer (1967). "Late Triassic fishes from the western United States". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135: 285–342. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Sarah Z. Gibson (2016). "Redescription and Phylogenetic Placement of †Hemicalypterus weiri Schaeffer, 1967 (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from the Triassic Chinle Formation, Southwestern United States: New Insights into Morphology, Ecological Niche, and Phylogeny". PLOS ONE 11 (9): e0163657. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163657. PMID 27657923. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1163657G. 
  54. ↑ Listed as "cf. Lasalichthyes" in "Vertebrate Fauna; Osteichthyes; Cf. Lasalichthyes sp." Irmis (2005) p. 66
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 "Vertebrate Fauna; Osteichthyes; Cf. Lasalichthyes sp." Irmis (2005) p. 66
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Sarah Z. Gibson (2013). "A new hump-backed ginglymodian fish (Neopterygii, Semionotiformes) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of southeastern Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (5): 1037–1050. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.758125. 
  57. ↑ Sarah Z. Gibson (2013). "Biodiversity and Evolutionary History of †Lophionotus (Neopterygii: †Semionotiformes) from the Western United States". Copeia 2013 (4): 582–603. doi:10.1643/CI-12-028. 
  58. ↑ Ben T. Kligman; William G. Parker; Adam D. Marsh (2017). "First record of Saurichthys (Actinopterygii) from the Upper Triassic (Chinle Formation, Norian) of western North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (5): e1367304. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1367304. 
  59. ↑ Listed as "cf. Turseodus" in "Vertebrate Fauna; Osteichthyes; Cf. Turseodus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 66
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 60.7 "Vertebrate Fauna; Osteichthyes; Cf. Turseodus sp." Irmis (2005) p. 66
  61. ↑ Lucas, S.G.; Hayden, S.N. (1989). "Triassic stratigraphy of west-central New Mexico". New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Guidebook 40: 191–211. https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/40/40_p0191_p0211.pdf. 
  62. ↑ 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 62.11 62.12 62.13 62.14 62.15 62.16 62.17 62.18 62.19 62.20 62.21 Ash, Sidney R. (1978). "4: Plant Megafossils". Geology, paleontology, and paleoecology of a Late Triassic lake, western New Mexico. 25. Brigham Young University Geology Studies. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292718693. 
  63. ↑ 63.00 63.01 63.02 63.03 63.04 63.05 63.06 63.07 63.08 63.09 63.10 63.11 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.15 63.16 63.17 63.18 63.19 63.20 63.21 63.22 63.23 63.24 63.25 63.26 63.27 63.28 63.29 63.30 63.31 63.32 63.33 63.34 63.35 63.36 63.37 63.38 63.39 63.40 63.41 63.42 63.43 63.44 63.45 63.46 63.47 63.48 63.49 63.50 63.51 63.52 63.53 63.54 63.55 63.56 63.57 63.58 63.59 63.60 63.61 63.62 63.63 63.64 63.65 63.66 63.67 63.68 63.69 63.70 63.71 63.72 63.73 63.74 63.75 63.76 63.77 Ash, Sidney R. (1989). "A catalog of Upper Triassic plant megafossils of the western United States through 1988". in Lucas, S.G.. Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History. pp. 189–222. http://www.npshistory.com/publications/cach/ash-1989.pdf. 
  64. ↑ Kustatscher, Evelyn; Ash, Sidney R.; Karasev, Eugeny; Pott, Christian; Vajda, Vivi; Yu, Jianxin; McLoughlin, Stephen (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H., ed., "Flora of the Late Triassic" (in en), The Late Triassic World, Topics in Geobiology (Cham: Springer International Publishing) 46: pp. 545–622, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_13, ISBN 978-3-319-68008-8, https://paleobotany.ru/pdf/Kustatscher,%20Ash%20et%20al.%202018%20-%20Flora%20of%20the%20Late%20Triassic.pdf, retrieved 2022-11-21 
  65. ↑ 65.00 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.04 65.05 65.06 65.07 65.08 65.09 65.10 65.11 65.12 65.13 65.14 65.15 65.16 65.17 65.18 65.19 65.20 65.21 65.22 65.23 65.24 65.25 Parker, William G. (2006). "The stratigraphic distribution of major fossil localities in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona". in Parker, William G.. A century of research at Petrified Forest National Park : geology and paleontology. 62. Museum of Northern Arizona. pp. 46–64. ISBN 0-89734-120-1. OCLC 71015548. http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/nm/Parker2006-pefo-biostratigraphy.pdf. 
  66. ↑ Lucas, Spencer G. (2013). "Plant megafossil biostratigraphy and biochronology, Upper Triassic Chinle Group, Western USA". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 61: 354–365. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Daugherty, Lyman H. (1963). "Triassic Roots from the Petrified Forest National Park" (in en). American Journal of Botany 50 (8): 802–805. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1963.tb10649.x. ISSN 0002-9122. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1963.tb10649.x. 
  68. ↑ Frank H. Knowlton (1889). "New species of fossil wood (Araucarioxylon arizonicum) from Arizona and New Mexico". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 11 (676): 1–5. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.11-676.1. http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/13045/1/USNMP-11_676_1888.pdf. 
  69. ↑ 69.00 69.01 69.02 69.03 69.04 69.05 69.06 69.07 69.08 69.09 69.10 69.11 69.12 69.13 69.14 69.15 69.16 69.17 Ash, Sidney R. (1987). "The Upper Triassic Red Bed Flora of the Colorado Plateau, Western United States". Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 22 (1): 95–105. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.7 70.8 70.9 Ash, Sidney R. (1974). "Upper Triassic plants of Canon del Cobre, New Mexico". New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook 25: 179–184. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267692393. 
  71. ↑ 71.00 71.01 71.02 71.03 71.04 71.05 71.06 71.07 71.08 71.09 71.10 71.11 71.12 71.13 71.14 71.15 71.16 71.17 71.18 71.19 71.20 71.21 71.22 71.23 71.24 71.25 71.26 71.27 71.28 71.29 71.30 71.31 71.32 71.33 71.34 71.35 71.36 71.37 71.38 Ash, Sidney R. (1989). "The upper Triassic Chinle flora of the Zuni Mountains, New Mexico". New Mexico Geological Society 40: 225–230. doi:10.56577/ffc-40.225. https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/40/40_p0225_p0230.pdf. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 "Trees to Stone". National Park Service. 2006. http://www.nps.gov/pefo/planyourvisit/upload/TreestoStone2006.pdf. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Axsmith, Brian J.; Ash, Sidney R. (2006). "Two rare fossil cones from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, and New Mexico". Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 62: 82–94. https://www.academia.edu/2826908. 
  74. ↑ Ash, Sidney R. (1991). "A New Pinnate Cycad Leaf from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona". Botanical Gazette 152 (1): 123–131. doi:10.1086/337871. ISSN 0006-8071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/337871. 
  75. ↑ 75.00 75.01 75.02 75.03 75.04 75.05 75.06 75.07 75.08 75.09 75.10 75.11 75.12 75.13 75.14 75.15 75.16 75.17 Ash, Sidney R. (1967). "The Chinle (Upper Triassic) megaflora of the Zuni Mountains, New Mexico". New Mexico Geological Society Fall Field Conference Guidebook 18: 125–131. doi:10.56577/ffc-18.125. https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/18/18_p0125_p0131.pdf. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 Ash, Sidney R. (1973). "Two New Late Triassic Plants from the Petrified Forest of Arizona". Journal of Paleontology 47 (1): 46–53. 
  77. ↑ Ash, Sidney R. (2006). "Chilbinia Gen. Nov., an Archaic Seed Fern in the Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, USA" (in en). Palaeontology 49 (2): 237–245. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00542.x. ISSN 0031-0239. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00542.x. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 Ash, Sidney R. (1972). "Late Triassic plants from the Chinle Formation in north-eastern Arizona". Palaeontology 15 (4): 598–618. https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_15/vol15_part4_pp598-618.pdf. 
  79. ↑ 79.00 79.01 79.02 79.03 79.04 79.05 79.06 79.07 79.08 79.09 79.10 79.11 79.12 79.13 79.14 79.15 Ash, Sidney (1996). "Evidence of arthropod-plant interactions in the Upper Triassic of the southwestern United States" (in en). Lethaia 29 (3): 237–248. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01657.x. ISSN 0024-1164. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01657.x. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 Ash, Sidney R. (2014-06-01). "Contributions to the Upper Triassic Chinle flora in the American southwest" (in en). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 94 (2): 279–294. doi:10.1007/s12549-014-0150-3. ISSN 1867-1608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-014-0150-3. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 Ash, Sidney R. (1970). "Dinophyton, a problematical new plant genus from the Upper Triassic of the south-western United States". Palaeontology 13 (4): 646–663. https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_13/vol13_part4_pp646-663.pdf. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 Ash, Sidney R. (1977). "An unusual bennettitalean leaf from the Upper Triassic of the south-western United States". Palaeontology 20 (3): 641–659. https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_20/vol20_part3_pp641-659.pdf. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Ash, Sidney R. (1970). "Pagiophyllum simpsonii, a New Conifer from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of Arizona". Journal of Paleontology 44 (5): 945–952. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Ash, Sidney; Litwin, Ronald J. (1996). "Two new species of the pinnate microsporophyll Pramelreuthia from the upper Triassic of the southwestern United States" (in en). American Journal of Botany 83 (8): 1091–1099. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12807.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12807.x. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 Ash, Sidney R.; Hasiotis, Stephen T. (2013-04-01). "New occurrences of the controversial Late Triassic plant fossil Sanmiguelia Brown and associated ichnofossils in the Chinle Formation of Arizona and Utah, USA". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 268 (1): 65–82. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0316. ISSN 0077-7749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0316. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Ash, Sidney R. (1982). "Occurrence of the Controversial Plant Fossil Sanmiguelia cf. S. lewisi Brown in the Upper Triassic of Utah". Journal of Paleontology 56 (3): 751–754. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Ash, Sidney R. (1968). "A new species of Williamsonia from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico" (in en). Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 61 (384): 113–120. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1968.tb00108.x. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1968.tb00108.x. 
  88. ↑ "Fossil Trees or Petrified Wood". University of Arizona. 2012. https://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/webhome/cbaisan/BBTRB/Petrified1.pdf. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Herrick, Alisa S.; Fastovsky, David E.; Hoke, Gregory D. (1999). "OCCURRENCES OF ZAMITES POWELLII IN OLDEST NORIAN STRATA IN PETRIFIED FOREST NATIONAL PARK, ARIZONA". National Park Service Paleontological Research 4: 91–95. http://npshistory.com/publications/paleontology/grdtr-99-03-4.pdf#page=99. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 90.8 Milner, Andrew C. (2006). "Plant fossils from the Owl Rock or Church Rock members, Chinle Formation, San Juan County, Utah". New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin 37: 410–413. 
  91. ↑ 91.00 91.01 91.02 91.03 91.04 91.05 91.06 91.07 91.08 91.09 91.10 91.11 91.12 91.13 91.14 91.15 91.16 91.17 91.18 91.19 91.20 91.21 91.22 91.23 91.24 91.25 91.26 91.27 Ash, S.R. (1969). "Ferns from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) in the Fort Wingate area, New Mexico". United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper. Professional Paper 613-D: 1–40. doi:10.3133/pp613d. ISSN 2330-7102. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0613d/report.pdf. 
  92. ↑ Daugherty, Lyman H. (1960). "Itopsidema, A New Genus of the Osmundaceae from the Triassic of Arizona" (in en). American Journal of Botany 47 (9): 771–777. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1960.tb07164.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1960.tb07164.x. 
  93. ↑ Ash, Sidney (2000). "Evidence of oribatid mite herbivory in the stem of a Late Triassic tree fern from Arizona" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 74 (6): 1065–1071. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<1065:EOOMHI>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/evidence-of-oribatid-mite-herbivory-in-the-stem-of-a-late-triassic-tree-fern-from-arizona/07976A823D4A3DCE5631F29C94BC2003. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 Ash, Sidney; Litwin, Ronald J.; Traverse, Alfred (1982). "The Upper Triassic fern Phlebopteris smithii (Daugherty) Arnold and its spores" (in en). Palynology 6 (1): 203–219. doi:10.1080/01916122.1982.9989242. ISSN 0191-6122. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01916122.1982.9989242. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Ash, Sidney (1999). "An Upper Triassic Sphenopteris Showing Evidence of Insect Predation from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona" (in en). International Journal of Plant Sciences 160 (1): 208–215. doi:10.1086/314115. ISSN 1058-5893. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/314115. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Miller, Charles N. (1968). "The Lepidophytic Affinities of the Genus Chinlea and Osmundites Walkeri" (in en). American Journal of Botany 55 (1): 109–115. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1968.tb06950.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1968.tb06950.x. 
  97. ↑ Rothwell, Gar W.; R. Ash, Sidney (2015). "Internal anatomy of the Late Triassic Equisetocaulis gen. nov., and the evolution of modern horsetails" (in en). The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 142 (1): 27–37. doi:10.3159/TORREY-D-14-00042.1. ISSN 1095-5674. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-14-00042.1. 
  98. ↑ Holt, Edward L. (1947). "Upright Trunks of Neocalamites from the Upper Triassic of Western Colorado". The Journal of Geology 55 (6): 511–513. doi:10.1086/625462. ISSN 0022-1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/625462. 
  99. ↑ Miller, Gary L.; Ash, Sidney R. (1988). "The oldest freshwater decapod crustacean, from the Triassic of Arizona". Palaeontology 31 (2): 273–279. https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_31/vol31_part2_pp273-279.pdf. 
  100. ↑ Sidney R. Ash & Geoffrey T. Creber (2000). "The Late Araucarioxylon arizonicum Trees of the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA". Palaeontology 43: 22–23. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00116. 

Bibliography

  • Irmis, R. B. 2005. The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in northern Arizona. p. 63-88. in S.J. Nesbitt, W.G. Parker, and R.B. Irmis (eds.) 2005. Guidebook to the Triassic formations of the Colorado Plateau in northern Arizona: Geology, Paleontology, and History. Mesa Southwest Museum Bulletin 9.
  • Mueller, B. D. and Parker, W. G. 2006. A new species of Trilophosaurus (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the Sonsela Member (Chinle Formation) of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. In W. G. Parker, S. R. Ash & R. B. Irmis (eds.), A Century of Research at Petrified Forest National Park, 1906-2006: Geology and Paleontology. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 62:119-125
  • Mueller, B.D. (2007). "Koskinonodon Branson and Mehl, 1929, a replacement name for the preoccupied temnospondyl Buettneria Case, 1922". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (1): 225. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[225:KBAMAR2.0.CO;2]. 
  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN:0-520-24209-2.



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