Cent (currency)
Topic: Finance
From HandWiki - Reading time: 5 min
The cent is a monetary unit of many national currencies that equals 1⁄100 of the basic monetary unit.
Etymologically, the word cent derives from the Latin centum meaning 'hundred'.
The cent sign is commonly a simple minuscule (lower case) letter c. In North America, the c is crossed by a diagonal stroke or a vertical line (depending on typeface), yielding the character ¢.
The United States one cent coin is generally known by the nickname "penny", alluding to the British coin and unit of that name. Australia ended production of their 1¢ coin in 1992, as did Canada in 2012. Some Eurozone countries ended production of the 1 euro cent coin, most recently Slovakia in 2022.[1]
Symbol
| ¢ c | |
|---|---|
Cent (currency) | |
| In Unicode | U+00A2 ¢ CENT SIGN (HTML ¢ · ¢)U+0063 c LATIN SMALL LETTER C (HTML c) |
| Currency | |
| Currency | various |
| Related | |
| See also | U+FFE0 ￠ FULLWIDTH CENT SIGN (HTML ￠) |
 Category | |
The cent may be represented by the cent sign, written in various ways according to the national convention and font choice. Most commonly seen forms are a minuscule letter c crossed by a diagonal stroke or a vertical line or by a simple c, depending on the currency (see below). Cent amounts from 1 to 99 can be represented as one or two digits followed by the appropriate abbreviation (2¢, 5c, 75¢, 99c), or as a subdivision of the base unit ($0.75, €0.99) In some countries, longer abbreviations like "ct." are used. Languages that use other alphabets have their own abbreviations and conventions.
The use of the cent symbol has largely fallen into disuse since the mid-20th century as inflation has resulted in very few things being priced in cents in any currency. It was included on US typewriter keyboards, but has not been adopted on computers.[2]
North American cent sign
The cent sign appeared as the shift of the 6 key on American manual typewriters, but that position has been taken over by the freestanding circumflex on computer keyboards. The character (offset 162) can still be created in most common code pages, including Unicode and Windows-1252:
- On DOS- or Windows-based computers with a numeric keypad, can be held while typing or on the keypad. See Unicode input § In Microsoft Windows for techniques involving the hexadecimal code point
A2that can be used when there is no numeric keypad, as on many laptops. For the US International keyboard can be typed. - On Mac systems, can be held and on the number row pressed.
- On Unix/Linux systems with a compose key, and are typical sequences.
Orthography
When written in English and Mexican Spanish, the cent sign (¢ or c) follows the amount (with no space between)—for example, 2¢ and $0.02, or 2c and €0.02. Conventions in other languages may vary.
Usage
| East India Company half cent (1845). | |
|---|---|
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| |
| Obverse: Crowned head left with lettering Queen Victoria | Reverse: Face value, year and "East India Company" inscribed inside wreath. |
| 18,737,498 coins minted in 1845. | |
Minor currency units called cent or similar names
Examples of currencies around the world featuring centesimal (1⁄100) units called cent, or related words from the same root such as céntimo, centésimo, centavo or sen, are:
- Argentine peso (as centavo)
- Aruban florin, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 5 cents.
- Australian dollar, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 5 cents.
- Barbadian dollar
- Bahamian dollar, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 5 cents.
- Belize dollar
- Bermudian dollar
- Bolivian boliviano (as centavo), but all circulating coins are in multiples of 10 centavos
- Brazilian real (as centavo)
- Brunei dollar (as sen)
- Canadian dollar
- Cayman Islands dollar
- Chilean peso (as centavo). Centavos officially exist and are considered in financial transactions, but there are no current centavo-denominated coins.
- Colombian peso (as centavo)
- Cook Islands dollar (cent, although some 50 cent coins are marked "50 tene")
- Cuban peso (as centavo)
- East Caribbean dollar, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 5 cents.
- Eritrean nakfa
- Estonian kroon (as sent)
- Ethiopian birr (as santim)
- Euro – the coins bear the text "Euro cent". Greek coins have ΛΕΠΤΟ ("lepto") on the obverse of the one-cent coin and ΛΕΠΤΑ ("lepta") on the obverse of the others. The actual usage varies depending on the language.
- Fijian dollar
- Guyanese dollar
- Hong Kong dollar, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 10 cents.
- Indonesian rupiah (as sen)
- Jamaican dollar, but there are no circulating coins with a value below one dollar.
- Kenyan shilling
- Lesotho loti (as sente)
- Liberian dollar
- Lithuanian litas (as centas)
- Macanese pataca (as avo), but all circulating coins are in multiples of 10 avos.
- Malaysian ringgit (as sen), but all circulating coins are in multiples of 5 sen.
- Mauritian rupee
- Mexican peso (as centavo)
- Moroccan dirham (as santim)
- Namibian dollar
- Netherlands Antillean gulden
- New Zealand dollar, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 10 cents.
- Panamanian balboa (as centésimo)
- Peruvian sol (as céntimo)
- Philippine peso (as sentimo or centavo)
- Seychellois rupee
- Sierra Leonean leone
- Singapore dollar, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 5 cents.
- South African rand, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 10 cents.
- Sri Lankan rupee
- Surinamese dollar
- Swazi lilangeni
- New Taiwan dollar, but all circulating coins are in multiples of 50 cents.
- Tanzanian shilling
- Tongan paʻanga (as seniti)
- Trinidad and Tobago dollar
- United States dollar
- Uruguayan peso (as centésimo)
- Zimbabwean dollar
Minor currency units with other names
Examples of currencies featuring centesimal (1⁄100) units not called cent
| Major unit | Divided into |
|---|---|
| Bhutanese ngultrum | 100 chhertum |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark | 100 pfeniga |
| Botswanan pula | 100 thebe |
| British pound | 100 pence (singular: penny) since Decimal Day, 1971 |
| Bulgarian lev | 100 stotinki Cyrillic: стотинки ("hundredths") |
| Chinese yuan | 100 fēn (分); in general usage, divided into 10 jiǎo (角). |
| Croatian kuna | 100 lipa |
| Danish krone | 100 øre |
| Egyptian pound | 100 piastres |
| Estonian mark | 100 penni (singular: penn) |
| Gambian dalasi | 100 bututs |
| Ghanaian cedi | 100 pesewas |
| Indian rupee | 100 paise |
| Israeli new shekel | 100 agorot |
| Macau pataca | 100 avos; circulating coins are 10, 20, and 50 avos. |
| Macedonian denar | 100 deni |
| Malawian kwacha | 100 tambala |
| Mongolian tögrög | 100 möngö |
| Nepalese rupee | 100 paisa |
| Pakistani rupee | 100 paise |
| Papua New Guinean kina | 100 toea |
| Polish złoty | 100 groszy (singular: grosz) |
| Qatari riyal | 100 dirhams |
| Romanian and Moldovan leu | 100 bani |
| Russian ruble | 100 kopeks |
| Saudi riyal | 100 halalas |
| Serbian dinar | 100 paras |
| Swedish krona | 100 öre |
| Swiss franc | German: 100 Rappen French: 100 centimes Italian: 100 centesimi Romansch: 100 raps |
| Thai baht | 100 satang |
| Turkish lira | 100 kuruş |
| United Arab Emirates dirham | 100 fils |
| Ukrainian hryvnia | 100 kopiykas |
| Zambian kwacha | 100 ngwee |
Obsolete centesimal currency units
Examples of currencies which formerly featured centesimal (1⁄100) units but now have no fractional denomination in circulation:
| Major unit | Formerly divided into |
|---|---|
| Costa Rican colón | (until the 1980s) 100 céntimos |
| Czech koruna | 100 haléřů |
| Hungarian forint | (until 1999) 100 fillér |
| Icelandic króna | 100 eyrir (singular aurar) |
| Japanese yen | 100 sen |
| Norwegian krone | 100 øre |
| South Korean won | 100 jeon |
| Swedish krona | (until 2010) 100 öre |
| Ugandan shilling | (until 2013) 100 cents. |
Examples of currencies which use the cent symbol for other purposes:
- Costa Rican colón – The common symbol '¢' is frequently used locally to represent '₡', the proper colón designation
- Ghanaian cedi – The common symbol '¢' is sometimes used to represent '₵', the proper cedi designation
See also
Notes
- ↑ "Po 1. júli 2022 budú končiť na Slovensku jedno a dvojcentové mince" (in sk). 29 May 2017. https://www.bystricoviny.sk/spravy/po-1-juli-2022-budu-koncit-na-slovensku-jedno-a-dvojcentove-mince/.
- ↑ Anderson, Charlie (13 November 2003). "The Demise of the ¢ Sign". http://www.charlieanderson.com/centsign.htm.
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