Lightweight Blockchain

Lightweight Blockchain is a modified blockchain with simplified algorithm without sacrificing data security.^[1] This type of blockchain is suitable for applications that need for data reliability but limited computational resources^[2] like Internet of Things (IoT)^[3] and Autonomous Driving.^[4] Especially in IoT, most of the connected devices are small, ubiquitous, and running on battery but aimed to work for a long period of time remotely and securely.^[5] Lightweight blockchain enabled trust evaluation mechanism in wireless sensor network for secured data transaction between nodes.^[6] Theoretically, Blockchain a robust and un-hackable.^[7] The downside of this technology is the intensive energy consumption needed for hashing, block validation and proof-of-work due to the nature of Distributed Ledger.^[8]

An experiment shows that, using an IoT gateway as a trusted node and sensor data as distinctive tags for IoT sensor node authentications via the modified authenticated encryption scheme in a lightweight blockchain network can accommodate up to 1.34 million authentication processes every second which is more than sufficient to be applied in a resource-constrained IoT network. ^[9]

References

↑ Hanggoro, Delphi; Sari, Riri Fitri (November 2019). "A Review of Lightweight Blockchain Technology Implementation to the Internet of Things". 2019 IEEE R10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC)(47129) (Depok, West Java, Indonesia: IEEE): 275–280. doi:10.1109/R10-HTC47129.2019.9042431. ISBN 978-1-7281-0834-6. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9042431/.
↑ Hong, Sunghyuck (March 2020). "P2P networking based internet of things (IoT) sensor node authentication by Blockchain" (in en). Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 13 (2): 579–589. doi:10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x. ISSN 1936-6442. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x.
↑ Alassaf, Norah; Gutub, Adnan; Parah, Shabir A.; Al Ghamdi, Manal (December 2019). "Enhancing speed of SIMON: A light-weight-cryptographic algorithm for IoT applications" (in en). Multimedia Tools and Applications 78 (23): 32633–32657. doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z. ISSN 1380-7501. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z.
↑ Islam, Shafkat; Badsha, Shahriar; Sengupta, Shamik (2020-09-28). "A Light-weight Blockchain Architecture for V2V Knowledge Sharing at Vehicular Edges". 2020 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) (Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE): 1–8. doi:10.1109/ISC251055.2020.9239055. ISBN 978-1-7281-8294-0. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9239055/.
↑ Özyılmaz, Kazım Rıfat; Yurdakul, Arda (2017). "Integrating low-power IoT devices to a blockchain-based infrastructure: work-in-progress" (in en). Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM International Conference on Embedded Software 2017 Companion - EMSOFT '17 (Seoul, Republic of Korea: ACM Press): 1–2. doi:10.1145/3125503.3125628. ISBN 978-1-4503-5186-7. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3125503.3125628.
↑ Awan, Saba; Sajid, Maimoona Bint E.; Amjad, Sana; Aziz, Usman; Gurmani, Usman; Javaid, Nadeem (2022), Barolli, Leonard; Yim, Kangbin; Chen, Hsing-Chung, eds., "Blockchain Based Authentication and Trust Evaluation Mechanism for Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks" (in en), Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (Cham: Springer International Publishing) 279: pp. 96–107, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11, ISBN 978-3-030-79727-0, https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11, retrieved 2021-07-08
↑ Sharma, Jitendra; Dubey, Jigyasu (2021). Suma, V.; Chen, Joy Iong-Zong; Baig, Zubair et al.. eds. "A Study of Blockchain for Secure Smart Contract" (in en). Inventive Systems and Control. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (Singapore: Springer): 591–598. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1395-1_45. ISBN 978-981-16-1395-1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-1395-1_45.
↑ Puthal, Deepak; Malik, Nisha; Mohanty, Saraju P.; Kougianos, Elias; Das, Gautam (July 2018). "Everything You Wanted to Know About the Blockchain: Its Promise, Components, Processes, and Problems". IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 7 (4): 6–14. doi:10.1109/MCE.2018.2816299. ISSN 2162-2248. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8386948/.
↑ Khan, Safiullah; Lee, Wai-Kong; Hwang, Seong Oun (2021). "AEchain: A lightweight blockchain for IoT applications". IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine: 1–1. doi:10.1109/MCE.2021.3060373. ISSN 2162-2256. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9357973.

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[1] Hanggoro, Delphi; Sari, Riri Fitri (November 2019). "A Review of Lightweight Blockchain Technology Implementation to the Internet of Things". 2019 IEEE R10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC)(47129) (Depok, West Java, Indonesia: IEEE): 275–280. doi:10.1109/R10-HTC47129.2019.9042431. ISBN 978-1-7281-0834-6. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9042431/.

[2] Hong, Sunghyuck (March 2020). "P2P networking based internet of things (IoT) sensor node authentication by Blockchain" (in en). Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 13 (2): 579–589. doi:10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x. ISSN 1936-6442. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x.

[3] Alassaf, Norah; Gutub, Adnan; Parah, Shabir A.; Al Ghamdi, Manal (December 2019). "Enhancing speed of SIMON: A light-weight-cryptographic algorithm for IoT applications" (in en). Multimedia Tools and Applications 78 (23): 32633–32657. doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z. ISSN 1380-7501. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z.

[4] Islam, Shafkat; Badsha, Shahriar; Sengupta, Shamik (2020-09-28). "A Light-weight Blockchain Architecture for V2V Knowledge Sharing at Vehicular Edges". 2020 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) (Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE): 1–8. doi:10.1109/ISC251055.2020.9239055. ISBN 978-1-7281-8294-0. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9239055/.

[5] Özyılmaz, Kazım Rıfat; Yurdakul, Arda (2017). "Integrating low-power IoT devices to a blockchain-based infrastructure: work-in-progress" (in en). Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM International Conference on Embedded Software 2017 Companion - EMSOFT '17 (Seoul, Republic of Korea: ACM Press): 1–2. doi:10.1145/3125503.3125628. ISBN 978-1-4503-5186-7. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3125503.3125628.

[6] Awan, Saba; Sajid, Maimoona Bint E.; Amjad, Sana; Aziz, Usman; Gurmani, Usman; Javaid, Nadeem (2022), Barolli, Leonard; Yim, Kangbin; Chen, Hsing-Chung, eds., "Blockchain Based Authentication and Trust Evaluation Mechanism for Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks" (in en), Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (Cham: Springer International Publishing) 279: pp. 96–107, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11, ISBN 978-3-030-79727-0, https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11, retrieved 2021-07-08

[7] Sharma, Jitendra; Dubey, Jigyasu (2021). Suma, V.; Chen, Joy Iong-Zong; Baig, Zubair et al.. eds. "A Study of Blockchain for Secure Smart Contract" (in en). Inventive Systems and Control. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (Singapore: Springer): 591–598. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1395-1_45. ISBN 978-981-16-1395-1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-1395-1_45.

[8] Puthal, Deepak; Malik, Nisha; Mohanty, Saraju P.; Kougianos, Elias; Das, Gautam (July 2018). "Everything You Wanted to Know About the Blockchain: Its Promise, Components, Processes, and Problems". IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 7 (4): 6–14. doi:10.1109/MCE.2018.2816299. ISSN 2162-2248. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8386948/.

[9] Khan, Safiullah; Lee, Wai-Kong; Hwang, Seong Oun (2021). "AEchain: A lightweight blockchain for IoT applications". IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine: 1–1. doi:10.1109/MCE.2021.3060373. ISSN 2162-2256. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9357973.

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