Wealden Group

Wealden Group Stratigraphic range: Late Berriasian-Aptian, 140–125 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Coastal exposure of the Wealden Group near Bexhill-on-Sea
Type	Group
Sub-units	Weald Basin Weald Clay Formation Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation Wadhurst Clay Formation Ashdown Formation Wessex Basin Vectis Formation Wessex Formation Marginal - Whitchurch Sand Formation
Underlies	Lower Greensand Group
Overlies	Purbeck Group
Thickness	Up to 850 m in Weald Basin, c. 500 m in Wessex basin, few m in marginal areas
Location
Region	England
Country	UK
Type section
Named for	Weald

The Wealden Group, occasionally also referred to as the Wealden Supergroup, is a group (a sequence of rock strata) in the lithostratigraphy of southern England . The Wealden group consists of paralic to continental (freshwater) facies sedimentary rocks of Berriasian to Aptian age and thus forms part of the English Lower Cretaceous. It is composed of alternating sands and clays. The sandy units were deposited in a flood plain of braided rivers, the clays mostly in a lagoonal coastal plain.^[1]

The Wealden Group can be found in almost all Early Cretaceous basins of England: its outcrops curve from the Wessex Basin in the south to the Cleveland Basin in the northeast. It is not found in northwest England and Wales, areas which were at the time tectonic highs where no deposition took place. The same is true for the London Platform around London and Essex. Offshore, the Wealden Group can reach a thickness of 700 metres.^[1] The terms Wealden and Wealden facies are also used as generic terms referring to Early Cretaceous non-marine sequences elsewhere in Europe.

Stratigraphy

The Wealden Group lies stratigraphically on top of the Purbeck Group, which spans the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Within the Wessex Basin, the Wealden Group consists of two formations: the Wessex Formation and overlying Vectis Formation. In the Weald Basin, the Wealden Group consists of four formations: the Ashdown Formation, the Wadhurst Clay Formation, the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation and the Weald Clay Formation.^[2] The lower three formations are sometimes collectively referred to as the Hastings Beds. In Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Wiltshire, the Wealden Group is only found as an outlier on top of hills and only consists of a single formation, the Whitchurch Sand Formation. In Yorkshire, the equivalently aged Speeton Clay Formation, a marine unit, is present.

On top of the Wealden Group is the Lower Greensand Group. The difference between these two groups has been formed by a major eustatic (global) transgression of the sea. The Greensand (Aptian/Albian in age) consists of marine deposits.

The sequence in the Weald Basin has also been described as a supergroup, containing the Weald Clay Group and Hastings Group.^[3]

Palaeontology

The Wealden Group forms outcrops covering a large part of south and south-eastern England including the Isle of Wight. It takes its name from the Weald region of Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Hampshire. It has yielded many fossils, including dinosaurs like Iguanodon and Hypsilophodon.^[4] Apart from fossils, it shows many other signs of being deposited in a continental environment, such as mudcracks and -in some rare cases- dinosaur footprints. Taxa included in the table below have an uncertain provenance and cannot be placed into one of the constituent formations, thus they are placed here.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Wealden Group
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Coloborhynchus	C. clavirostris[5]	St.-Leonards-on-Sea[5]	Hastings Beds	"Anterior portion of rostrum"[5]	An ornithocheirid pterosaur.	Coloborhynchus

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Wealden Group
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Thecospondylus[6]	T. horneri[6]	Kent[6]	Hastings Beds	"Internal mold of sacrum."[7]	Dubious genus that has been variously classified as either a saurischian or ornithischian.[8] It is currently only tentatively regarded as dinosaurian.[6]
Therosaurus[9]	T. anglicus[9]	West Sussex[9]
Altispinax[10]	A. dunkeri[10]	East Sussex[10]	Hastings Beds	"Dorsal vertebrae."[11]
Haestasaurus[12]	H. becklesii[10]	East Sussex[10]	Hastings Beds	Forelimb	A ?basal macronarian
Pleurocoelus[13]	P. valdensis[13]	East Sussex[10] West Sussex[9]			A dubious basal titanosauriform[13]
Turiasauria	Indeterminate		Hasting beds?[14]	Vertebra[14]
Theropoda	Indeterminate	West Sussex, East Sussex, Kent[15]

Wealden elsewhere in Europe

The term "Wealden" and "Wealden facies" has been applied to other Lower Cretaceous sequences in Europe, including the "German Wealden", comprising the Berriasian aged Bückeberg Formation of the Lower Saxony Basin^[16] and in Belgium, where "Wealden facies" has been used as a term to refer to the Barremian-Aptian aged sequences of the Mons Basin, including the Sainte-Barbe Clays Formation where large numbers of Iguanodon were found in the 19th century.^[17]

References

Further reading

See also

• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

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