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List of rocket launch sites

Topic: Engineering

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This article constitutes a list of rocket launch sites. Some of these sites are known as spaceports or cosmodromes. A single rocket launch is sufficient for inclusion in the table, as long as the site is properly documented through a reference. Missile locations with no launches are not included in the list. Proposed and planned sites and sites under construction are not included in the main tabulation, but may appear in condensed lists under the tables.

A shorter list of spaceports for human spaceflight and satellite launches is available in the article Spaceport.

Table specification

Sorting order

  • Countries in alphabetical order within a table
  • Launch sites within a country are sorted chronologically according to start of operations

Column specification

  • Country – territory of the site (the organisation responsible for the launches may reside elsewhere, as indicated in the notes column;
  • Location – Name of launch site (sometimes also province etc.)
  • Coordinates – geographical coordinates
  • Operational date – the period of years of launch activities
  • Number of rocket launches – the total number of launches, including failed launches
  • Heaviest rocket launched – total mass at lift-off
  • Highest achieved altitude – height in km above launch site (unless orbital)
  • Notes – comments

Major/active spaceports are shown in bold.

Africa

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
French Algeria Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux (CIEES), Hammaguir [ ⚑ ] 31°05′58″N 2°50′09″W / 31.09951°N 2.83581°W / 31.09951; -2.83581 (Hammaguir) 1947–1967 230   18,000 kg Orbital   Operated by France.[1]
 Algeria Reggane [ ⚑ ] 26°43′08″N 0°16′37″E / 26.71895°N 0.27691°E / 26.71895; 0.27691 (Reggane) 1961–1965 10      
 Zaire Shaba North, Kapani Tonneo OTRAG Launch Center [ ⚑ ] 7°55′33″S 28°31′40″E / 7.92587°S 28.52766°E / -7.92587; 28.52766 (Kapani Tonneo) 1975–1979 3     <50 km   German OTRAG rockets.[2]
 Egypt Jabal Hamzah ballistic missile test and launch facility [ ⚑ ] 30°07′32.7″N 30°36′18.5″E / 30.12575°N 30.605139°E / 30.12575; 30.605139 (Jabal Hamzah) 1962–1973 6       Testing SRBMs Al Zafir and Al Kahir[3][4]
 Kenya Broglio Space Centre (San Marco), Malindi [ ⚑ ] 2°56′27″S 40°12′48″E / 2.94080°S 40.21340°E / -2.94080; 40.21340 (San Marco platform) 1964–1988 27   20,000 kg   Orbital   Scout rockets, operated by ASI and Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.[5]
Libya Sabha, Tawiwa OTRAG Launch Center [ ⚑ ] 26°59′38″N 14°27′51″E / 26.99392°N 14.46425°E / 26.99392; 14.46425 (Sabha) 1981–1987 2     50  km German OTRAG rockets after site in Zaire closed.[6]
 Mauritania Nouadhibou [ ⚑ ] 20°55′43″N 17°01′54″W / 20.92856°N 17.03153°W / 20.92856; -17.03153 (Nouadhibou) 1973–1973 1       During a solar eclipse
 South Africa Overberg South African Test Centre [ ⚑ ] 34°36′10″S 20°18′09″E / 34.60265°S 20.30248°E / -34.60265; 20.30248 (Overberg) 1986–1993, 2000s–       Launched test mission rockets only.[7]

Asia

Note that some Russian cosmodromes appear in this section, some in the Europe section.

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 China Base 603, Shijiedu, Guangde [ ⚑ ] 30°56′15″N 119°12′21″E / 30.93743°N 119.20575°E / 30.93743; 119.20575 (Shijiedu) 1960–1966 1,000 kg <60  km
 China Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center [ ⚑ ] 40°57′38″N 100°17′54″E / 40.96056°N 100.29833°E / 40.96056; 100.29833 (Jiuquan) 1970– 464,000 kg Orbital   Human spaceflight[8]
 China Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center [ ⚑ ] 38°50′56.71″N 111°36′30.59″E / 38.8490861°N 111.6084972°E / 38.8490861; 111.6084972 (Taiyuan) 1980– 249,000 kg Orbital   Polar satellites[9]
 China Xichang Satellite Launch Center [ ⚑ ] 28°14′47″N 102°01′41″E / 28.24646°N 102.02814°E / 28.24646; 102.02814 (Xichang) 1984– 459,000 kg Lunar   Geo-synchronous satellites, lunar probes.[10][11]
 China Wenchang Satellite Launch Center [ ⚑ ] 19°36′52.17″N 110°57′4.08″E / 19.6144917°N 110.9511333°E / 19.6144917; 110.9511333 (Wenchang) 2016– 879,000 kg Interplanetary   New site on Hainan Island with pads for Long March 5 and Long March 7 rockets
 China Jingyu [ ⚑ ] 42°00′N 126°30′E / 42.0°N 126.5°E / 42.0; 126.5 (Jingyu)    
 India Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (Thumba Equatorial), Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala [ ⚑ ] 8°31′53″N 76°52′08″E / 8.5314°N 76.8690°E / 8.5314; 76.8690 (Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre) 1962–   Orbital  Primarily used as the launch site for Sounding rockets.[12]
 India Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range), Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh [ ⚑ ] 13°44′15″N 80°14′06″E / 13.73740°N 80.23510°E / 13.73740; 80.23510 (Sriharikota) 1971– 690,000 kg Interplanetary  Polar and Geosynchronous Satellites; Lunar and Mars probes.[13]
 India Abdul Kalam Island, Bhadrak District, Odisha [ ⚑ ] 20°45′29″N 87°05′08″E / 20.75804°N 87.085533°E / 20.75804; 87.085533 (Dr.Abdul kalam Island) 1980–   Sub-Orbital  Military integrated testing range for advanced guided missiles.[14]
 Indonesia LAPAN Rocket Launcher Station, Pameungpeuk, Garut [ ⚑ ] 7°38′48″S 107°41′20″E / 7.646643°S 107.689018°E / -7.646643; 107.689018 (Pameungpeuk) 1965– 765 kg   100 km  
 Iran Qom Space Center [ ⚑ ] 34°39′00″N 50°54′00″E / 34.65000°N 50.90000°E / 34.65000; 50.90000 (Qom) 1991     Military testing[15]
 Iran Emamshahr Space Center [ ⚑ ] 36°25′12″N 55°01′12″E / 36.42000°N 55.02000°E / 36.42000; 55.02000 (Emamshahr) 1998     Military testing and sounding rockets for ISA[16]
 Iran Semnan spaceport [ ⚑ ] 35°14′05″N 53°55′15″E / 35.234631°N 53.920941°E / 35.234631; 53.920941 (Semnan) 2009–   Orbital  
 Iraq Al-Anbar Test Center [ ⚑ ] 32°46′56″N 44°17′59″E / 32.78220°N 44.29962°E / 32.78220; 44.29962 (Al-Anbar) 1989 48,000 kg     Out of function[17]

Al-Abid

 Israel Palmachim Air Force Base [ ⚑ ] 31°53′05″N 34°40′49″E / 31.88484°N 34.68020°E / 31.88484; 34.68020 (Palmachim) 1987– 70000 kg   Orbital   [18]
 Japan Akita Rocket Range [ ⚑ ] 39°34′17″N 140°03′28″E / 39.57148°N 140.05785°E / 39.57148; 140.05785 (Akita) 1956–1990   343 km
 Japan Uchinoura Space Center [ ⚑ ] 31°15′07″N 131°04′45″E / 31.25186°N 131.07914°E / 31.25186; 131.07914 (Uchinoura) 1962– 139,000 kg Interplanetary   [19]
 Japan Taiki Aerospace Research Field, Hokkaido [ ⚑ ] 42°18′00″N 143°15′46″E / 42.3000°N 143.2629°E / 42.3000; 143.2629 (Taiki) 2010– 1,000 kg 115 km Suborbital and future orbital launch site for Interstellar Technologies
 Japan Tanegashima Space Center, Tanegashima Island [ ⚑ ] 30°23′27″N 130°58′05″E / 30.39096°N 130.96813°E / 30.39096; 130.96813 (Tanegashima) 1967– 445,000 kg Interplanetary   [20]
 Japan Ryori[21] [ ⚑ ] 39°01′48″N 141°49′48″E / 39.03000°N 141.83000°E / 39.03000; 141.83000 (Ryori) 1970–2001     Sounding rocket launch site for the Japan Meteorological Agency
 Japan [ ⚑ ] 34°20′16″N 139°15′57″E / 34.33766°N 139.26575°E / 34.33766; 139.26575 (Niijima) 1963–1965     Eighteen launches of small rockets[22][23]
 Japan Obachi[24] [ ⚑ ] 40°42′12″N 141°22′10″E / 40.70342°N 141.36938°E / 40.70342; 141.36938 (Obachi) 1961–   105 km balloon-launched Kappa sounding rockets[24]
 Soviet Union/ Kazakhstan

(Operated by  Russia)

Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam [ ⚑ ] 45°57′19″N 63°21′01″E / 45.95515°N 63.35028°E / 45.95515; 63.35028 (Baikonur) 1955– 2,400,000 kg Interplanetary   First satellite, first human in space. Operated by Russia.[25]
 Soviet Union/ Kazakhstan

(Partly operated by  Russia)

[ ⚑ ] 46°22′48″N 72°52′12″E / 46.38000°N 72.87000°E / 46.38000; 72.87000 (Sary Shagan) 1958–     Military testing ground for anti-missile weapons. Part of the testing ground is rented by Russian Ministry of Defense.
 North Korea Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground [ ⚑ ] 40°51′21″N 129°39′57″E / 40.85572°N 129.66587°E / 40.85572; 129.66587 (Musudan-ri) 1998–     Military rockets; satellite launch[26]
 North Korea Sohae Satellite Launching Station [ ⚑ ] 39°39′36″N 124°42′18″E / 39.660°N 124.705°E / 39.660; 124.705 (Sohae) 2012–     Military rockets; satellite launch[27]
 South Korea Anheung Proving Ground [ ⚑ ] 36°42′08″N 126°28′18″E / 36.70211°N 126.47158°E / 36.70211; 126.47158 (Anheung) 1993–    
 South Korea Naro Space Center, Goheung [ ⚑ ] 34°25′33″N 127°31′41″E / 34.42585°N 127.52793°E / 34.42585; 127.52793 (Naro) 2008– 200,000 kg  Orbital   Attempted satellite launches[28]
 Maldives Gan Island [ ⚑ ] 0°41′36″S 73°09′24″E / 0.69328°S 73.15672°E / -0.69328; 73.15672 (Gan Island)     Several rockets of the Kookaburra type were launched from a pad at 0°41' S and 73°9' E[29]
 Pakistan Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center, Las Bela, Balochistan [ ⚑ ] 25°11′33″N 66°44′56″E / 25.19242°N 66.74881°E / 25.19242; 66.74881 (Sonmiani) 1960s–[30]     Sounding rockets & missile testing for SUPARCO[31]
 Pakistan Tilla Satellite Launch Center, Jhelum District, Punjab [ ⚑ ] 33°23′46″N 73°17′46″E / 33.39610°N 73.29608°E / 33.39610; 73.29608 (Tilla) 1980s–[32]     Sounding rockets & missile testing for SUPARCO[33]
 Soviet Union Kheysa [ ⚑ ] 80°27′00″N 58°03′00″E / 80.45000°N 58.05000°E / 80.45000; 58.05000 (Kheysa) 1956–2008     Arctic sounding rocket launch site
 Soviet Union/  Russia Svobodny Cosmodrome, Amur Oblast [ ⚑ ] 51°50′04″N 128°16′33″E / 51.83441°N 128.27570°E / 51.83441; 128.27570 (Svobodny) 1957–2007 47,000 kg   Orbital   ICBM base converted for satellites[34]
 Soviet Union Sovetskaya Gavan [ ⚑ ] 48°58′12″N 140°18′00″E / 48.97000°N 140.30000°E / 48.97000; 140.30000 (Sovetskaya Gavan) 1963–1964   402 km
 Soviet Union/  Russia [ ⚑ ] 59°22′N 143°15′E / 59.367°N 143.25°E / 59.367; 143.25 (Okhotsk) 1981–2005   1000 km
 Russia Yasny Cosmodrome (formerly Dombarovsky), Orenburg Oblast [ ⚑ ] 51°12′25″N 59°51′00″E / 51.20706°N 59.85003°E / 51.20706; 59.85003 (Dombarovskiy) 2006– 211,000 kg Orbital   ICBM base converted for satellites[35]
 Russia Vostochny Cosmodrome, Amur Oblast[36] [ ⚑ ] 51°52′59″N 128°19′59″E / 51.883°N 128.333°E / 51.883; 128.333 (Vostochny) 2016–[37]     Facility on Russian territory to supplement Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
 Taiwan Gangzi Station, Haiqian, Pingtung County [ ⚑ ] 22°06′N 120°54′E / 22.10°N 120.90°E / 22.10; 120.90 (Gangzi) 1988– 10,000 kg 300 km Science and technology development
 Taiwan Nantian Launch Facility, Taitung County [ ⚑ ] 22°15′44″N 120°53′25″E / 22.26212°N 120.89037°E / 22.26212; 120.89037 (Nantian), 2016–     Used by TiSPACE for testing and launching

Proposed or planned spaceports and rocket launch sites in Asia

Europe

Note that some European countries operate spaceports in Africa, South America, or other equatorial regions. These spaceports are listed in this article according to their geographical location. Some Russian-controlled launch sites are listed as being in Asia. Note that some Russian cosmodromes appear in this section, some in the section Asia.

[43]

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
Template:Country data People's Republic of Bulgaria Ahtopol [ ⚑ ] 42°05′09″N 27°57′18″E / 42.085846°N 27.955125°E / 42.085846; 27.955125 (Ahtopol) 1984–1990 28 475 kg 90 km
 France Ile du Levant [ ⚑ ] 43°02′42″N 6°28′44″E / 43.04507°N 6.47887°E / 43.04507; 6.47887 (Ile de Levant) 1948–1970s       Missile test site
 Germany Rocket Launch Site Berlin, Berlin-Tegel [ ⚑ ] 52°21′00″N 13°12′36″E / 52.35000°N 13.21000°E / 52.35000; 13.21000 (Raketenflugplatz Tegel) 1930–1933     4 km
 Germany Peenemünde/Greifswalder Oie [ ⚑ ] 54°08′35″N 13°47′38″E / 54.14300°N 13.79400°E / 54.14300; 13.79400 (Peenemünde Greifswalder Oie) 1942–1945 3000+   12,500 kg 175 km V-2 rockets during World War II, first rocket to reach space 20 June 1944
 West Germany Cuxhaven [ ⚑ ] 53°50′56″N 8°35′30″E / 53.84884°N 8.59154°E / 53.84884; 8.59154 (Cuxhaven)) 1945–1964     >110 km
 West Germany Hespenbusch, Großenkneten [ ⚑ ] 52°56′20″N 8°18′45″E / 52.939002°N 8.312515°E / 52.939002; 8.312515 (Hespenbusch) 1952–1957     <10 km
 Germany Zingst [ ⚑ ] 54°26′24″N 12°47′04″E / 54.44008°N 12.78431°E / 54.44008; 12.78431 (Zingst) 1970–1992 67   130 kg 80 km
 Greece Koroni [ ⚑ ] 36°46′11″N 21°55′54″E / 36.7698°N 21.9316°E / 36.7698; 21.9316 (Koroni) 1966–1989 371     114 km
 Italy Salto di Quirra [ ⚑ ] 39°31′38″N 9°37′59″E / 39.52731°N 9.63303°E / 39.52731; 9.63303 (Salto di Quirra) 1964–      
 Norway Andøya Space Center [ ⚑ ] 69°17′39″N 16°01′15″E / 69.29430°N 16.02070°E / 69.29430; 16.02070 (And?ya) 1962– 1200+   800 kg   Rockets to the upper atmosphere.[44]
 Norway Marka [ ⚑ ] 58°12′00″N 7°18′00″E / 58.20000°N 7.30000°E / 58.20000; 7.30000 (Marka) 1983–1984   16 kg  
 Norway SvalRak [ ⚑ ] 78°13′24″N 15°38′49″E / 78.2234°N 15.6470°E / 78.2234; 15.6470 (SvalRak) 1997–      
Nazi-occupied Poland SS-Proving Ground Westpreußen today Poland (Tuchola Forest) [ ⚑ ] 53°37′11″N 17°59′06″E / 53.61970°N 17.98492°E / 53.61970; 17.98492 (Tuchola Forest) 1944–1945       Nazi-German V-2 rockets
 Germany Leba in Pommern since 1945 part of Poland [ ⚑ ] 54°46′09″N 17°35′37″E / 54.76904°N 17.59355°E / 54.76904; 17.59355 (Łeba) 1941–1945       Nazi-German rockets
 Poland [ ⚑ ] 54°45′16″N 17°31′05″E / 54.754486°N 17.517919°E / 54.754486; 17.517919 (Łeba) 1963–1973 36       Polish rockets
Nazi-occupied Poland V-2 missile launch site, Blizna [ ⚑ ] 50°10′55″N 21°36′58″E / 50.18190°N 21.61620°E / 50.18190; 21.61620 (Blizna) 139       Nazi-German V-2 rockets
 Soviet Union/ Russia Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome, Astrakhan Oblast [ ⚑ ] 48°34′41″N 46°15′15″E / 48.57807°N 46.25420°E / 48.57807; 46.25420 (Kapustin Yar) 1957–     Orbital   Previously for satellite launches[45]
 Soviet Union/ Russia Nyonoksa [ ⚑ ] 64°38′57″N 39°11′14″E / 64.64928°N 39.18721°E / 64.64928; 39.18721 (Nyonoksa)      
 Soviet Union/ Russia Plesetsk Cosmodrome [ ⚑ ] 62°55′32″N 40°34′40″E / 62.92556°N 40.57778°E / 62.92556; 40.57778 (Plesetsk Cosmodrome) 1966– 1000+   760,000 kg Orbital  
 Spain El Arenosillo [ ⚑ ] 37°05′49″N 6°44′19″W / 37.09687°N 6.73863°W / 37.09687; -6.73863 (El Arenosillo) 1966– 500+     720 km[46] Formerly used only by INTA, now used by Zero 2 Infinity and PLD Space
 Sweden Nausta [ ⚑ ] 66°21′26″N 19°16′33″E / 66.357202°N 19.275813°E / 66.357202; 19.275813 (Nausta) 1961–1961[47] 1   30 kg   <80 km   Plutnik rocket.[47]
 Sweden Kronogård [ ⚑ ] 66°24′53″N 19°16′36″E / 66.4147°N 19.2767°E / 66.4147; 19.2767 (Kronogård) 1961–1964 18   700 kg 135 km Arcas, Nike-Cajun and Nike-Apache rockets for atmospheric research.
 Sweden Esrange, Kiruna [ ⚑ ] 67°53′36″N 21°06′15″E / 67.89342°N 21.10429°E / 67.89342; 21.10429 (Kiruna) 1966– 450   12,400 kg   717 km   Operated by ESRO.[48] Operated by SSC since 1972.[48] Major programmes: Maxus, TEXUS, Maser, stratospheric balloons.
 United Kingdom South Uist [ ⚑ ] 57°19′48″N 7°19′48″W / 57.33000°N 7.33000°W / 57.33000; -7.33000 (South Uist) 1959, 2015, 2022 2 1300~ kg   First test launch in 1959. First space launch from the UK took place here in October 2015 as part of 'At Sea Demonstration 15' of an American 'Terrier-Orion' sounding rocket.[49]

Proposed or planned spaceports in Europe

  • Spaceport Sweden, Kiruna[50]
  • Newquay, Cornwall, England , UK[51]
  • Sutherland spaceport, Scotland, UK[52] Was formally approved by the Scotland Highland Council in August 2020[53]
  • Santa Maria, Azores, Portugal[54]
  • Andøya Spaceport, Norway[55]
  • El Hierro Launch Centre, Canary Islands, Spain [56]
  • Taranto-Grottaglie Airport, Italy[57]

North America

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 Canada Churchill Rocket Research Range, Manitoba [ ⚑ ] 58°44′03″N 93°49′13″W / 58.73430°N 93.82030°W / 58.73430; -93.82030 (Fort Churchill) 1954–1998 3500+     Canadian Army[58]
 Canada Resolute Bay, Nunavut [ ⚑ ] 74°41′13″N 94°53′46″W / 74.6870°N 94.8962°W / 74.6870; -94.8962 (Resolute Bay) 1966–1971 17       National Research Council Canada[59]
 Canada Hall Beach, Nunavut [ ⚑ ] 68°46′34″N 81°14′36″W / 68.77607°N 81.24346°W / 68.77607; -81.24346 (Hall Beach) 1971–1971 7     270 km
 Canada Southend, Saskatchewan [ ⚑ ] 56°12′N 103°08′W / 56.20°N 103.14°W / 56.20; -103.14 (Southend) 1980 2   1,200 kg  
 Canada Maritime Spaceport, Canso, Nova Scotia [ ⚑ ] 45°18′25″N 60°59′16″W / 45.30688°N 60.98767°W / 45.30688; -60.98767 (Canso) 2019– 0     Launch site for Cyclone-4M[60][61]
 Greenland ( Denmark) Pituffik Space Base [ ⚑ ] 76°25′26″N 68°17′37″W / 76.4240°N 68.2936°W / 76.4240; -68.2936 (Thule) 1964–1980       Former US Air Force launch site[62]
 United States Clark University Physics Laboratory, Worcester, Massachusetts [ ⚑ ] 42°15′04″N 71°49′23″W / 42.250977°N 71.823169°W / 42.250977; -71.823169 1914–1920s ≈10     Robert H. Goddard's first experimental rockets, starting with powder-based fuels. Was also site of liquid rocket engine tests before being launched in nearby Auburn.[63](p74)
 United States Goddard Test Site, Auburn, Massachusetts [ ⚑ ] 42°13′08″N 71°48′43″W / 42.21882°N 71.81194°W / 42.21882; -71.81194 1925–1930 5     Open field chosen as rocket test site in 1925; launch site of Robert H. Goddard's first liquid fuel rockets beginning on 16 March 1926.[63](p143)
 United States Eden Valley Test Site, Roswell, New Mexico [ ⚑ ] 33°37′34″N 104°30′00″W / 33.62600°N 104.50000°W / 33.62600; -104.50000 1930–1941 >30     Used for Goddard's later rocket tests.
 United States Wallops Flight Facility, Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia [ ⚑ ] 37°50′46″N 75°28′46″W / 37.84621°N 75.47938°W / 37.84621; -75.47938 (Wallops Island) 1945– 1600+     Now operated by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[64] In 2019, Rocket Lab built their first US launch facility here.[65]
 United States White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico [ ⚑ ] 32°33′53″N 106°21′33″W / 32.56460°N 106.35908°W / 32.56460; -106.35908 (White Sands) 1945– 7500+     Military and civilian flights. Served as alternate landing site for the Space Shuttle.[66]
 United States Nevada Test and Training Range (formerly Nellis Air Force Range ) [ ⚑ ] 36°46′17″N 116°06′49″W / 36.77150°N 116.11374°W / 36.77150; -116.11374 (Nevada Test and Training Range) 1946–1960s 2000+     [67]
 United States Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska [ ⚑ ] 65°07′34″N 147°28′44″W / 65.12599°N 147.47894°W / 65.12599; -147.47894 (Poker Flat) 1949– 5000+     Sounding rocket launch site
 United States Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida [ ⚑ ] 28°28′00″N 80°33′31″W / 28.46675°N 80.55852°W / 28.46675; -80.55852 (Cape Canaveral) 1949– 1000+   Interstellar   Commercial and U.S. Government uncrewed missions. Adjacent to NASA KSC.
 United States Vandenberg Space Force Base, California [ ⚑ ] 34°46′19″N 120°36′04″W / 34.77204°N 120.60124°W / 34.77204; -120.60124 (Vandenberg) 1958– 500+   Interplanetary  Satellites, ballistic missile tests. Government and commercial launches.[68] Also launches SpaceX rockets.
 United States Kennedy Space Center, Florida [ ⚑ ] 28°36′30″N 80°36′14″W / 28.6082°N 80.6040°W / 28.6082; -80.6040 (Kennedy Space Center) 1962– 151   3,000,000 kg Interplanetary   Launched each NASA crewed mission. Adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.
 United States Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawaii [ ⚑ ] 22°01′22″N 159°47′06″W / 22.02278°N 159.785°W / 22.02278; -159.785 1963–       Used for testing of antiballistic missile and missile tracking by the US Navy.
 United States Keweenaw, Michigan [ ⚑ ] 47°25′47″N 87°42′52″W / 47.42980°N 87.71443°W / 47.42980; -87.71443 (Keweenaw) 1964–1971[69] 50+ 770 kg <160 km Sounding rocket launch site. Currently inactive.
 United States Pacific Spaceport Complex, Kodiak, Alaska [ ⚑ ] 57°26′07″N 152°20′22″W / 57.43533°N 152.33931°W / 57.43533; -152.33931 (Kodiak) 1991– 26   86,000 kg Orbital   Ballistic missile interceptor tests, satellite launches. Alaska Aerospace Corporation.[70]
 United States Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS), Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia [ ⚑ ] 37°50′00″N 75°29′00″W / 37.833378°N 75.483284°W / 37.833378; -75.483284 (Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport) 1995– 22   89,805 kg Lunar   Operates in partnership with NASA, adjacent to Wallops Flight Facility. Designed for both commercial and government launches.[71]
 United States Mojave Air and Space Port, California [ ⚑ ] 35°03′33″N 118°08′56″W / 35.05910°N 118.14880°W / 35.05910; -118.14880 (Mojave) 2003– 20+   112 km Adjacent to Edwards AFB. Privately funded, horizontal-launch spaceport. Xoie, Xombie, Xodiac (Masten Space Systems); SpaceShipOne, SpaceShipTwo (Scaled Composites, Virgin Galactic); Launcher One (Virgin Orbit).
 United States Spaceport America, Upham, New Mexico [ ⚑ ] 32°53′22″N 106°59′58″W / 32.88943°N 106.99945°W / 32.88943; -106.99945 (Spaceport America) 2006– 50+     Sub-orbital commercial and planned space tourist launches. Operated by the state of New Mexico with Virgin Galactic as the anchor tenant.[72][73][74][75] Adjacent to White Sands Missile Range.
 United States Corn Ranch, Van Horn, Texas [ ⚑ ] 31°15′09″N 104°27′12″W / 31.2524°N 104.4532°W / 31.2524; -104.4532 (Corn Ranch) 2006– 20   ~105 km Used by Blue Origin for suborbital launches and engine tests.
 United States Spaceport Camden, Camden County, Georgia [ ⚑ ] 30°33′14″N 81°18′19″W / 30.5539°N 81.3053°W / 30.5539; -81.3053 (Camden) 2016–2019 2   ~10 km Originally Thiokol rocket testing facility. Used by Vector Space for testing and launching.
 United States SpaceX Starbase Spaceport, Boca Chica, Texas [ ⚑ ] 25°59′46″N 97°09′14″W / 25.996°N 97.154°W / 25.996; -97.154 (Boca Chica) 2018– ~10 ~5,000,000 kg ~140 km Site originally planned for Falcon rockets, now used exclusively by SpaceX for Starship/SuperHeavy testing and launching.
 United States Maine Spaceport Complex, Washington County, Maine [ ⚑ ] 44°26′40″N 67°36′00″W / 44.4444°N 67.6000°W / 44.4444; -67.6000 (Maine Spaceport Complex) 2020– 1   ~2 km Launch site to be used for suborbital and polar low-Earth orbital launch on the east coast by companies BluShift Aerospace and VALT Enterprises[76][77] and funded by Maine Space Grant Consortium.

Additional rocket launch sites in North America

Please delete items or move them to the table above with appropriate data and references.

Proposed or planned spaceports in North America

  • Cape Breton Spaceport (aka Cape Breton Space Centre), Nova Scotia[78]
  • Cape Rich, LFCATC Meaford, Ontario[79]
  • Oklahoma Spaceport, Burns Flat,[80][81]
  • Silver Space Ports, Arizona
  • Spaceport Washington, Moses Lake, Washington[82][83] This project was proposed in 2005 by a small real estate brokerage firm operating from an office in Renton, Washington, and has since proven to have been a scam.[84][85] The principal party - Mr. Andy Shin Fong Chen, CEO of ASPI Group, LLC - was charged with fraud by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on 15 March 2017.[86] No licensing was ever issued by any local, state or Federal government agency, nor was any construction ever initiated.

South America

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 Argentina Pampa de Achala [ ⚑ ] 31°35′00″S 64°50′00″W / 31.5833°S 64.8333°W / -31.5833; -64.8333 (Pampa de Achala) 1961–1962 8   28 kg   25 km   First Argentine launch site
 Argentina CELPA [ ⚑ ] 30°07′39″S 66°20′27″W / 30.12737°S 66.34082°W / -30.12737; -66.34082 (CELPA) 1962–1991, 2010– 100 (approximately)  933 kg   550 km   Military Launch Test Site (CITIDEF)
 Argentina Las Palmas [ ⚑ ] 27°05′43″S 58°45′13″W / 27.09531°S 58.75352°W / -27.09531; -58.75352 (Las Palmas) 1966–1966 2   3,400 kg   270 km   During a solar eclipse, with Titus rockets.
 Argentina Tartagal [ ⚑ ] 22°45′42″S 63°49′26″W / 22.76158°S 63.82381°W / -22.76158; -63.82381 (Tartagal) 1966–1966       During a solar eclipse
 Argentina Mar Chiquita [ ⚑ ] 37°43′27″S 57°24′18″W / 37.72427°S 57.40512°W / -37.72427; -57.40512 (Mar Chiquita) 1968–1972 11      
 Argentina Villa Reynolds [ ⚑ ] 33°43′29″S 65°22′38″W / 33.72460°S 65.37730°W / -33.72460; -65.37730 (Villa Reynolds) 1973–1973 2      
 Argentina Serrezuela [ ⚑ ] 30°38′00″S 65°23′00″W / 30.6333°S 65.3833°W / -30.6333; -65.3833 (Serrezuela) 2009 1   500 kg   40 km   Military test (Gradicom I)
 Argentina Punta Indio [ ⚑ ] 35°31′26″S 57°11′02″W / 35.523889°S 57.183889°W / -35.523889; -57.183889 (Punta Indio) 2011– 3   7,076 kg  [87] 2.2 km   Civilian Launch Test Site (CONAE)
 Argentina Puerto Belgrano [ ⚑ ] 38°57′46″S 61°42′54″W / 38.9628°S 61.715°W / -38.9628; -61.715 (Puerto Belgrano) 2014– Launch pad for Tronador II under construction (CONAE)
 Brazil Natal-Barreira do Inferno [ ⚑ ] 5°51′58″S 35°22′59″W / 5.86600°S 35.38300°W / -5.86600; -35.38300 (Natal) 1965– 233   7,270 kg   1100 km  
 Brazil Praia do Cassino [ ⚑ ] 32°05′00″S 52°10′02″W / 32.08338°S 52.16725°W / -32.08338; -52.16725 (Praia do Cassino) 1966–1966 27      
 Brazil Alcântara Launch Center, Maranhão [ ⚑ ] 2°18′58″S 44°22′03″W / 2.3160°S 44.3676°W / -2.3160; -44.3676 (Alcantara) 1990– 47   6,737 kg   956 km   Brazilian Air Force , Brazilian Space Agency. Planned satellite launches.
 French Guiana Guiana Space Centre, Kourou [ ⚑ ] 5°14′15″N 52°46′10″W / 5.23739°N 52.76950°W / 5.23739; -52.76950 (Kourou) 1968– <200   777,000 kg   Interplanetary   Operated by CNES for ESA; launch base for Arianespace. Commercial and governmental launches.
 Peru Chilca Launch Range [ ⚑ ] 12°30′17″S 76°47′55″W / 12.50477°S 76.79849°W / -12.50477; -76.79849 (Chilca Launch Range) 1974-1983 <65     590 km   Sounding rocket launch location.[88]
 Peru Chilca PLOB, Punta Lobos Range [ ⚑ ] 12°30′00″S 76°48′00″W / 12.50000°S 76.8000°W / -12.50000; -76.8000 (Punta Lobos Range) 1983 32   2,000 kg   590 km   Sounding rocket launch location. Possibly part of, or identical to, Chilca Launch Range.

[89][90]

Dutch Suriname Coronie [ ⚑ ] 5°52′21″N 56°17′21″W / 5.87241°N 56.28908°W / 5.87241; -56.28908 (Coronie) 1965–1965 4     205 km  

Oceania

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
 Australia Woomera Test Range, SA [ ⚑ ] 30°57′32″S 136°30′13″E / 30.95875°S 136.50366°E / -30.95875; 136.50366 (Woomera) 1950s–   28,000 kg   Orbital   Australian government research facility. Missile testing, 2 satellite launches.
 Australia Carnarvon, WA [ ⚑ ] 24°29′08″S 113°24′31″E / 24.48564°S 113.40866°E / -24.48564; 113.40866 (Carnarvon) 1964–1965 12     120 km  
 Australia Lancelin, WA [ ⚑ ] 30°58′59″S 115°19′04″E / 30.98309°S 115.31774°E / -30.98309; 115.31774 (Lancelin) 1974–1974 2       During a total solar eclipse
 Australia Koonibba Test Range, SA [ ⚑ ] 31°53′08″S 133°26′55″E / 31.885558°S 133.448686°E / -31.885558; 133.448686 (Koonibba Test Range) 2019– 2   85 km   Used by Southern Launch for suborbital launch tests
 Australia Whalers Way Orbital Launch Complex, SA [ ⚑ ] 34°56′02″S 135°39′08″E / 34.934°S 135.6523°E / -34.934; 135.6523 (Lancelin) 2020– Used by Southern Launch for orbital polar launches
 Australia Arnhem Space Centre, NT [ ⚑ ] 12°22′41″S 136°49′17″E / 12.378021°S 136.821402°E / -12.378021; 136.821402 (Arnhem Space Centre) 2021– 2   327 km   First NASA launches outside USA. Australia's first commercial launches
 Marshall Islands Reagan Test Site, Omelek Island, Kwajalein Atoll [ ⚑ ] 9°02′53″N 167°44′35″E / 9.048167°N 167.743083°E / 9.048167; 167.743083 (Omelek) 1950s–   39,000 kg   Orbital   US-controlled ICBM base converted for satellites. SpaceX Falcon 1. Close to the equator.
 New Zealand Birdling's Flat [ ⚑ ] 43°49′01″S 172°40′59″E / 43.81700°S 172.68300°E / -43.81700; 172.68300 (Carnarvon) 1980s– 10<       Used for sounding rockets. Formerly proposed launch site for Rocket Lab, never developed.
 New Zealand Great Mercury Island [ ⚑ ] 36°21′18″S 175°27′36″E / 36.35511°S 175.46006°E / -36.35511; 175.46006 (Great Mercury Island) 2009 1 60  kg 120  km Used for the first launch by Rocket Lab of their Atea 1 suborbital rocket.
 New Zealand Mahia Peninsula [ ⚑ ] 39°15′38″S 177°51′52″E / 39.26044°S 177.86431°E / -39.26044; 177.86431 (Mahia Peninsula) 2017– 26 10,500 kg Lunar   Launch site built and operated by Rocket Lab. First commercial spaceport in the southern hemisphere.

Past and/or planned only

  • Cape York Peninsula, Queensland.
    • Space Centre Australia secured land for main site facilities for space launch, located 43km east of Weipa, close to RAAF Scherger in 2023.[91] Final approvals may come under Mokwiri Aboriginal Corporation.[91] Previously a Cape York Space Agency was established by the government to develop a facility for Ukrainian Zenit launches at Weipa. However, traditional owners from Cape York Land Council blocked the proposal.[92][93]
    • Space Centre Australia, secondary site, at Utingu, known as Punsand Bay in Bamaga, which comes under the council of the Torres Strait Island Region, and is said to be one of the closest facilities to equatorial launch access in the Asia Pacific region.[94]
  • Christmas Island, Australian external territory.
    • Site planned 1997 by the Asia Pacific Space Centre, but did not go ahead due to insufficient backing.[95]
    • Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) conducted Phase I of a High Speed Flight Demonstration (HSFD) at Aeon Field on Christmas Island in 2002.[96]

Launches at sea

Country Location Coordinates Operational date Number of rocket launches Heaviest rocket launched Highest achieved altitude Notes
Ocean Odyssey complex Mobile 1999– 30   462,000 kg   Orbital   Mobile satellite launch platform operated by Sea Launch. Uses a converted oil platform that plies between Long Beach, California, where a Zenit-3SL rocket is collected, and the equator, where the rocket is launched.
 Russia Russian Delta class submarines Mobile 1998– 2   30,000 kg   Orbital   Launch of uncrewed satellites into Earth orbit via converted SLBM missile Shtil from the Barents Sea.
 Denmark MLP Sputnik [ ⚑ ] 55°02′57″N 15°36′11″E / 55.04917°N 15.60306°E / 55.04917; 15.60306 2010– 4   1,630 kg   8.2 km   Mobile satellite launch platform operated by Copenhagen Suborbitals.

Additional rocket launch sites in the oceans and Antarctica

Please delete items or move them to the table above with appropriate data and references.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Hammaguira". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/hamguira.htm. 
  2. ↑ "Kapani Tonneo". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/kaponneo.htm. 
  3. ↑ "Jabal Hamzah". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/j/jabalhamzah.html. 
  4. ↑ "Egypt – Missile". James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/egypt/delivery-systems/. 
  5. ↑ "San Marco". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/s/sanmarco.html. Retrieved 1 June 2020. 
  6. ↑ "Tawiwa". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/tawiwa.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Overberg". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/overberg.htm. 
  8. ↑ "Jiuquan". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/jiuquan.htm. 
  9. ↑ "Taiyuan". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/taiyuan.htm. 
  10. ↑ ""嫦娥一号"发射时间确定 但未到公布时机". XINHUA Online. July 7, 2007. http://news3.xinhuanet.com/tech/2007-07/07/content_6340313.htm. 
  11. ↑ "Xichang". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/xichang.htm. 
  12. ↑ Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) , ISRO
  13. ↑ "Sriharikota". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/sriikota.htm. 
  14. ↑ "India Fourth To Test ASAT, Pioneered By US, Soviet Union 60 Years Ago". https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/asat-launch-india-fourth-to-test-asat-once-pioneered-by-us-ussr-60-years-ago-2013869. Retrieved 27 March 2019. 
  15. ↑ "Qom". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/qom.htm. 
  16. ↑ "Emamshahr". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/emashahr.htm. 
  17. ↑ "Al Anbar". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/alanbar.htm. 
  18. ↑ "Palmachim". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/palachim.htm. 
  19. ↑ "Kagoshima". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/kagshima.htm. 
  20. ↑ "Tanegashima". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/tanshima.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Business Support Center. http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/offline/cd0710.html. 
  22. ↑ (in ja)Electronic Equipment Research Institute / Advanced Technology Promotion Center Headquarters Kobo [newsletter] (General Affairs Division, General Affairs Department, Technology Research Headquarters, Ministry of Defense) (503): 2. 8 March 2010. https://www.mod.go.jp/trdi/data/pdf/kouhou/503.pdf. 
  23. ↑ "Niijima". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/n/niijima.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Obachi". Astronautix.com. http://www.astronautix.com/o/obachi.html. 
  25. ↑ "Baikonur". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baikonur.htm. 
  26. ↑ "Musudan". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/musudan.htm. 
  27. ↑ "Sohae Satellite Launching Station : Facilities". http://www.nti.org/facilities/202/. 
  28. ↑ "Goheung". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/goheung.htm. 
  29. ↑ "Kookaburra". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kooburra.htm. 
  30. ↑ Missile Facilities – Flight Test Range, Sonmiani Beach , NTI
  31. ↑ "Sonmiani". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/sonmiani.htm. 
  32. ↑ Pike, John. "Tilla Jogian / Malute [Malot - Pakistan Special Weapons Facilities"]. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/malute.htm. 
  33. ↑ "India & Pakistan Ballistic Missile Tests". http://www.acronym.org.uk/spagni.htm. 
  34. ↑ "Svobodniy". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/svoodniy.htm. 
  35. ↑ "Dombarovsky". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/domvskiy.htm. 
  36. ↑ "New Russian spaceport: Vostochny Cosmodrome". http://scitechstory.com/2010/07/20/new-russian-spaceport-vostochny-cosmodrome/. 
  37. ↑ "First rocket launch from Russia's Far Eastern Vostochny spaceport". http://tass.ru/en/science/873017. 
  38. ↑ ISRO plan more launches, Rediff, January 05, 2014
  39. ↑ "Spaceport Kii". https://www.space-one.co.jp/site/index_e.html. 
  40. ↑ "Company Profile". https://www.space-one.co.jp/. 
  41. ↑ "北海道スペースポート｜HOKKAIDO SPACEPORT". https://hokkaidospaceport.com/en/. 
  42. ↑ "Interstellar Technologies Inc. - Launch Complex" (in en). https://www.istellartech.com/en/launch/launch-complex. 
  43. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C. (2020). Weapons and Warfare: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4408-6728-6. 
  44. ↑ "Andoya". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/andoya.htm. 
  45. ↑ "Kapustin Yar". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/kapinyar.htm. 
  46. ↑ "El Arenosillo Launch Log". http://www.sat-net.com/serra/list_arn.htm. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Sweden's First Rocket Launch". Norrbottens Museum. https://www.ushnorrbotten.se/en/fodelse/plutnik/. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Kiruna". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/kiruna.htm. 
  49. ↑ "Hebrides rocket launch: The space milestone we almost missed". 3 February 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-35482244. 
  50. ↑ "SSC - Swedish Space Corporation - SSC". http://www.ssc.se/?id=9500. 
  51. ↑ Whitehouse, Richard; Smith, Colleen (4 July 2018). "Spaceport 'positive announcement' as Newquay bids to be first in Europe". https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/spaceport-positive-announcement-newquay-bids-1746883. 
  52. ↑ "BBC". BBC News. 9 November 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-46150861. 
  53. ↑ Scottish spaceport formally approved by Highland Council, William Graham, NasaSpaceFlight.com, 20 August 2020.
  54. ↑ "Público". https://www.publico.pt/2018/12/21/ciencia/noticia/agencia-espacial-portuguesa-arranca-ja-2019-1855535. 
  55. ↑ fiskeridepartementet, Nærings-og (2019-12-13). "Meld. St. 10 (2019–2020)" (in no). https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/meld.-st.-10-20192020/id2682361/. 
  56. ↑ "El digital de Canarias". http://www.eldigitaldecanarias.net/index.php/ventanas-de-opinion/5934-el-hierro-vuelve-a-ser-objetivo-de-una-lanzadera. 
  57. ↑ "Virgin space companies sign new agreements with Italy". 8 July 2018. https://spacenews.com/virgin-space-companies-sign-new-agreements-with-italy/. 
  58. ↑ "Fort Churchill". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/forchill.htm. 
  59. ↑ "Resolute Bay". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/restebay.htm. 
  60. ↑ "T-minus 1 year until rocket launch site construction starts in Nova Scotia – Nova Scotia – CBC News". http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/t-minus-1-year-until-rocket-launch-site-construction-starts-in-nova-scotia-1.4023808. 
  61. ↑ "It is rocket science: New details revealed about proposed space port in Nova Scotia". 2017-04-11. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/canso-rocket-launch-pad-space-port-control-centre-rail-track-1.4065566. 
  62. ↑ "Thule AFB". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/thuleafb.htm. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lehman, Milton (1988). Robert H. Goddard: Pioneer of Space Research. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80331-4. 
  64. ↑ Black, Patrick (20 April 2015). "About Wallops". http://www.nasa.gov/centers/wallops/about/index.html. 
  65. ↑ "Rocket Lab Opens Launch Complex 2". 16 June 2020. https://www.rocketlabusa.com/news/updates/rocket-lab-opens-launch-complex-2-confirms-u-s-air-force-payload-as-first-electron-mission-from-u-s-soil. 
  66. ↑ White Sands , Astronautix
  67. ↑ "Nevada Test Site". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/nevtsite.htm. 
  68. ↑ "Vandenberg –". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/vannberg.htm. 
  69. ↑ Crapsey, Aaron (October 15, 2016). "Keweenaw Rocket Range". Military History of the Upper Great Lakes. https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2016/10/15/keweenaw-rocket-range/. 
  70. ↑ Kodiak Launch Complex , AADC
  71. ↑ "Welcome to Virginia Space". http://www.marsspaceport.com/. 
  72. ↑ Alba, Diana M. (2009-01-01). "Virgin Galactic signs Spaceport America lease". Las Cruces Sun-News. http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-spaceport/ci_11348304. 
  73. ↑ "Governor Bill Richardson Announces Spaceport America and Virgin Galactic Sign Historic Lease Agreement" (Press release). New Mexico Spaceport Authority. 2008-12-31. Archived from the original on 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  74. ↑ "Spaceport America - The world's invitation to space". http://www.spaceportamerica.com. 
  75. ↑ "Spaceport America". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/spaerica.htm. 
  76. ↑ "Billion-dollar 'Space Port' business could be headed to Maine if state legislator has her way". November 2019. https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/local/bath-brunswick/legislator-proposes-study-of-maine-space-port-that-could-net-billions-in-nanosatellite-market/97-56326ade-87f0-470b-9b91-d7daab7a25a0. 
  77. ↑ "BluShift Aerospace". https://www.blushiftaerospace.com/. 
  78. ↑ PlanetSpace still plans to blast-off from Cape Breton, chairman says, CBC News, February 21, 2008
  79. ↑ Rocketeers pick Canadian launch site, NBC News, June 2, 2005
  80. ↑ "Oklahoma Spaceport website". http://www.okspaceport.state.ok.us/. 
  81. ↑ Spaceport Oklahoma Licensed by FAA, SpecRef.com, October 15, 2001
  82. ↑ "ASPI Group - Space Port Washington". http://www.aspigroup.com/properties_aerospace_spaceport/spaceport.htm. 
  83. ↑ "Spaceport Site Plan and General Arrangement, 2005". http://www.aspigroup.com/properties_aerospace_spaceport/industrialspaceport3.jpg. 
  84. ↑ Times, Seattle (21 March 2017). "SEC accuses investor visa developer in Renton of deceiving investors". https://www.oregonlive.com/business/2017/03/sec_accuses_eb-5_developer_in.html. 
  85. ↑ "SEC v. ANDY SHIN FONG CHEN AND AERO SPACE PORT INTERNATIONAL GROUP". https://eb5projects.com/litigation/83. 
  86. ↑ "Andy Shin Fong Chen, et al. (Release No. LR-23778; Mar. 15, 2017)". https://www.sec.gov/litigation/litreleases/2017/lr23778.htm. 
  87. ↑ "Aniversario del Lanzamiento del Vehículo Vex 1B y próximos pasos del proyecto Tronador II". http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2015/804-comunicado-aniversario-del-lanzamiento-del-vehiculo-vex-1b. 
  88. ↑ "Chilca". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/sites/chilca.htm. Retrieved 2018-02-16. 
  89. ↑ "Chilca PLOB". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/c/chilcaplob.html. Retrieved 2018-02-16. 
  90. ↑ McDowell, Jonathan. "Sites [List of launch sites"]. http://planet4589.org/space/lvdb/sdb/Sites. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Nicholls, Matt. "Race is on to build Cape York spaceport" (in en). https://capeyorkweekly.com.au/race-is-on-to-build-cape-york-spaceport/2647/. 
  92. ↑ Spaceports Around the World: Australia's Woomera and Weipa Spaceports, spacetoday.org
  93. ↑ "Cape York". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/capeyork.htm. 
  94. ↑ Carruthers, Peter (5 October 2023). "Space Centre Australia secures 88ha land parcel at Cape York known as Utingu" (in en-AU). https://dsf.newscorpaustralia.com/cairnspost/subscription/. 
  95. ↑ "Christmas Island". http://www.astronautix.com/c/christmasisland.html. 
  96. ↑ "High Speed Flight Demonstration "HSFD"". 1 July 2003. https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/rockets/hsfd/. 
  97. ↑ "USAKA Temporary Extended Test Range". GlobalSecurity.org. February 2, 2000. https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/library/report/enviro/usakaeaes.pdf. 

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