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Outline of finance

Topic: Finance

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 41 min

Short description: Overview of finance and finance-related topics

{{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = Finance sidebar | title = Finance | image = | listtitlestyle = background:#ddf;text-align:center; | listclass = plainlist | expanded =

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Assets
Participants
Locations

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The following outline provides an overview and topical guide to finance:

Finance – the field concerned with how individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and manage monetary resources over time, while accounting for the risks associated with their activities and investments.


Overview

The term finance may incorporate any of the following:

Fundamental financial concepts

History

Finance terms by field

Accounting (financial record keeping)

Banking

Corporate finance

Main article: Finance:Corporate finance
See also: Finance:Financial management

Investment management

Main article: Social:Investment management

Personal finance

Main article: Finance:Personal finance

Public finance

Risk management

Main article: Finance:Financial risk management

Constraint finance

Insurance

Main article: Finance:Insurance

Economics and finance

Main articles: Finance:Financial economics and Asset pricing

Corporate finance theory

Asset pricing theory

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  • Value (economics) – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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    • Intrinsic value – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Market price – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Expected value – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Opportunity cost – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Risk premium – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      1. Underlying theory below
  • Financial markets
    • Stylized fact – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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    • Market design – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Agent-based model – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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      • Aggregation problem – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Heterogeneity in economics – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
        • Heterogeneous agent model – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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        • Artificial financial market – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • General equilibrium theory – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Supply and demand – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Competitive equilibrium – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Economic equilibrium – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Partial equilibrium – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Equilibrium price – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Market efficiency – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Economic equilibrium – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Rational expectations – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Risk factor (finance) – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Arbitrage-free price
    • Rational pricing – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • § Arbitrage free pricing – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • § Risk neutral valuation – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Contingent claim analysis – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Brownian model of financial markets – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Complete market & Incomplete markets
  • Utility – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Risk aversion – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Expected utility hypothesis – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Utility maximization problem – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Marginal utility – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Quasilinear utility – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Generalized expected utility – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Economic efficiency – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Efficient-market hypothesis – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • efficient frontier – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Production–possibility frontier – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Allocative efficiency – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Pareto efficiency – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Productive efficiency – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Dumb agent theory – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Stochastic discount factor – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Pricing kernel – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Marginal rate of substitution – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Hansen–Jagannathan bound – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Girsanov theorem – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Radon–Nikodym derivative – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • State prices – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Arrow–Debreu model – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Application:
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  • Fundamental theorem of asset pricing – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Rational pricing – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Arbitrage-free – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • No free lunch with vanishing risk – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Self-financing portfolio – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Stochastic dominance – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Martingale pricing – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Brownian model of financial markets – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Random walk hypothesis – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Risk-neutral measure – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Martingale (probability theory) – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Sigma-martingale – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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  • Quantum finance – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Asset pricing models

  • Equilibrium pricing
    • Equities; foreign exchange and commodities
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      • Consumption-based CAPM – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Intertemporal CAPM – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Single-index model – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Multiple factor models – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
        • Fama–French three-factor model – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
        • Carhart four-factor model – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Arbitrage pricing theory – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Bonds; other interest rate instruments
      • Vasicek – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Rendleman–Bartter – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Cox–Ingersoll–Ross – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Risk neutral pricing
    • Equities; foreign exchange and commodities; interest rates
      • Black–Scholes – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Black – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Garman–Kohlhagen – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Heston – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • CEV – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • SABR – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Bonds; other interest rate instruments
      • Ho–Lee – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Hull–White – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Black–Derman–Toy – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Black–Karasinski – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Longstaff–Schwartz – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Chen – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Rendleman–Bartter – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Heath–Jarrow–Morton – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
        • Cheyette – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • Brace–Gatarek–Musiela – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
        • LIBOR market model – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Mathematics and finance

Time value of money

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Financial mathematics

Mathematical tools

Derivatives pricing

Portfolio mathematics

Financial markets

Market and instruments

Equity market

Equity valuation

Investment theory

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Bond market

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Money market

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Commodity market

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Derivatives market

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  • Derivative
  • (see also Financial mathematics topics; Derivatives pricing)
  • Underlying instrument

Forward markets and contracts

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Futures markets and contracts

Option markets and contracts

Swap markets and contracts

Derivative markets by underlyings

Equity derivatives

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Interest rate derivatives

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Credit derivatives

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Foreign exchange derivative

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Financial regulation

Designations and accreditation

Litigation

  • Liabilities Subject to Compromise

Fraud

Industry bodies

Regulatory and supervisory bodies

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International

European Union

Regulatory bodies by country

United Kingdom
United States

United States legislation

  • Glass–Steagall Act (US)
  • Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (US)
  • Sarbanes–Oxley Act (US)
  • Securities Act of 1933 (US)
  • Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US)
  • Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US)
  • USA PATRIOT Act

Actuarial topics

  • Actuarial topics

Valuation

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Underlying theory

Context

Considerations

Discounted cash flow valuation

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Relative valuation

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Contingent claim valuation

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Other approaches

Financial modeling

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Portfolio theory

General concepts

Modern portfolio theory

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Post-modern portfolio theory

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Performance measurement

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Mathematical techniques

Quantitative investing

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Financial software tools

Financial modeling applications

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Corporate Finance

Quantitative finance

Financial institutions

Financial institutions

  • Bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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      • List of banks in the Arab World – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • List of banks in Africa – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • List of banks in the Americas – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • List of banks in Asia – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • List of banks in Europe – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • List of banks in Oceania – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • List of international banking institutions – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Advising bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Central bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
      • List of central banks – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Commercial bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Community development bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Cooperative bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Custodian bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Depository bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Ethical bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Investment bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Islamic banking – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Merchant bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Microcredit – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Mutual savings bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Offshore bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Private bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Savings bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Swiss bank – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Bank holding company – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Building society – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Broker – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Broker-dealer – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Brokerage firm – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Commodity broker – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Insurance broker – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Prime brokerage – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Retail brokerage – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • Stockbroker – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Clearing house – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Commercial lender – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Community development financial institution – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Credit rating agency – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Credit union – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Diversified financial – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Export Credit Agencies – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Financial adviser – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Financial intermediary – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Financial planner – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Futures exchange – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
    • List of futures exchanges – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Government sponsored enterprise – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Hard money lender – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Independent financial adviser – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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Education

See also

References

  1. ↑ Joel G. Siegel; Jae K. Shim; Stephen Hartman (1 November 1997). Schaum's quick guide to business formulas: 201 decision-making tools for business, finance, and accounting students. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-058031-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=4JpojQPk8YsC. Retrieved 12 November 2011.  §39 "Corporate Planning Models". See also, §294 "Simulation Model".
  2. ↑ See for example: Low, R.K.Y.; Faff, R.; Aas, K. (2016). "Enhancing mean–variance portfolio selection by modeling distributional asymmetries". Journal of Economics and Business 85: 49–72. doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2016.01.003. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:377912/UQ377912_OA.pdf. ; Low, R.K.Y.; Alcock, J.; Faff, R.; Brailsford, T. (2013). "Canonical vine copulas in the context of modern portfolio management: Are they worth it?". Journal of Banking & Finance 37 (8): 3085–3099. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.02.036. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:297895/EC15UQ297895.pdf. 

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