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Small-lift launch vehicle

Topic: Engineering

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 12 min
Short description: Rocket able to lift 2,000 kg to low Earth orbit


Scout and Kosmos-3M, two of the most launched small-lift launch vehicles
Class overview
Name: Small-lift launch vehicle
Operators: Various space organizations
Preceded by: Sounding rocket
Succeeded by: Medium-lift launch vehicle
Built: 1957–
Building: 23
Active: 27
Retired: 54
General characteristics
Propulsion: Various liquid-fueled engines and solid motors
Capacity:
  • <2 metric tons (NASA)
  • <5 metric tons (Russia)

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or less (by NASA classification) or under 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) (by Roscosmos classification)[1] of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.[2]

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[3][4][5] The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.[6][7] However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race.[8][9]

Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads to space. Medium-lift launch vehicles, heavy-lift launch vehicles, and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles. Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft, and can also be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.[citation needed]

Template:ToC

Rated launch vehicles

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		Launches Status First flight Last flight Mission cost
SS-520  Japan IHI 4 2 Retired 2017 2018 $4.5M[10]
Vanguard  United States Martin 9[11] 11(+1) Retired 1957 1959
Qased  Iran IRGCASF 10∼50 3 Operational 2020
Juno I[12]  United States Chrysler 11 6 Retired 1958 1959
Veloce 17  United States Eldorado Space[13] 12 0 Development
Lambda 4S  Japan Nissan Motors[14] 26[15] 5 Retired 1966 1977[16]
SLV  India ISRO 40[17] 4 Retired 1979 1983
Juno II[18]  United States Chrysler 41 10 Retired 1958 1961
Boeing Small Launch Vehicle[19]  United States Boeing 45[20] 0 Development
Rocket 3  United States Astra Space, Inc. 45[21] 7(+2) Retired[22] 2020 2022 $2,5M (2020)[23]
Safir  Iran Iranian Space Agency 50[24] 8 Retired 2008 2019
Vector-R  United States Vector Space Systems 60[25] 0(+2) Defunct
Blue Whale 1  South Korea Perigee Aerospace 63[26] 50 to SSO 0 Development (2022)
Black Arrow  United Kingdom RAE 73[27] 4 Retired 1969[note 1] 1971
Qaem 100  Iran IRGC 80[28] 2(+1) Operational 2023
Naro-1  South Korea
 Russia 		KARI/Khrunichev 100[29] 3 Retired 2009 2013
Volna  Russia Makeyev 100[30] 1(+5)[31] Retired 1995[note 2] 2005[31]
Kaituozhe-1  China CALT 100[32] 2 Retired 2002 2003[33]
Agnibaan  India Agnikul Cosmos 100 0 Development (2022)
SK solid fueled TV2  South Korea MND > 100 1 Operational 2023
Diamant  France SEREB 107[34][35] 12 Retired 1965 1975
Vector-H  United States Vector Space Systems 110[36] 0 Defunct
ZERO  Japan Interstellar Technologies 100 to SSO[37] 0 Development (2023)
Capricornio[38]  Spain Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial 140 0 Canceled
ASLV  India ISRO 150 4 Retired 1987 1994
Chetak  India Bellatrix Aerospace 150 0 Development (2023)
VLM[39]  Brazil Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology 150 0 Development (2023)
Shavit 2  Israel IAE 160[40] 12 Operational 1988
Scout  United States US Air Force /NASA 174[41] 125 Retired 1961 1994
Mu-4S  Japan Nissan Motors[14] 180[15] 4 Retired 1971 1972
Mu-3C  Japan Nissan Motors[14] 195[15] 4 Retired 1974 1979
Unha  North Korea KCST 200[42] 4 Operational 2009
Haribon SLS-1  Philippines OrbitX 200[43] 0 Development (2023–2024)
DNLV  Malaysia Independence-X Aerospace[44] 200 0 Development (2023)
Volans  Singapore Equatorial Space Systems[45] 220 150 to SSO 0 Development (2023)
Zuljanah  Iran Iranian Space Agency 220 0(+2) Development (2021)
Shtil'  Russia Makeyev 280 – 420[46] 2[31] Retired 1998 2006
Mu-3H  Japan Nissan Motors[14] 300[15] 3 Retired 1977 1978
Mu-3S  Japan Nissan Motors[14] 300[15] 4 Retired 1980 1984
Long March 1  China CALT 300[47] 2[48] Retired[49] 1970[48] 1971[48]
Zhuque-1  China LandSpace 300[50] 200 to SSO 1 Retired[51] 2018 2018
Electron  New Zealand
 United States 		Rocket Lab 300[52] 200 to SSO[52] 42 Operational 2017 $7.5M (2019)[53]
Jielong 1  China CALT 200 to SSO 1[54] Operational 2019
Hyperbola-1  China i-Space 300[55] 6 Operational 2020
Chollima-1  North Korea NADA ≥300[56] 3 Operational 2023
Vikram 1  India Skyroot Aerospace 315 255 to SSO[57] 0 Development (2023)
Skyrora XL  United Kingdom Skyrora 315[58] 0 Development (2023)[59]
Delta 1913  United States McDonnell Douglas 328[60] 1[61] Retired 1973 1973
Delta 2310  United States McDonnell Douglas 336[62] 3[61] Retired 1974 1981
Delta 1410  United States McDonnell Douglas 340[63] 1[61] Retired 1975 1975
Simorgh  Iran Iranian Space Agency 350[64] 6(+1) Operational 2016
Ceres-1  China Galactic Energy 350[65] 11 Operational 2020
VLS-1  Brazil AEB, INPE 380[66] 2[note 3] Retired 1997 2003
Delta 1604  United States McDonnell Douglas 390[67] 2[61] Retired 1972 1973
Hapith V  Taiwan TiSPACE 390[68] 350 to SSO 0 Development
Kuaizhou-1  China CASC 400[69] 250 to SSO 28[lower-alpha 1] Operational 2013[69]
Falcon 1  United States SpaceX 420[70] 5 Retired[71] 2006 2009
Pegasus  United States Orbital 443[72] 45[73] Retired 1990 2021 $56M (2014) [74]
Conestoga  United States Space Services Inc. 500[75] 3 Retired 1982 1995
Sputnik 8K71PS  Soviet Union RSC Energia 500[76] 2 Retired 1957 1957
Launcher One  United States Virgin Orbit 500[77] 300 to SSO 6 Retired 2020 $12M (2020)[78]
SSLV  India ISRO / NSIL 500 300 to SSO 2 Operational 2022 $3.8 to $4.4M (2023) or ₹30 to ₹35 crore
Vikram II  India Skyroot Aerospace 520 410 to SSO[57] 0 Development TBD
Start-1  Russia MITT 532[79] 350 to SSO[80] 5[81] Operational 1993
Minotaur I  United States Orbital 580[82] 12[83] Operational 2000 $28.8M (2013) [84]
Long March 6  China CALT 500 to SSO 11 Operational 2015
Rocket 4  United States Astra Space, Inc. 600[85] 0 Development[86] (2023)
Long March 11  China CALT 700[87] 17 Operational 2015[88]
Paektusan  North Korea KCST 700[89] 1 Retired 1998
Vikram III  India Skyroot Aerospace 720 580 to SSO[57] 0 Development TBD
Long March 1D (CZ-1D)  China CALT 740[90] 0(+3) Retired 1995[note 4] 2002
Tronador II  Argentina CONAE 750[91] 0 Development 2029
Mu-3SII  Japan Nissan Motors[14] 770[15] 8 Retired 1985 1995
Athena I  United States Lockheed Martin 795[92] 515 to GTO 4[93] Retired 1995 2001 $17M (2000)[94]
Delta 3913  United States McDonnell Douglas 816[95] 1[61] Retired 1981 1981
Miura 5  Spain PLD Space 900 0 Development (2024)[96]
Alpha  United States Firefly Aerospace 1,000[97] 600 to SSO 4 Operational 2021 $15M (2020) [98]
J-I  Japan IHI Corporation
Nissan Motors[14] 		1,000[99] 0(+1) Retired 1996 1996
Spectrum  Germany Isar Aerospace 1,000 700 to SSO 0 Development (2023)
Delta 1910  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,066[100] 1[61] Retired 1975 1975
N-I  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1,200[101] 7 Retired 1975
Epsilon  Japan IHI Aerospace[102] 1,200[15] 5 Operational[15] 2013 $38M[103]
Terran 1  United States Relativity Space 1,250 1 Retired 2023 2023 $10M (2019)[104]
Delta 0900  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,300[105] 818 to SSO[61] 2[61] Retired 1972 1972
Sputnik 8A91  Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,327 2 Retired 1958 1958
RS1  United States ABL Space Systems 1,350[106] 400 to GTO 1 Operational 2023 $12M (2021)[107]
Atlas LV-3B[108]  United States Convair 1,360 9 Retired 1960 1963
Strela  Russia Khrunichev 1,400[109] 3[110] Operational[110] 2003
H-I  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1,400[111] 9 Retired 1986 1992
Minotaur-C  United States Orbital 1,450[112] 1,050[112] to SSO 10[113] Operational[114] 1994 $45M[115]
Kosmos-3M  Soviet Union
 Russia 		NPO Polyot 1,500[116] 442[117] Retired 1967 2010
Kuaizhou-11  China CASC 1,500 1,000 to SSO 2 Operational
SK solid fueled LV  South Korea MND 1,500 0 Development TBD
Minotaur IV  United States Orbital 1,735[118] 7[119] Operational 2010[120] $50M[121]
M-V  Japan Nissan Motors[14] (−2000)
IHI AEROSPACE[102] (−2006) 		1,800 – 1,850[15] 7 Retired 1997 2006
Athena II  United States Lockheed Martin 1,800[122] 3[123] Retired[124] 1998 1999 $46M (2014)[125]
Delta 1900  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,800[61] 1[61] Retired 1973 1973
Delta 2910  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,887[61] 6[61] Retired 1975 1978
Hyperbola-2  China i-Space 1,900[126] 4 Development
Rokot  Soviet Union
 Russia 		Khrunichev 1,950[127] 1,200 to SSO 34 Retired 1990 2019 $41M
Vega  Italy Avio 1,450 to SSO 21 Operational 2012 $37M[115]
Kinetica 1  China CAS Space 2,000 1,500 to SSO 3 Operational 2022
Tianlong-2  China Space Pioneer 2,000[128] 1,500 to SSO 1 Operational 2023
Jielong 3  China CALT 1,500 to SSO 2[129] Operational 2022
  1. ↑ Includes 2 Kuaizhou-1 launches and 26 Kuaizhou-1A launches.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Osipov, Yuri (2004–2017). Great Russian Encyclopedia. Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia. https://bigenc.ru/technology_and_technique/text/3492657. Retrieved 9 June 2021. 
  2. ↑ NASA Space Technology Roadmaps – Launch Propulsion Systems, p. 11: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads"
  3. ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-001B. 
  4. ↑ "Sputnik launch vehicle 8K71PS (M1-1PS)". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik_lv.html. 
  5. ↑ "ЦЭНКИ – Центр эксплуатации объектов наземной космической инфраструктуры". http://www.russian.space/. 
  6. ↑ "Vanguard Project – U.S. Naval Research Laboratory". https://www.nrl.navy.mil/accomplishments/rockets/vanguard-project/. 
  7. ↑ "The Vanguard Satellite Launching Vehicle — An Engineering Summary". B. Klawans. April 1960, 212 pages. Martin Company Engineering Report No 11022, PDF of an optical copy.
  8. ↑ Kennedy, John F. (20 April 1961). "Memorandum for Vice President". The White House. Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/6XnAYXEkkkSMLfp7ic_o-Q.aspx. 
  9. ↑ Launius, Roger D. (July 1994). "President John F. Kennedy Memo for Vice President, 20 April 1961". Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis. Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 31825096. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo1.pdf. Retrieved 1 August 2013.  Key Apollo Source Documents .
  10. ↑ "ss-520-5". https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4120&context=smallsat. 
  11. ↑ "Vanguard". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/vanguard.htm. 
  12. ↑ "Jupiter C". http://www.astronautix.com/j/jupiterc.html. 
  13. ↑ "Not dead yet! What Bob Cringely has been up to... | I, Cringely". 23 January 2020. https://www.cringely.com/2020/01/23/not-dead-yet-what-bob-cringely-has-been-up-to/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 "NISSAN HERITAGE COLLECTION online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan Motors. http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=14. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/vehicles/index.shtml. 
  16. ↑ "Lambda". http://www.astronautix.com/l/lambda.html. 
  17. ↑ "Launch Vehicles". Department of Space, Government of India. http://dos.gov.in/launchvehicles.aspx. 
  18. ↑ "Juno II". http://www.astronautix.com/j/junoii.html. 
  19. ↑ "Boeing Unveils Air-Launched Space-Access Concept". http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_05_21_2012_p25-458597.xml&p=1. 
  20. ↑ "DARPA Awards 6 Small Airborne Launch Vehicle Contracts – Parabolic Arc" (in en-US). 2 July 2012. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2012/07/02/darpa-awards-6-small-airborne-launch-vehicle-contracts/. 
  21. ↑ "Launch Services | Astra". 25 April 2020. https://astra.com/launch-services/. 
  22. ↑ "Astra cancels Rocket 3". 4 August 2022. https://spacenews.com/astra-cancels-rocket-3-to-focus-on-larger-vehicle/. 
  23. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (16 June 2020). "Rocket startup Astra trying for an orbital launch again in July, renewing fundraising efforts" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/16/san-francisco-startup-astra-is-going-for-its-first-orbital-rocket-launch-in-july.html. 
  24. ↑ جم, Jamejam, جام (3 February 2012). "ماهواره ملي"نويد علم و صنعت"به‌فضا پرتاب شد". http://jamejamonline.ir/online/671170836222780565/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%20%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%20%D9%88%20%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%20%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%20%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D8%B4%D8%AF. 
  25. ↑ "Vector-R — Vector Launch". 16 October 2016. http://vectorspacesystems.com/technology-4. 
  26. ↑ "Perigee Aerospace Inc.". https://perigee.kr/. 
  27. ↑ "Black Arrow". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/blaarrow.htm. 
  28. ↑ "Iran test launches new satellite-carrying rocket" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/5/iran-test-launches-new-satellite-carrying-rocket. 
  29. ↑ "STSAT 2C". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/stsat-2c.htm. 
  30. ↑ "IRDT 1, 2, 2R". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/irdt-1.htm. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm. 
  32. ↑ "KT-1". 12 May 2008. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kt1.htm. 
  33. ↑ "Kaituozhe-1 (KT-1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kaituozhe-1.htm. 
  34. ↑ "Aura / Signe 3 (D 2B)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/aura.htm. 
  35. ↑ "Diamant". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/diamant.htm. 
  36. ↑ "Vector-H — Vector Launch". 16 October 2016. http://vectorspacesystems.com/vectorh. 
  37. ↑ "インターステラテクノロジズ株式会社 - Interstellar Technologies Inc.". http://www.istellartech.com/. 
  38. ↑ "Capricorno". http://www.astronautix.com/c/capricorno.html. 
  39. ↑ "Novos lançadores de satélites e nova empresa espacial para Alcântara". Tecnodefesa. http://tecnodefesa.com.br/novos-lancadores-de-satelites-e-nova-empresa-espacial-para-alcantara-aeb/. Retrieved 12 April 2022. 
  40. ↑ "Shavit Data Sheet". http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/shavit.html. 
  41. ↑ "NASA – Scout Launch Vehicle Program". https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Scout.html. 
  42. ↑ "Status of North Korean Satellite unknown after prolonged Radio Silence, Reports of Tumbling – Spaceflight101" (in en-US). http://spaceflight101.com/status-of-north-korean-satellite-unknown-after-prolonged-radio-silence-reports-of-tumbling/. 
  43. ↑ Matias, Jairus (7 January 2019). "Local space venture gears up for first rocket launch". BusinessWorld. https://www.bworldonline.com/local-space-venture-gears-up-for-first-rocket-launch/. 
  44. ↑ "Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle". http://www.independence-x.com/launch-services.html. 
  45. ↑ "Volans". https://www.equatorialspace.com/rockets-volans. 
  46. ↑ "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm. 
  47. ↑ "CZ-1". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/cz1.htm. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "CZ-1". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-1.htm. 
  49. ↑ "CZ-1". http://astronautix.com/lvs/cz1.htm. 
  50. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2 August 2018). "Landspace of China to launch first rocket in Q4 2018". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/landspace-of-china-to-launch-first-rocket-in-q4-2018. 
  51. ↑ Jones, Andrew (12 July 2023). "China's Landspace reaches orbit with methane-powered Zhuque-2 rocket". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/chinas-landspace-reaches-orbit-with-methane-powered-zhuque-2-rocket/. Retrieved 12 July 2023. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Rocket Lab Increases Electron Payload Capacity, Enabling Interplanetary Missions and Reusability". https://www.rocketlabusa.com/news/updates/rocket-lab-increases-electron-payload-capacity-enabling-interplanetary-missions-and-reusability/. 
  53. ↑ "Rocket Lab adds new $7.5 million 'Mission Success' coin to its online store". 16 December 2019. https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/12/16/rocket-lab-adds-new-7-5-million-mission-success-coin-to-its-online-store/. 
  54. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-1 (Smart Dragon-1, SD 1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/jielong-1.htm. 
  55. ↑ ""双曲线一号S火箭"首飞成功!星际荣耀近期型谱计划出炉!(The Hyperbola 1-S Rocket Made Its First Flight Successfully! Interstellar Glory releases its future plans)" (in zh-CN). http://www.spaceflightfans.cn/29636.html. 
  56. ↑ Jeongmin Kim (1 June 2023). "North Korea rushed satellite launch after seeing ROK rocket success, Seoul says". NK News. https://www.nknews.org/2023/06/north-korea-rushed-satellite-launch-after-seeing-rok-rocket-success-seoul-says/. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 "Launch Vehicle | Skyroot Aerospace". 10 January 2019. https://skyroot.in/launch-vehicle/. 
  58. ↑ Speed, Richard. "Brit rocketeer Skyrora reckons it'll be orbital in 3 years – that is, if UK government plays ball". https://www.theregister.com/2019/08/22/skyrora/. 
  59. ↑ Etherington, Darrell (3 February 2020). "Launch startup Skyrora successfully tests 3D-printed rocket engines powered by plastic waste". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/03/launch-startup-skyrora-successfully-tests-3d-printed-rocket-engines-powered-by-plastic-waste/. 
  60. ↑ "Explorer: RAE B". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_rae-b.htm. 
  61. ↑ 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 Gunter, Krebs. "Delta". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta.htm. 
  62. ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-077A. 
  63. ↑ "GEOS 3". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/geos-3.htm. 
  64. ↑ "Photographic image of Simorga SIV" (JG). http://i004.radikal.ru/1508/a7/94ca7ddf9113.jpg. 
  65. ↑ Clark, Stephen (8 November 2020). "New Chinese rocket successful in debut launch". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/08/new-chinese-rocket-successful-in-debut-launch/. 
  66. ↑ "VLS". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vls.htm. 
  67. ↑ "Aviation History, Explorer 47 on Delta 1604, Sept. 38, 1972". https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202616.html. 
  68. ↑ "Hapith V". http://www.tispace.com/launch.html. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Kuaizhou". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kuaizhou-1.htm. 
  70. ↑ "Falcon-1". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/falcon-1.htm. 
  71. ↑ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 1". http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php. 
  72. ↑ "NASA Awards Launch for Orbital's Pegasus Rocket – Parabolic Arc". http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/04/02/nasa-awards-launch-orbitals-pegasus-rocket/. 
  73. ↑ "Pegasus". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pegasus.htm. 
  74. ↑ "Northrop Grumman seeking to cut costs on small launch vehicles". 24 September 2018. https://spacenews.com/northrop-grumman-seeking-to-cut-costs-on-small-launch-vehicles/. 
  75. ↑ Abell, John C. (9 September 2009). "Sept. 9, 1982: 3-2-1 ... Liftoff! The First Private Rocket Launch". Wired. https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/09/dayintech0909privaterocket/. 
  76. ↑ "Sputnik 2 (PS-2 #1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sputnik-2.htm. 
  77. ↑ "Launcher One Service Gide". Virgin Orbit. 2019. https://virginorbit.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ServiceGuide_Sept2019.pdf. "Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 500 kg to LEO (low inclination, 200 km, 28 deg site)" 
  78. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (25 May 2020). "Virgin Orbit Launch Attempt Ends Without Trip to Space". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/25/science/virgin-orbit-launch-time.html. 
  79. ↑ "fas.org Start1". http://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/launch/start1.htm. 
  80. ↑ "EROS B". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/eros-b.htm. 
  81. ↑ "Start-1". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/start-1.htm. 
  82. ↑ "Minotaur I Space Launch Vehicle—Fact Sheet". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Minotaur_I_Fact.pdf. "Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 580 kg to LEO (28.5 deg, 185 km)" 
  83. ↑ "Minotaur Rocket" (in en-US). https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/minotaur-rocket. 
  84. ↑ "Spaceflight Now | Minotaur Launch Report | Student-built satellites, military payloads put in orbit". https://spaceflightnow.com/minotaur/ors3/131119launch/. 
  85. ↑ "Launch Services | Astra". 25 April 2020. https://astra.com/launch-services/. 
  86. ↑ "Launch System 2 Update". 7 November 2022. https://astra.com/news/launch-system-2-update/. 
  87. ↑ "China reveals CZ-11 anti-ASAT rocket". 8 October 2015. https://chinadailymail.com/2015/10/08/chinas-reveals-cz-11-anti-asat-rocket/. 
  88. ↑ Barbosa, Rui (25 September 2015). "China debuts Long March 11 lofting Tianwang-1 trio". http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/china-debuts-long-march-11-lofting-tianwang-1-trio/. 
  89. ↑ Korea, Christoph Bluth, ISBN:9780745633572
  90. ↑ "CZ-1D". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/cz1d.htm. 
  91. ↑ Mazzini Puga, Luciana (9 June 2023). "Hacia la soberanía espacial: el lanzador de satélites Tronador II estará listo en 2029" (in es). Agencia de Noticias Cientificas. https://agencia.unq.edu.ar/?p=12795. 
  92. ↑ "Athena-1 (LLV-1 / LMLV-1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-1.htm. 
  93. ↑ "Athena-1". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena1.htm. 
  94. ↑ "Athena-1". http://www.astronautix.com/a/athena-1.html. 
  95. ↑ "Explorer: DE 1, 2". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_de.htm. 
  96. ↑ "Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch" (in en-US). 24 November 2021. https://spacenews.com/spanish-startup-pld-space-gears-up-for-2022-suborbital-launch/. 
  97. ↑ "Firefly Alpha". Firefly Aerospace. http://www.fireflyspace.com/vehicles/firefly-a. 
  98. ↑ "Launch-alpha". https://firefly.com/launch-alpha/. 
  99. ↑ "JAXA – J-I Launch Vehicle". http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/rockets/j1/. 
  100. ↑ "OSO 8". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/oso-8.htm. 
  101. ↑ "Delta". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/delta.htm. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html. 
  103. ↑ "Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | Japan's 'affordable' Epsilon rocket triumphs on first flight". https://spaceflightnow.com/epsilon/sprinta/130914launch/#.UjSh0cbkt8E. 
  104. ↑ Knapp, Alex. "Relativity Space Just Raised $140 Million To Send Its 3D-Printed Rockets Into Orbit". https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2019/10/01/relativity-space-just-raised-140-million-to-send-its-3d-printed-rockets-into-orbit/. 
  105. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0900.htm. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  106. ↑ "Rocket" (in en-US). https://ablspacesystems.com/rocket/. 
  107. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (25 October 2021). "Rocket builder ABL raises $200 million, increasing valuation to $2.4 billion" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/25/rocket-builder-abl-space-raises-200-million-at-2point4-billion-valuation.html. 
  108. ↑ "Atlas LV-3B". http://www.astronautix.com/a/atlaslv-3b.html. 
  109. ↑ "Strela launcher". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/strela.html. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 "Strela". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/strela.htm. 
  111. ↑ "JERS (Fuyo)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/jers.htm. 
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 "Minotaur-C Factsheet". 2014. http://www.orbital.com/LaunchSystems/Publications/Minotaurc_factsheet.pdf. 
  113. ↑ "Taurus / Minotaur-C". May 2014. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/taurus.htm. 
  114. ↑ "Taurus". http://www.orbital.com/spacelaunch/taurus/. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Office, U. S. Government Accountability (16 August 2017). Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers (Report). https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609. 
  116. ↑ "Cosmos-1, 3, 3M and 3MU – SL-8 – C-1". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/cosmos3.html. 
  117. ↑ "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/kosmos-3m.htm. 
  118. ↑ "Minotaur IV Fact sheet". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2010. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Minotaur_IV_Fact.pdf. 
  119. ↑ "Minotaur-3/-4/-5/-6 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-4.htm. 
  120. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-3/-4/-5 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-4.htm. 
  121. ↑ "Spaceflight Now | Minotaur Launch Report | Minotaur rocket poised to send research to new heights". https://spaceflightnow.com/minotaur/stps26/101118preview/. 
  122. ↑ "NASA, Athena Mission Planner's Guide 26 August 2012". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Athena_MPG_01-23-12.pdf. 
  123. ↑ "Athena-2". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena2.htm. 
  124. ↑ "Athena-2 (LLV-2 / LMLV-2)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-2.htm. 
  125. ↑ "Lockheed Targets 2014 for Athena 2 Rideshare Debut". 7 May 2012. https://spacenews.com/lockheed-targets-2014-athena-2-rideshare-debut/. 
  126. ↑ "Hyperbola-2" (in en). http://www.i-space.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=lists&catid=4. 
  127. ↑ "Russia's Rokot launches with three Rodnik satellites". 23 September 2015. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/russias-rokot-launches-three-rodnik/. 
  128. ↑ China 'N Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (16 October 2022). "Finally we have more data of the mysterious Tianlong-2: 32.8m tall 5.7m D3.35m fairing 190t liftoff thrust with 7 TH-11(?) 1 300KN closed-cycle kerolox TH-11 vacuum in 2nd stage TH-31 upper stage for payloads deployment 2t to LEO 1.5t to 500km SSO". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1581667259012947968. 
  129. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon-3, SD 3)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/jielong-3.htm. 

Notes

  1. ↑ Suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
  2. ↑ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
  3. ↑ A third rocket exploded before launch
  4. ↑ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted

Further reading

  • Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins International Guide to Space Launch Systems, AIAA. ISBN:1-56347591-X.

External links



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