Short description : Overview of free trade agreements in the European Union
EU Free trade agreements
European Union
Agreement in force
Agreement (in part) provisionally applied
Agreement signed, but not applied
Agreement initialed, not signed
Agreement being negotiated
Agreement negotiations on hold/suspended
The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[1] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.[2]
The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to conclude trade agreements. Even so, member states' governments control every step of the process (via the Council of the European Union , whose members are national ministers from each national government):
Before negotiations start, member states' governments (via the Council of Ministers) approve the negotiating mandate;
During negotiations, member states' governments are regularly briefed on the progress of negotiations and can update the negotiations mandate or suspend negotiations;
Upon conclusion of negotiations, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be signed;
After approval from the European Parliament and (in case the agreement covers areas other than trade such as investment protection) upon ratification in each member state parliament, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be concluded and enter into effect.
Trade agreements in force - fully ratified
No
State
No of jurisdictions represented[lower-alpha 1]
Signed
Provisional application
In force since
Notes
Relations
1.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1
2003
2004[3] [lower-alpha 2]
Customs union
2.
Albania
1
2006
2006[lower-alpha 3]
2009[4]
SAA
Negotiating for EU accession
3.
Algeria
1
2002
2005[5]
Euro-mediterranean AA
4.
Andorra
1
1990
1991[6]
Customs union
Andorra–EU relations
5.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1
2008
2008[lower-alpha 3]
2015[7]
SAA
Potential candidate for EU accession
6.
Chile
1
2002
2003
2005[8]
AA[9]
7.
Egypt
1
2001
2004[10]
Euro-mediterranean AA
8.
Faroe Islands
1
1996
1997[11]
Autonomous entity of Denmark
Faroe Islands-EU relations
9.
Georgia
1
2014
2014
2016[12]
AA incl DCFTA
Georgia–EU relations
11
Iceland
1
1992
1994[13]
EEA
Iceland–EU relations
13.
Israel
1
1995
1996[lower-alpha 3] [14]
2000[15]
Euro-Mediterranean AA
Israel–EU relations
14.
Japan
1
2018[16]
2019[17]
Economic Partnership Agreement [18]
Japan-EU relations
16.
Jordan
1
1997
2002[19]
Euro-Mediterranean AA
Jordan–EU relations
17.
Kosovo
1
2015
2016[20]
SAA
Potential candidate for EU accession
18.
Lebanon
1
2002
2006[21]
Euro-Mediterranean AA
Lebanon–EU relations
19.
Liechtenstein
1
1992
1995[13]
EEA
Liechtenstein–EU relations
20.
Mexico
1
1997
2000[22]
FTA[23] [24]
Mexico–EU relations
21.
Moldova
1
2014
2014
2016[25]
Moldova–European Union Association Agreement incl DCFTA
Moldova–EU relations
22.
Monaco
1
1958
Franco-Monegasque Customs Convention (customs union)[26]
Monaco - European Union relations
23.
Montenegro
1
2007
2008[lower-alpha 3]
2010[27]
SAA
Negotiating for EU accession
24.
Morocco
1
1996
2000[28]
Euro-Mediterranean AA
Morocco–EU relations
25.
North Macedonia
1
2001
2001[lower-alpha 3]
2004[29]
SAA
Negotiating for EU accession
26.
Norway
1
1992
1994[13]
EEA
Norway–EU relations
27.
EU's Overseas Countries and Territories
13
2001
2001[30] [31]
Association of the OCTs with the EU
28.
Template:Country data Palestinian Authority
1
1997
1997[32]
Euro-Mediterranean AA
Palestine–EU relations
29.
San Marino
1
1991
1992[lower-alpha 4]
2002[33]
Customs union
San Marino–EU relations
30.
Serbia
1
2008
2010[lower-alpha 3]
2013[34]
SAA
Negotiating for EU accession
31.
Singapore
1
2018[35]
2019[36]
FTA[37]
32.
South Africa
1
1999
2000[38]
2004[39]
ATDC[lower-alpha 5]
South Africa–EU relations
33.
South Korea
1
2010
2011
2015[40]
FTA[41]
South Korea–EU relations
34.
Switzerland
1
1972
1973[42]
Trade agreement
Switzerland–EU relations
35.
Tunisia
1
1995
1998[43]
Euro-Mediterranean AA
36.
Turkey
1
1995[lower-alpha 6]
1995[44]
Customs union
EU–Turkey relations
37.
Ukraine
1
2014
2016
2017[45] [46]
Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement incl DCFTA
Ukraine–EU relations
38.
United Kingdom[lower-alpha 7]
1
2020
2021[47]
2021.[48]
Trade and Cooperation Agreement
United Kingdom–EU relations
39.
Vietnam
1
2019
2020[49]
EVFTA[50]
Vietnam–European Union relations
Trade agreements in force - provisionally applied
State
Signed
Provisional Application
Ratification
Notes
Relations
CARIFORUM States Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Haiti
2008
2008
[51]
EPA - Croatia acceded to the agreement on 28 November 2017
Eastern and Southern Africa States Comoros Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles Zambia[52] Zimbabwe
2009
2012, 2019
[53]
Interim Agreement for establishing a framework for an EPA
Central America Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama El Salvador
2012
2013
[54]
AA
Côte d'Ivoire
2009
2016
[55]
Stepping Stone EPA
Colombia Peru
2012[56]
2013
[57]
FTA[58]
Cameroon
2009
2014
[59]
Interim agreement with a view to an EPA
Pacific States Fiji Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands
2009
2009, 2014, 2018, 2020
[60]
Interim Partnership Agreement
South African Development Community members Botswana Lesotho Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland
2016
2016
[61]
Economic Partnership Agreement
Ghana
2016
2016[62]
[62]
Stepping Stone EPA
Ecuador
2016[63]
2017[64]
[65]
Accession to EU-Peru-Colombia Free Trade Agreement[66]
Canada
2016
2017[67]
[68]
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement [69]
Agreements finalised (negotiations concluded, but not signed)
State
Negotiations Concluded
Signed
Provisional Application
Ratification
Notes
Economic Community of West African States members Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Côte d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo
6 February 2014
No
No
Economic Partnership Agreement[70] [71]
Eastern African Community members Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda
16 October 2014
No
Ratified by Rwanda and Kenya
Economic Partnership Agreement[72]
Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay
28 June 2019[73]
No
No
No
European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement. Part of an Association Agreement.
Mexico
28 April 2020[74]
No
No
No
Updated Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and the European Union
China
30 December 2020[75]
No
No
No
Comprehensive Agreement on Investment
New Zealand
30 June 2022[76]
No
No
No
Free Trade Agreement
Negotiating new agreements
State
New agreement being negotiated
Status
Australia
Australia Agreement
Negotiations launched in 2018[77]
Andorra
European Union Association Agreement
Negotiations launched in 2015[78]
Indonesia
Free Trade Agreement
Negotiations launched in 2016[77]
Monaco
European Union Association Agreement
Negotiations launched in 2015[78]
Philippines
Free Trade Agreement
Negotiations launched in 2015[77]
Timor-Leste
Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement
Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[79]
Tonga
Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement
Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[80]
San Marino
European Union Association Agreement
Negotiations launched in 2015[78]
India
Free Trade Agreement
Negotiations on hold
Competence
The European Court of Justice has held that investor-state arbitration provisions (including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason, the ratification of such mixed agreements[84] should be approved by the EU as well as by each of the 28 states.[85] This court decision has resulted in a new architecture of external trade negotiations which will have two components:[86]
a free trade agreement - related exclusively to trade matters - which can be adopted at the EU level;
an investment agreement - containing investment, arbitration and other non-trade provisions - which needs to be ratified by the member states as well.
Impact to consumers
One study found that the trade agreements that the EU implemented over the period 1993-2013 have, on average, increased the quality of imported goods by 7% and therefore "lowered quality-adjusted prices by close to 7%," without having much of an impact on the non-adjusted price.[87]
See also
Notes
↑ Excluding the EU and its member states
↑ From 2021 under the provisions of the Brexit withdrawal agreement (Protocol relating to the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus)
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Entry into force of Interim Agreement
↑ Interim Agreement
↑ Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation
↑ Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council
↑ Includes Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man with regards to trade in goods and fisheries. For Northern Ireland, a more comprehensive arrangement is in place with regards to trade in goods based on the Withdrawal Agreement.
References
↑ "Free trade agreements" . European Commission. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements .
↑ "Agreements" . European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/agreements/ .
↑ Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded - Protocol No 3 on the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on Cyprus
↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Albania, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2006040 .
↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2002036 .
↑ "Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Economic Community and the Principality of Andorra" . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1990030 .
↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008023 .
↑ "Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Chile, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2002086 .
↑ "Chile - Trade - European Commission" . http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/chile/ .
↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Communities and its Member States and the Arab Republic of Egypt" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2001033 .
↑ "Agreement between the European Community, of the one part, and the Government of Denmark and the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, of the other part" . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1996089 .
↑ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2014007 .
↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Agreement on the European Economic Area" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1992045 .
↑ "Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related matters between the European Community and the European Coal and Steel Community, of the one part, and the State of Israel, on the other part" . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=1995083 .
↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part" . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1995061 .
↑ "EU and Japan sign Economic Partnership Agreement" (in en). Trade - European Commission . http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=1891 .
↑ "EU-Japan trade agreement will enter into force on 1 February 2019" . 2018-12-21. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/12/21/eu-japan-trade-agreement-will-enter-into-force-on-1-february-2019/ . "Today, the EU and Japan notified each other of the completion of their respective ratification procedures."
↑ "Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and Japan" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2018022&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1997126 .
↑ "Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo (*), of the other part" . Europa.eu . http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:JOL_2016_078_R_0001&from=EN .
↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2002037 .
↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1997129 .
↑ "Mexico - Trade - European Commission" . http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/mexico/ .
↑ "Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the United Mexican States, of the other part" . http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:f95ad1a3-795e-4fb0-84e1-28351b99415c.0004.02/DOC_2&format=PDF .
↑ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2014001 .
↑ "Monaco and the European Union" . Gouvernement Princier. https://en.gouv.mc/Policy-Practice/Monaco-Worldwide/Monaco-and-the-European-Union .
↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2007070 .
↑ "Agreement details" . Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1996003 .
↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2001014 .
↑ "Council Decision 2013/755/EU of 25 November 2013 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Union" . EUR-Lex . 19 December 2013. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:344:0001:0118:EN:PDF .
↑ "Council Decision 2001/822/EC of 27 November 2001 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Community" . EUR-Lex . 27 November 2001. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32001D0822 .
↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1997014 .
↑ "Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino" . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1991054 .
↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Serbia, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2007137 .
↑ "Singapore, EU ink landmark free trade agreement" (in en). https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/singapore-eu-ink-landmark-free-trade-agreement-10846210 . "[...] the EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (EUSFTA) was signed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong with European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker, European Council president Donald Tusk and Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz. [...] The leaders also witnessed the signing of the EU-Singapore Investment Protection Agreement (EUSIPA) – a pact that will replace 12 existing bilateral investment treaties between Singapore and EU member states to offer better investment protection – and the EU-Singapore Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (ESPCA)."
↑ "Council Decision on the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore" . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CONSIL:ST_13370_2019_INIT&from=EN . "[...] the Agreement should enter into force on 21 November 2019 in agreement with the Singaporean side"
↑ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore" (in en). Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2018028&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the Community and South Africa, which provides for the provisional application of a portion of the Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part" . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1999062 .
↑ "Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1999056 .
↑ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Korea, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2010036 .
↑ "EUR-Lex - L:2011:127:TOC - EN - EUR-Lex" . http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=OJ:L:2011:127:TOC .
↑ "Trade agreement details" . Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1972003 .
↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Tunisia, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1995041 .
↑ Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union
↑ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2013005 .
↑ "Agreement" . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2014045 .
↑ "EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: Council adopts decision on the signing" . Consilium . 29 December 2020. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/29/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement-council-adopts-decision-on-the-signing/ .
↑ "Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part" (in en). https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2020037&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam" (in en). Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2019016&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Vietnam - Trade - European Commission" . http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/vietnam/ .
↑ "Economic Partnership Agreement between the CARIFORUM States, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008034&DocLanguage=en .
↑ Did not sign
↑ "Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2009014&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Agreement establishing an Association between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America on the other" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2012001&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Agreement details" . Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008063&DocLanguage=en .
↑ http://euobserver.com/9/32177 EU signs FTA
↑ "Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Colombia and Peru, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2011057&DocLanguage=en .
↑ http://en.mercopress.com/2013/08/03/eu-fta-agreements-with-colombia-and-central-america-became-effective-august-first EU FTA agreements with Colombia and Central America became effective August first
↑ "Agreement details" . Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008059&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Agreement details" . Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2009024&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Agreement details" . Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2016020&DocLanguage=en .
↑ 62.0 62.1 "Agreement details" . Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008064&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "Ecuador joins EU trade agreement with Colombia and Peru" . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/11/11-ecuador-joins-eu-trade-agreement-colombia-peru/ .
↑ "Notice concerning the provisional application" . EUR-Lex. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.358.01.0001.02.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2016:358:TOC .
↑ "Agreement details" . Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2016044&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "EU Trade Policy with the Andean Community" . http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/andean-community/ .
↑ "Canada, EU to provisionally apply CETA in September" . CBC News. 8 July 2017. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ceta-september-provisionally-1.4196210 .
↑ "Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada, of the one part, and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part" . Agreements Database, Council of the European Union . http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2016017&DocLanguage=en .
↑ "In Focus: EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement" . http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/ceta/ .
↑ http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/september/tradoc_144912.pdf [bare URL PDF ]
↑ "West Africa - Trade - European Commission" . https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/west-africa/ .
↑ "East African Community (EAC) - Trade - European Commission" . https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/eac/ .
↑ "EU and Mercosur agree huge trade deal after 20-year talks" (in en-GB). BBC News . 2019-06-28. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48807161 .
↑ "Press corner" (in en). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en .
↑ "EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment" . https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/china/eu-china-agreement_en .
↑ Blenkinsop, Philip (30 June 2022). "EU, New Zealand seal free trade deal in "geopolitical signal"" (in en). https://www.reuters.com/markets/eu-new-zealand-conclude-negotiations-trade-deal-eus-von-der-leyen-2022-06-30/ .
↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 "Agreements being negotiated" . European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-and-agreements/#_being-negotiated .
↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 "RECORDED HRVP Federica MOGHERINI host the ceremony on the occasion of the launching of the Association Agreement(s) negotiations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino" . European Commission. 2015-03-18. http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?ref=I100473 .
↑ "OVERVIEW OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS" . https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/september/tradoc_144912.pdf .
↑ "Agreements being negotiated" . European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/pacific/ .
↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 "Agreements on hold" . European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-and-agreements/#_on-hold .
↑ "Countries and regions: Morocco" . European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/morocco/ .
↑ "Countries and regions: Tunisia" . European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/tunisia// .
↑ "EU Trade Agreements: To Mix or not to Mix, That is the Question" . https://respect.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/05/Mixity.pdf .
↑ "UE. Pas de traité commercial sans l'accord des parlements nationaux" . http://www.ouest-france.fr/economie/ue-pas-de-traite-commercial-sans-l-accord-des-parlements-nationaux-4994855 .
↑ "EU trade agreements - New architecture of trade agreements" . https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/trade-policy/trade-agreements/ .
↑ Berlingieri, Giuseppe; Breinlich, Holger; Dhingra, Swati (2018-03-12). "The consumer benefits of trade agreements: Evidence from the EU trade policy" . https://voxeu.org/article/consumer-benefits-trade-agreements .
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