Music and artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence and music (AIM) is a common subject in the International Computer Music Conference, the Computing Society Conference^[1] and the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The first International Computer Music Conference (ICMC) was held in 1974 at Michigan State University.^[2] Current research includes the application of AI in music composition, performance, theory and digital sound processing.

A key part of this field is the development of music software programs which use AI to produce music.^[3] As with applications in other fields, AI in music also simulates mental tasks. A prominent feature is the capability of an AI algorithm to learn based on past data, such as in computer accompaniment technology, wherein the AI is capable of listening to a human performer and performing accompaniment.^[4] Artificial intelligence also drives interactive composition technology, wherein a computer composes music in response to a live performance. There are other AI applications in music that cover not only music composition, production, and performance but also how music is marketed and consumed. Several music player programs have also been developed to use voice recognition and natural language processing technology for music voice control.

History

In 1960, Russian researcher Rudolf Zaripov published worldwide first paper on algorithmic music composing using the "Ural-1" computer.^[5]

In 1965, inventor Ray Kurzweil premiered a piano piece created by a computer that was capable of pattern recognition in various compositions. The computer was then able to analyze and use these patterns to create novel melodies. The computer debuted on the quiz show I've Got a Secret, and stumped the hosts until film star Henry Morgan guessed Ray's secret.^[6]

In 1997, an artificial intelligence program named Experiments in Musical Intelligence (EMI) appeared to outperform a human composer at the task of composing a piece of music to imitate the style of Bach.^[7]

Software applications

Interactive scores

Multimedia Scenarios in interactive scores are represented by temporal objects, temporal relations, and interactive objects. Examples of temporal objects are sounds, videos and light controls. Temporal objects can be triggered by interactive objects (usually launched by the user) and several temporal objects can be executed simultaneously. A temporal object may contain other temporal objects: this hierarchy allows us to control the start or end of a temporal object by controlling the start or end of its parent. Hierarchy is ever-present in all kinds of music: Music pieces are often hierarchized by movements, parts, motives, measures, among other segmentations.^[8]^[9]

Computer Accompaniment (Carnegie Mellon University)

The Computer Music Project at CMU develops computer music and interactive performance technology to enhance human musical experience and creativity. This interdisciplinary effort draws on Music Theory, Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Human Computer Interaction, Real-Time Systems, Computer Graphics and Animation, Multimedia, Programming Languages, and Signal Processing.^[10]

ChucK

Main page: ChucK

Developed at Princeton University by Ge Wang and Perry Cook, ChucK is a text-based, cross-platform language that allows real-time synthesis, composition, performance, and analysis of music.^[11] It is used by SLOrk (Stanford Laptop Orchestra)^[12] and PLOrk (Princeton Laptop Orchestra).

MorpheuS

MorpheuS^[13] is a research project by Dorien Herremans and Elaine Chew at Queen Mary University of London, funded by a Marie Skłodowská-Curie EU project. The system uses an optimization approach based on a variable neighborhood search algorithm to morph existing template pieces into novel pieces with a set level of tonal tension that changes dynamically throughout the piece. This optimization approach allows for the integration of a pattern detection technique in order to enforce long term structure and recurring themes in the generated music. Pieces composed by MorpheuS have been performed at concerts in both Stanford and London.

AIVA

Created in February 2016, in Luxembourg, AIVA is a program that produces soundtracks for any type of media. The algorithms behind AIVA are based on deep learning architectures^[14] AIVA has also been used to compose a Rock track called On the Edge,^[15] as well as a pop tune Love Sick^[16] in collaboration with singer Taryn Southern,^[17] for the creation of her 2018 album "I am AI".

References

↑ INFORMS Computing Society Conference: Annapolis: Music, Computation and AI . Rcf.usc.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-22.
↑ International Computer Music Association - ICMC. Computermusic.org (2010-11-15). Retrieved on 2010-12-22.
↑ D. Herremans, C.H., Chuan, E. Chew (2017). "A Functional Taxonomy of Music Generation Systems". ACM Computing Surveys 50 (5): 69:1–30. doi:10.1109/TAFFC.2017.2737984.
↑ Dannenberg, Roger. "Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Music Understanding". https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f275/4c359d7ef052ab5997d71dc3e9443404565a.pdf.
↑ Zaripov, Rudolf (1960). "Об алгоритмическом описании процесса сочинения музыки (On algorithmic description of process of music composition)". Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences 132 (6).
↑ "About Ray Kurzweil". http://www.kurzweiltech.com/raybio.html.
↑ Johnson, George (11 November 1997). "Undiscovered Bach? No, a Computer Wrote It". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/11/science/undiscovered-bach-no-a-computer-wrote-it.html. Retrieved 29 April 2020. "Dr. Larson was hurt when the audience concluded that his piece -- a simple, engaging form called a two-part invention -- was written by the computer. But he felt somewhat mollified when the listeners went on to decide that the invention composed by EMI (pronounced Emmy) was genuine Bach."
↑ Mauricio Toro, Myriam Desainte-Catherine, Camilo Rueda. Formal semantics for interactive music scores: a framework to design, specify properties and execute interactive scenarios. Journal of Mathematics and Music 8 (1)
↑ "Open Software System for Interactive Applications" (in en-EN). https://ossia.io/. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
↑ Computer Music Group. 2.cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-22.
↑ ChucK => Strongly-timed, On-the-fly Audio Programming Language. Chuck.cs.princeton.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-22.
↑ Driver, Dustin. (1999-03-26) Pro - Profiles - Stanford Laptop Orchestra (SLOrk), pg. 1. Apple. Retrieved on 2010-12-22.
↑ D. Herremans, E. Chew (2016). "MorpheuS: Automatic music generation with recurrent pattern constraints and tension profiles". IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing PP(1). doi:10.1109/TAFFC.2017.2737984.
↑ [1]. AIVA 2016
↑ [2] AI-generated Rock Music: the Making Of
↑ [3] Love Sick | Composed with Artificial Intelligence - Official Video with Lyrics | Taryn Southern
↑ [4] Algo-Rhythms: the future of album collaboration

External links

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[1] INFORMS Computing Society Conference: Annapolis: Music, Computation and AI . Rcf.usc.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-22.

[2] International Computer Music Association - ICMC. Computermusic.org (2010-11-15). Retrieved on 2010-12-22.

[3] D. Herremans, C.H., Chuan, E. Chew (2017). "A Functional Taxonomy of Music Generation Systems". ACM Computing Surveys 50 (5): 69:1–30. doi:10.1109/TAFFC.2017.2737984.

[4] Dannenberg, Roger. "Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Music Understanding". https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f275/4c359d7ef052ab5997d71dc3e9443404565a.pdf.

[5] Zaripov, Rudolf (1960). "Об алгоритмическом описании процесса сочинения музыки (On algorithmic description of process of music composition)". Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences 132 (6).

[6] "About Ray Kurzweil". http://www.kurzweiltech.com/raybio.html.

[7] Johnson, George (11 November 1997). "Undiscovered Bach? No, a Computer Wrote It". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/11/science/undiscovered-bach-no-a-computer-wrote-it.html. Retrieved 29 April 2020. "Dr. Larson was hurt when the audience concluded that his piece -- a simple, engaging form called a two-part invention -- was written by the computer. But he felt somewhat mollified when the listeners went on to decide that the invention composed by EMI (pronounced Emmy) was genuine Bach."

[8] Mauricio Toro, Myriam Desainte-Catherine, Camilo Rueda. Formal semantics for interactive music scores: a framework to design, specify properties and execute interactive scenarios. Journal of Mathematics and Music 8 (1)

[9] "Open Software System for Interactive Applications" (in en-EN). https://ossia.io/. Retrieved 23 January 2018.

[10] Computer Music Group. 2.cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-22.

[11] ChucK => Strongly-timed, On-the-fly Audio Programming Language. Chuck.cs.princeton.edu. Retrieved on 2010-12-22.

[12] Driver, Dustin. (1999-03-26) Pro - Profiles - Stanford Laptop Orchestra (SLOrk), pg. 1. Apple. Retrieved on 2010-12-22.

[13] D. Herremans, E. Chew (2016). "MorpheuS: Automatic music generation with recurrent pattern constraints and tension profiles". IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing PP(1). doi:10.1109/TAFFC.2017.2737984.

[14] [1]. AIVA 2016

[15] [2] AI-generated Rock Music: the Making Of

[16] [3] Love Sick | Composed with Artificial Intelligence - Official Video with Lyrics | Taryn Southern

[17] [4] Algo-Rhythms: the future of album collaboration

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