Epidemic Intelligence Service
Topic: Medicine
From HandWiki - Reading time: 11 min
Short description: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention program
 | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | October 26, 1951[1] |
| Headquarters | Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. [ ⚑ ] : 33°47′58″N 84°19′42″W / 33.79944°N 84.32833°W |
| Employees | 60[2] |
| Parent agency | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| Website | Template:OfficialURL |
The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is a program of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[3] The modern EIS is a two-year, hands-on post-doctoral training program in epidemiology, with a focus on field work.
History
Creation of the Epidemic Intelligence Service was proposed by Dr. Alexander Langmuir, chief of epidemiologic services, communicable disease center at the U.S. Public Health Service on March 30, 1951.[4] Dr. Langmuir said that it was of utmost importance to planning of appropriate defense measures against biological warfare germs, development of new detection devices, and train laboratory workers for rapid recognition of biological warfare germs.[4] It arose from biological warfare concerns relating to the Korean War.[5]
The Epidemic Intelligence Service was organized on September 26, 1951, with the purpose of investigating disease outbreaks that are beyond the control of state and local health departments, enforcement of interstate quarantine regulations, and providing epidemic aid at the request of state health agencies. The Epidemic Intelligence Service's first staff members consisted of 21 medical officers from the U.S. Public Health Service.[1]
Background
The EIS is operated by the CDC's Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services (CSELS), in the Office of Public Health Scientific Services (OPHSS).[6]
Persons participating in the program, known colloquially as "disease detectives", are formally called "EIS officers" (or EIS fellows) by the CDC and have been dispatched to investigate hundreds of possible epidemics created by natural and artificial causes. Since 1951, more than 3,000 EIS officers have been involved in domestic and international response efforts, including the anthrax, hantavirus, West Nile virus in the United States, and the 2014–16 Ebola epidemic in West Africa.[7][8]
EIS officers begin their fellowship with a one-month training program at CDC headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia; however, 95% of their two-year term consists of experiential rather than classroom training.[9] For the remainder of their service, EIS officers are assigned to operational branches within the CDC or at state and local health departments around the country. Placement is determined via a highly competitive matching process.[9] The CDC pairs EIS officers with a Public Health Advisor or "PHA", forming a scientist (EIS officer) and operations (PHA) team.[10] EIS is a common recruiting pathway into the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.[11]
The EIS is the prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP), which operate in numerous countries with technical assistance provided by the CDC.[12]
History of responses
Since the inception of the EIS, officers have been involved with treatment, eradication, and disease-control efforts for a variety of medically related crises.[13] Below is an abridged timeline of their work.
- 1950s: The EIS worked on polio, lead poisoning, and Asian influenza
- 1960s: Cancer clusters, and smallpox
- 1970s: Legionnaires' disease, Ebola, and Reye syndrome
- 1980s: Toxic shock syndrome, birth defects, and HIV/AIDS
- 1990s: Tobacco, West Nile virus, and contaminated water
- 2000s: Post 9/11 anthrax attacks, E. coli O157:H7, SARS, H1N1, and the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
- 2010s: The aftermath of the Haiti earthquake, obesity, fungal meningitis, and Ebola
- 2020s: Zika virus, COVID-19 pandemic[14]
EIS conference
EIS officers attend an annual conference in Atlanta, Georgia, to present components of their work from the preceding year.[15]
During the conference, the Alexander D. Langmuir Prize is awarded "to a current officer or first-year alumnus of the EIS for the best scientific publication. The award consists of a $100 cash prize, an engraved paperweight, a case of ale or beer redolent of the John Snow Pub in London, and an inscription on the permanent plaque at CDC."[16]
A complete list of Langmuir Prize winners is included below:[17]
| Year | Article title | Publication | Author(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1966 | Complications of Smallpox Vaccination: I. National Survey in the United States, 1963. | N Engl J Med 1967;276:125–32. | J.M. Neff, J.M. Lane, J.H. Pert, R. Moore, J.D. Millar, D.A. Henderson |
| 1967 | An Outbreak of Neuromyasthenia in a Kentucky Factory—The Possible Role of a Brief Exposure to Organic Mercury. | Am J Epidemiol 1967;86:756–64. | G. Miller, R. Chamberlin, W.M. McCormack |
| 1968 | Salmonellosis from Chicken Prepared in Commercial Rotisseries: Report of an Outbreak. | Am J Epidemiol 1969;90:429–37. | S.B. Werner, J. Allard, E.A. Ager |
| 1969 | Outbreak of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in Spokane County, Washington. | JAMA 1969;210:1045–50. | R.S. Thompson, W. Burgdorfer, R. Russell, B.J. Francis |
| 1970 | Tularemia Epidemic: Vermont, 1968—Forty-Seven Cases Linked to Contact with Muskrats. | N Engl J Med 1969;280:1253–60. | L.S. Young, D.S. Bicknell, B.G. Archer, et al. |
| 1971 | Tomato Juice-Associated Gastroenteritis, Washington and Oregon, 1969. | Am J Epidemiol 1972;96:219–26. | W.H. Barker Jr., V. Runte |
| 1972 | Salmonella Septicemia from Platelet Transfusions: Study of an Outbreak Traced to a Hematogenous Carrier of Salmonella cholerae-suis. | Ann Intern Med 1973;78: 633–41. | F.S. Rhame, R.K. Root, J.D. MacLowry, T.A. Dadisman, J.V. Bennett |
| 1973 | Outbreak of Typhoid Fever in Trinidad in 1971 Traced to a Commercial Ice Cream Product. | Am J Epidemiol 1974;100:150–7. | A. Taylor Jr., A. Santiago, A.Gonzales-Cortes, E.J. Gangarosa |
| 1974 | Oyster-Associated Hepatitis: Failure of Shellfish Certification Programs To Prevent Outbreaks. | JAMA 1975;233:1065–8. | B.L. Portnoy, P.A. Mackowiak, C.T. Caraway, J.A. Walker, T.W. McKinley, C.A. Klein Jr. |
| 1975 | Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Aboard a Commercial Aircraft. | Lancet 1975;2:595–9. | M.S. Eisenberg, K. Gaarslev, W. Brown, M. Horwitz, D. Hill |
| 1976 | Nursery Outbreak of Peritonitis with Pneumoperitoneum Probably Caused by Thermometer-Induced Rectal Perforation. | Am J Epidemiol 1976;104:632–44. | M.A. Horwitz, J.V. Bennett |
| 1977 | Epidemic Yersinia entercolitica Infection due to Contaminated Chocolate Milk. | N Engl J Med 1978;298:76–9. | R.E. Black, R.J. Jackson, T. Tsai, et al. |
| 1978 | Measles Vaccine Efficacy in Children Previously Vaccinated at 12 Months of Age. | Pediatrics 1978;62: 955–60. | J.S. Marks, T.J. Halpin, W.A. Orenstein |
| 1979 | An Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease Associated with a Contaminated Air-Conditioning Cooling Tower. | N Engl J Med 1980;302:365–70. | T.J. Dondero Jr., R.C. Rendtorff, G.F. Mallison, et al. |
| 1979 | Risk of Vascular Disease in Women: Smoking, Oral Contraceptives, Noncontraceptive Estrogens, and Other Factors. | JAMA 1979;242:1150–4. | D.B. Petitti, J.Wingerd, J. Pellegrin, et al. |
| 1980 | Injuries from the Wichita Falls Tornado: Implications for Prevention. | Science 1980;207:734–8. | R.I. Glass, R.B. Craven, D.J. Bregman, et al. |
| 1981 | Respiratory Irritation due to Carpet Shampoo: Two Outbreaks. | Environ Int 1982;8:337–41. | K. Kreiss, M.G. Gonzalez, K.L. Conright, A.R. Scheere |
| 1981 | Toxic-Shock Syndrome in Menstruating Women: Association with Tampon Use and Staphylococcus aureus and Clinical Features in 52 Cases. | N Engl J Med 1980;303:1436–42. | K.N. Shands, G.P. Schmid, B.B. Dan, et al. |
| 1982 | Risk Factors for Heatstroke: A Case-Control Study. | JAMA 1982;247:3332–6. | E.M. Kilbourne, K. Choi, T.S. Jones, S.B. Thacker |
| 1983 | Epidemic Listeriosis C—Evidence for Transmission by Food. | N Engl J Med 1983;308:203–6. | W.F. Schlech III, P.M. Lavigne, R.A. Bortolussi, et al. |
| 1984 | Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment. | N Engl J Med 1985;313: 211–6. | J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, C.W. Heath, R. Kusiak, J.L. Herndon. |
| 1984 | Medication Errors with Inhalant Epinephrine Mimicking an Epidemic of Neonatal Sepsis. | N Engl J Med 1984;310:166–70. | S.L. Solomon, E.M. Wallace, E.L. Ford-Jones, et al. |
| 1985 | The Use and Efficacy of Child-Restraint Devices: The Tennessee Experience, 1982 and 1983. | JAMA 1984;252:2571–5. | M.D. Decker, M.J. Dewey, R.H. Hutcheson Jr., W.S. Schaffner |
| 1986 | The Role of Parvovirus B19 in Aplastic Crisis and Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease). | J Infect Dis 1986;154:383–93. | T.L. Chorba, P. Coccia, R.C. Holman, et al. |
| 1987 | Oral Contraceptives and Cervical Cancer Risk in Costa Rica: Detection Bias or Causal Association? | JAMA 1988;259:59–64. | K.L. Irwin, L. Rosero-Bixby, M.W. Oberle, et al. |
| 1988 | A Day-Care–Based Case-Control Efficacy Study of Haemophilus influenzae B Polysaccharide Vaccine. | JAMA 1988;260:1413–8. | L.H. Harrison, C. Broome, A.W. Hightower, et al. |
| 1989 | Group A Meningococcal Carriage in Travelers Returning from Saudi Arabia. | JAMA 1988;260:2686–9. | P.S. Moore, L.H. Harrison, E.E. Telzak, G.W. Ajello, C.V. Broome |
| 1989 | Transmission of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in San Diego County, California, 1986. | Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990;42:3–9. | Y.A. Maldonado, B.L. Nahlen, R.R. Roberta, et al. |
| 1990 | An Outbreak of Surgical Wound Infections due to Group A Streptococcus Carried on the Scalp. | N Engl J Med 1990;323:968–72. | T.D. Mastro, T.A. Farley, J.A. Elliott, et al. |
| 1991 | An Investigation of the Cause of the EosinophiliaMyalgia Syndrome Associated with Tryptophan Use. | N Engl J Med 1990;323:357–65. | E.A. Belongia, C.W. Hedberg, G.J. Gleich, et al. |
| 1992 | An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. | N Engl J Med 1992;326:1514–21. | B.R. Edlin, J.I. Tokars, M.H. Grieco, et al. |
| 1993 | Comparison of Prevention Strategies for Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infection: A Population-Based Economic Analysis. | JAMA 1993;270:1442–8. | J.C. Mohle-Boetani, A. Schuchat, B.D. Plikaytis, J.D. Smith, C.V. Broome |
| 1993 | Retrospective Study of the Impact of Lead-Based Hazard Remediation on Children's Blood Lead Levels in St. Louis, Missouri. | Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:1016–26. | C. Staes, T. Matte, C.B. Copley, D. Flanders, S. Binder |
| 1994 | A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted Through the Public Water Supply. | N Engl J Med 1994;331:161–7. | W.R. Mac Kenzie, N.J. Hoxie, M.E. Proctor, et al. |
| 1995 | A Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7-Associated Bloody Diarrhea and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome from Hamburgers: The Washington Experience. | JAMA 1994;272:1349–53. | B.P. Bell, M. Goldoft, P.M. Griffin, et al. |
| 1996 | A Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Associated with Consumption of Schwan's Ice Cream. | N Engl J Med 1996;334:1281–6 | T.W. Hennessy, C.W. Hedberg, L. Slutsker, et al. |
| 1996 | Passenger to Passenger Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aboard Commercial Aircraft During Transoceanic Travel. | N Engl J Med 1996;334:993–8. | T.A. Kenyon, S.E. Valway, W.W. Ihle, I.M. Onorato |
| 1997 | Epidemic Meningococcal Disease and Tobacco Smoke: A Risk Factor Study in the Pacific Northwest. | Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:979–83. | M.A. Fisher, K. Hedberg, P. Cardosi, et al. |
| 1998 | Suicide After Natural Disasters. | N Engl J Med 1998;338:373–8. | E.G. Krug, M. Kresnow, J.P. Peddicord, et al. |
| 1999 | Legalized Physician-Assisted Suicide in Oregon—The First Year's Experience. | N Engl J Med 1999;340:577–83. | A.E. Chin, K. Hedberg, G.K. Higginson, D.W. Fleming |
| 2000 | Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis After Pertussis Prophylaxis with Erythromycin: A Case Review and Cohort Study. | Lancet 1999;354:2101–5. | M.A. Honein, L.J. Paulozzi, I.M. Himelright, et al. |
| 2001 | Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Transmitted by Chlorine-Pretreated Clover Sprout Seeds. | Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:1020–8. | J.T. Brooks, S. Rowe, P. Shillam, et al. |
| 2002 | Serratia liquefaciens Bloodstream Infections from Contamination of Epoetin Alfa at a Hemodialysis Center. | N Engl J Med 2001;344:1491–7. | L.A. Grohskopf, V.R. Roth, D.R. Feikin, et al. |
| 2003 | Transmission of West Nile Virus from an Organ Donor to Four Transplant Recipients. | N Engl J Med 2003;348:2196–203. | M. Iwamoto, D.B. Jernigan, A. Guasch, et al., the West Nile Virus in Transplant Recipients Investigation Team |
| 2004 | Risk of Bacterial Meningitis in Children with Cochlear Implants. | N Engl J Med 2003;349:435–45. | J. Reefhuis, M.A. Honein, C.G. Whitney, et al. |
| 2005 | Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among HIV-Infected Adults Living in the Era of Childhood Pneumococcal Immunization. | Ann Intern Med 2006;144:1–9. | B.L. Flannery, R.T. Heffernan, L.H. Harrison, et al. |
| 2006 | Case-Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis Outbreak, Kenya, 2004. | Environ Health Perspect 005;113:1779–83. | E. Azziz-Baumgartner, K.Y. Lindblade, K. Gieseker, et al., and the Aflatoxin Investigative Group |
| 2007 | Methamphetamine Use Is Independently Associated with Risky Sexual Behaviors and Adolescent Pregnancy. | J Sch Health 2008;78:641–8. | L.B. Zapata, S.D Hillis, P.M. Marchbanks, K.M. Curtis, R. Lowry |
| 2008 | Characteristics of Perpetrators in Homicide-Followedby-Suicide Incidents: National Violent Death Reporting System—17 US States, 2003–2005. | Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:1056–64. | J. Logan, H.A. Hill, A.E. Crosby, D.L. Karch, J.D. Barnes, K.M. Lubell |
| 2009 | Epidemiologic Investigation of Immune-Mediated Polyradiculoneuropathy Among Abattoir Workers Exposed to Porcine Brain. | PLoS ONE. 2009;5:e9782. | S.M. Holzbauer, A.S. DeVries, J.J. Sejvar, et al. |
| 2010 | Increasing Compliance with Mass Drug Administration Programs for Lymphatic Filariasis in Orissa, India, 2009: Impact of an Education and a Lymphedema Management Program. | PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;201;4:e728. | P.T. Cantey, J. Rout, G. Rao, J. Williamson, L.M. Fox |
| 2011 | Effect of Rotavirus Vaccine on Healthcare Utilization for Diarrhea in US Children. | N Engl J Med 2011;365;12:1108–17. | J. Cortes, A. Curns, J. Tate, M. Cortese, M. Patel, F. Zhou, U. Parashar |
| 2012 | Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with In-Store Sampling of a Raw-Milk Gouda Cheese, 2010. | J. McCollum, N. Williams, S. W. Beam, et al. | |
| 2013 | Necrotizing Cutaneous Mucormycosis After a Tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. | N Engl J Med 2012;367;2214–25. | R. Fanfair, K. Benedict, J. Bos, et al. |
| 2014 | Raccoon Rabies Virus Variant Transmission Through Solid Organ Transplantation. | JAMA 2013;310:398–407. | N.M. Vora, S.V. Basavaraju, KA Feldman, et al. |
| 2015 | New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant E. coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes. | JAMA. 2014;312(14):1447-1455 | L. Epstein, J. Hunter, M.A. Arwaddy, et al. |
| 2016 | Exposure to Advertisements and Electronic Cigarette: Use Among U.S. Middle and High School Students. | T. Singh, I.T. Agaku, R.A. Arrazola, K.L. Marynak, L.J. Neff, I.T. Rolle, B.A. King | |
| 2017 | Geospatial analysis of household spread of Ebola virus in a quarantined village – Sierra Leone, 2014 | Epi and Inf 2017;145(14):2921-2929. | B. L. Gleason, S. Foster, G. E. Wilt, et al. |
| 2018 | Educational Disabilities Among Children Born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. | Educational Disabilities Among Children Born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. | M.A. Fill, A.M. Miller, R.H. Wilkinson |
| 2019 | Homelessness and Hepatitis A — San Diego County, 2016–2018. | Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(1):14–21. | C.M. Peak, S.S. Stous, J.M. Healy, et al. |
| 2020 | Factors Associated with Candida auris Colonization and Transmission in Skilled Nursing Facilities with Ventilator Units, New York, 2016-2018. | Clin Infect Dis 2021;72(11):e753–e760. | J. Rossow, B. Ostrowsky, E. Adams, et al. |
| 2021 | Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility. | N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2081–2090. | M.M. Arons, K.M. Hatfield, S.C. Reddy, et al. |
| 2022 | Multistate Outbreak of Spinal and Disseminated Tuberculosis Caused by Surgical Implantation of a Bone Allograft Product. | N. Schwartz, A. Hernandez-Romieu | |
| 2022 | Association Between 3 Doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine and Symptomatic Infection Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants. | JAMA. 2022 Feb 15;327(7):639-651. | E.K. Accorsi, A. Britton, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. |
| 2023 | School District Prevention Policies and Risk of COVID-19 Among In-Person K—12 Educators, Wisconsin, 2021. | Am J Public Health 2022;112(12):1791-1799. | Peter M. DeJonge, Ian W. Pray, Ronald Gangnon, et al. |
In popular culture
In the 2011 film Contagion, the character Doctor Erin Mears (portrayed by Kate Winslet) is a physician and investigator with the Epidemic Intelligence Service who was tasked by the CDC to discover the origin of a highly contagious and deadly virus known as MEV-1 which was rapidly spreading throughout the world following initial outbreaks in Kowloon, Hong Kong and Minneapolis, Minnesota.[citation needed]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Epidemic Intelligence Service Is Organized". Associated Press. The News (Frederick, Maryland). p. 13.
- ↑ "2020 Annual Update". Epidemic Intelligence Service. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020.
- ↑ Duhigg, Charles (April 26, 2020). "Seattle's Leaders Let Scientists Take the Lead. New York's Did Not" (in en). The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/04/seattles-leaders-let-scientists-take-the-lead-new-yorks-did-not.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Popham, John (March 31, 1951). "Langmuir Warns of Germ Warfare". New York Times News Service. Chattanooga Daily Times (Chattanooga, Tennessee). p. 2.
- ↑ "EIS History". Epidemic Intelligence Service. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
- ↑ "Who We Are". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/csels/whoweare.html.
- ↑ "A History of Success". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/history.html.
- ↑ "2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Frequently Asked Questions About EIS|Epidemic Intelligence Service|CDC". Cdc.gov. 2015-03-05. https://www.cdc.gov/EIS/FAQ.html.
- ↑ Sb, Thacker; Ra, Goodman; Rc, Dicker (November 1990). "Training and Service in Public Health Practice, 1951-90--CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service" (in en). Public Health Reports 105 (6): 599–604. PMID 2175439.
Wikidata (
)
- ↑ "U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Opportunities". USPHS. https://www.usphs.gov/docs/pdfs/bks/USPHS_Physician_111111.pdf.
- ↑ "Field Epidemiology Training Program". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/healthprotection/fetp/index.htm.
- ↑ "Recruitment Resources | Epidemic Intelligence Service | CDC". Cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/EIS/Recruitment.html.
- ↑ Mancini, Donato Paolo (22 April 2020). "Wanted: a civilian army of contact tracers to end the lockdown". Financial Times. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/downloads/civilian-army-financial-times-508.pdf.
- ↑ "EIS Conference". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/conference.html.
- ↑ "James Buffington Jr. And Lois Chapman Buffington Endowment For The Alexander D. Langmuir Prize". CDC Foundation. https://www.cdcfoundation.org/what/program/langmuir.
- ↑ "2017 EIS Conference". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/downloads/eis-conference-2017.pdf.
Further reading
- Langmuir, Alexander D.; Andrews, Justin M. (March 1952). "Biological Warfare Defense". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 42 (3): 235–238. doi:10.2105/AJPH.42.3.235. PMID 14903238. PMC 1526030. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.42.3.239. Wikidata ()
- Langmuir, AD (1980). "The Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Center for Disease Control.". Public Health Reports 95 (5): 470–7. PMID 6106957. Wikidata ()
- Sb, Thacker; Ra, Goodman; Rc, Dicker (November 1990). "Training and Service in Public Health Practice, 1951-90--CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service" (in en). Public Health Reports 105 (6): 599–604. PMID 2175439. Wikidata ()
- Schaffner, W.; LaForce, F. M. (15 October 1996). "Training Field Epidemiologists: Alexander D. Langmuir and the Epidemic Intelligence Service". American Journal of Epidemiology 144 (Supplement 8): S16–S22. doi:10.1093/aje/144.Supplement_8.S16. PMID 8857837. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/144/Supplement_8/S16/110249. Wikidata ()
- Ostroff, Stephen M. (1 March 2001). "The Epidemic Intelligence Service in the United States". Eurosurveillance 6 (3): 34–36. doi:10.2807/esm.06.03.00216-en. PMID 11682711. Wikidata ()
- Thacker, S. B. (1 December 2001). "Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 50 Years of Training and Service in Applied Epidemiology". American Journal of Epidemiology 154 (11): 985–992. doi:10.1093/aje/154.11.985. PMID 11724713. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/154/11/985/185371. Wikidata ()
- Meyerson, Beth E.; Martich, Frederick A.; Naehr, Gerald P. (2008). Ready to Go: The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors. Research Triangle Park, NC: American Social Health Association. ISBN 978-0-615-20383-6.
- "Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers by Class Year, 1951-2005". American Journal of Epidemiology 174 (suppl 11): i–x. 30 November 2011. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr449. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/174/suppl_11/i/108707. Wikidata ()
- Gerard Gallagher (2017). "CDC's EIS program molds clinicians into public health professionals." (Healio.com)
External links
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