Real gross domestic product

Real gross domestic product (real GDP) is a macroeconomic measure of the value of economic output adjusted for price changes (i.e. inflation or deflation).^[1] This adjustment transforms the money-value measure, nominal GDP, into an index for quantity of total output. Although GDP is total output, it is primarily useful because it closely approximates the total spending: the sum of consumer spending, investment made by industry, excess of exports over imports, and government spending. Due to inflation, GDP increases and does not actually reflect the true growth in an economy. That is why the GDP must be divided by the inflation rate (raised to the power of units of time in which the rate is measured) to get the growth of the real GDP. Different organizations use different types of 'Real GDP' measures, for example, the UNCTAD uses 2015 Constant prices and exchange rates while the FRED uses 2009 constant prices and exchange rates, and recently the World Bank switched from 2005 to 2010 constant prices and exchange rates.^[2][3][4]

10 largest countries by GDP according to the UNCTAD at 2015 constant prices and exchange rates, 2021^[3]

Economy	Top 10 countries by GDP in 2021 (millions in 2015 constant United States dollar and exchange rates)
(01)  United States	20,621,847
(02)  China	15,802,052
(03)  Japan	4,435,431
(04)  Germany	3,553,247
(05)  United Kingdom	3,036,532
(06)  India	2,782,322
(07)  France	2,584,045
(08)  Italy	1,861,557
(09)  Brazil	1,829,902
(10)  South Korea	1,693,643

Economic sectors of nations using real GDP

Nations by industrial sector output at 2005 constant prices

20 largest countries by industrial output according to the UNCTAD at 2015 constant prices and exchange rates, 2021^[3]

Economy	Top 20 countries by industrial output in 2021 (millions in 2015 constant United States dollar and exchange rates)
(01)  China	6,278,120
(02)  United States	3,747,722
(03)  Japan	1,282,424
(04)  Germany	948,804
(05)  India	741,772
(06)  United Kingdom	586,343
(07)  South Korea	577,653
(08)  Russia	449,916
(09)  France	429,354
(10)  Italy	421,859
(11)  Indonesia	406,252
(12)  Canada	391,590
(13)  Mexico	363,409
(14)  Brazil	317,538
(15)  Turkey	304,962
(16)  Australia	293,296
(17)  Saudi Arabia	277,097
(18)  Taiwan	264,189
(19)  Spain	239,160

Largest countries by agricultural output according to the UNCTAD at 2015 constant prices and exchange rates, 2021 ^[3]

Economy	Countries by agricultural output in 2021 (millions in 2015 constant United States dollar and exchange rates)
(01)  China	1,225,193
(02)  India	453,267
(03)  United States	170,409
(04)  Indonesia	139,182
(05)  Nigeria	119,864

Largest countries by tertiary (services) output according to the UNCTAD at 2005 constant prices and exchange rates, 2015 ^[3]

Economy	Countries by tertiary (services) output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant United States dollar and exchange rates)
(01)  United States	16,763,257
(02)  China	8,307,397
(03)  Japan	2,992,158
(04)  Germany	2,214,261
(05)  United Kingdom	2,124,106

Relationship with nominal GDP

Real GDP is an example of the distinction between real vs. nominal values in economics. Nominal gross domestic product is defined as the market value of all final goods produced in a geographical region, usually a country. That market value depends on the quantities of goods and services produced, and their respective prices.

If a set of real GDPs from various years are calculated, each using the quantities from its own year, but all using the prices from the same base year, the differences in those real GDPs will reflect only differences in volume.

An index called the GDP deflator can be obtained by dividing, for each year, the nominal GDP by the real GDP, so that the GDP deflator for the base year will be 100. It gives an indication of the overall level of price change (inflation or deflation) in the economy.

GDP deflator for year [math]\displaystyle{ t=\frac{Nominal\;GDP_t}{Real\;GDP_t}\times100 }[/math]

Real GDP growth on an annual basis is the nominal GDP growth rate adjusted for inflation. It is usually expressed as a percentage.

Nomenclature: "GDP" may refer to "nominal" or "current" or "historical" GDP, to distinguish it from the real GDP. The real GDP is sometimes called "constant" GDP because it is expressed in terms of constant prices. Depending on context, "GDP" may also refer to real GDP...

Notes and references

List of countries by real GDP growth rate

External links

• Google - public data: GDP and Personal Income of the U.S. (annual): Quantity Index for Real GDP
• Google - public data: GDP and Personal Income of the U.S. (annual): Real Gross Domestic Product
• Google - public data: GDP and Personal Income of the U.S. (annual): Real Gross Domestic Product per capita

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