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2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group

Topic: Organization

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 14 min

Short description: Human spaceflight selection

Template:Infobox NASA Astronaut Group

The 2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group is the latest class of the European Astronaut Corps. The selection recruited five career astronauts, as well as twelve reserve astronauts.[1]

They are the fourth European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut class to be recruited.[2] The group joined the continuing corps of ESA astronauts, those selected in 2009, to perform both long and short-duration spaceflight missions aboard the International Space Station, and as part of the Artemis program.[3][4]

Group members

Five career astronauts were selected who, upon their graduation from basic training, were given the class name "The Hoppers". The campaign also recruited a reserve pool of astronauts who, although not employed as ESA staff would be given components of the same basic training as the career group and be available to be called upon as a project astronaut for mission assignment.[2] Additionally, the campaign included the selection of a candidate with a physical disability through the "parastronaut feasibility project"[5][6][4] later renamed the "Fly! feasibility study".[7][8]

The announcement of the selected candidates took place in Paris on 23 November 2022 at the Grand Palais Éphémère, at the conclusion of the triennial ESA Ministerial Council meeting.[9]Template:Sticky-header

Name Country Type Occupation Flight assignments
Sophie Adenot  France Career Helicopter test pilot[10] Expedition 74/75 (SpaceX Crew-12)
Pablo Álvarez Fernández  Spain Career Aeronautical engineer[11]
Rosemary Coogan  United Kingdom Career Astrophysicist[12]
Meganne Christian  United Kingdom Reserve Materials scientist[13]
Anthea Comellini  Italy Reserve Aerospace engineer[14]
Sara García Alonso  Spain Reserve Biomedical scientist[15]
Raphaël Liégeois  Belgium Career Neuroscientist[16] Flight assigned, TBA
John McFall  United Kingdom Project[lower-alpha 1] Orthopaedic surgeon[18]
Andrea Patassa  Italy Reserve Test pilot[19]
Carmen Possnig  Austria Reserve Medical doctor[20]
Arnaud Prost  France Reserve Flight test engineer[21]
Amelie Schoenenwald  Germany Reserve Immunologist[22]
Marco Alain Sieber File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland Career Paratrooper and anaesthesiologist[23]
Aleš Svoboda  Czech Republic Reserve Fighter pilot[24]
Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski  Poland Project Radiation effects engineer[25] Axiom Mission 4[26]
Marcus Wandt  Sweden Project Test pilot[27] Axiom Mission 3[28]
Nicola Winter  Germany Reserve Fighter pilot[29]

Chronology

Flights of class members
Astronaut Date Flight ESA mission Duration
Marcus Wandt Jan–Feb 2024 Ax-3 Munnin 21 days
Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski Jun–Jul 2025 Ax-4 Ignis 20 days
Sophie Adenot Feb–Oct 2026 (planned) Crew-12 Epsilon 6 months (planned)
Raphaël Liégeois Late 2026 (planned) TBD TBD 6 months (planned)

2023

Insignia of "the Hoppers"

In March 2023, the Australian Space Agency announced it would fund the training of its employee Katherine Bennell-Pegg at the European Astronaut Centre (EAC) alongside the 5 career astronauts.[30] Basic training for some of the group began throughout 2023 at the European Astronaut Centre (EAC) facilities in Cologne, with a duration of approximately a year. The five selected "career" astronauts began in April,[31] joined by three members of the reserve who had received "project" astronaut assignments: McFall and Wandt in June,[32][33] and Uznański in September.[34]

In August 2023 the Polish government signed an agreement with ESA and Axiom have a Polish citizen aboard a future Axiom flight. Although the agreement did no specify who would fly or when that mission would take place,[35] the Polish minister for Economic Development and Technology stated the intent was "to submit the candidature" of Uznański for a flight in 2024.[36]

2024

Wandt (front left) upon arrival to the ISS, 2024

After being initially announced as a reserve Marcus Wandt became the first of the class to be assigned to a spaceflight, as "mission specialist" aboard Axiom-3, to the International Space Station.[37] It became be "the first commercial mission for an ESA-sponsored astronaut"[38] with the Swedish National Space Agency responsible to "negotiate directly with Axiom for the flight" following ESA director general signing of letter of intent in April 2023 for such a mission.[39][40] His training was performed in reverse-order to the norm, with the mission-specific content first then followed by basic training at EAC second.[41] Wandt's mission was designated "Muninn" as it partially coincided with Danish ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen's mission "Huginn".[42][43] The Axiom-3 mission took place from 18 January to 9 February with Wandt serving as a mission specialist.

The career astronauts (as well as Bennell-Pegg) graduated from Basic Training at the European Astronaut Centre on the 22nd of April 2024 and were given the class name "The Hoppers".[44] One month later, in the context of a meeting of the EU/ESA "Space Council" meeting held in Brussels, Adenot then Liégeois were announced as receiving the first two long duration mission assignments – both scheduled in that order for 2026.[45]

In August, it was confirmed that Uznański was assigned on Axiom-4, scheduled for 2025 and immediately began his mission training.[46][47] In September was announced that all the reserves (other than Wandt and Uznański) would receive "selected modules of ESA’s one-year basic training programme", to be conducted in three blocks of two-month duration over the next two years – with the first beginning the following month.[48]

2025

Uznański in the Columbus module, 2025

After several launch delays, the Axiom-4 mission took place from 25 June to 15 July, with Uznański's mission named "Ignis".[49][50] Adenot's mission was announced as being designated "Epsilon" (stylised as εpsilon).[51]

Recruitment

Template:External video

The recruitment campaign was announced at press conferences in February 2021.[52] Applications for the roles of "astronaut" and "astronaut (with a physical disability)" in the ESA Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration Programmes were accepted between 31 March and 18 June of that year[53][54] and over 22 thousand applications were received.[55] The original deadline of May 28 was extended by three weeks due to Lithuania joining ESA as an associate-member of ESA, and its citizens therefore becoming eligible to apply, only a week before the original deadline.[56]

Criteria

Recruits could be a citizen of any ESA member or associate-member state.[lower-alpha 2] Women were particularly encouraged to apply — in order to address the gender gap among astronauts[57] — as under 16% of applicants in the previous recruitment campaign were women.[5][58]

The minimum formal criteria included: being a citizen of an ESA member (or associate member) state under the age of 50; being between 150 and 190 cm tall (with possible exception under the astronaut with a disability category); a "normal weight" BMI range; fluency in English and another language; a master's degree in the Natural Sciences, Medicine, Engineering, Mathematics/Computer Sciences (plus three years of professional experience), or accreditation as an experimental test pilot; a "hearing capacity of 25 dB or better per ear"; and a current class 2 pilot's medical certificate.[59][2] Upon selection, recruits would then receive training in "...the essentials of being an astronaut, survival skills and the Russian language, before moving on to robotics, navigation, maintenance and spacewalks", and then receiving mission-specific training.[60]

The types of disability considered for astronaut with a disability program were lower limb deficiency (e.g. due to amputation or congenital limb deficiency), leg length difference, or short stature.[61]

Applicants

Applications from 22,523 candidates were received. They came from all eligible nationalities (including Lithuania), as well as 257 for the astronaut with a disability program.[55] This represented a 2.8x increase in the number of applications received compared to the previous ESA astronaut selection process.[62] Almost five and a half thousand applicants (24%) were women – up from 1287 (15.3%) female applicants in the previous selection process.[62] Estonia had the highest proportion of female applicants (38.6%), while Switzerland had the lowest (17.8%).[55]

With over seven thousand applications the largest number of applicants were French citizens, almost twice as many as the next most common applicant citizenship, Germans. It was speculated that the popularity of the call for applicants among French citizens was due to Thomas Pesquet's "Alpha" mission to the ISS beginning while the application period was open.[63] More than a thousand applications were also received from British, Spanish, Italian and Belgian citizens, while less than 100 applications were received from Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Luxembourgers, and Slovenians.[64] ESA stressed that the eventual selection is "irrespective" of national funding of the organisation.[65]

Applicants by citizenship[lower-alpha 3] (% Female Applicant)[55]
Austria Austria Belgium Belgium Czech Republic Czech Republic Denmark Denmark Estonia Estonia
466 (24.9%) 1,007 (22.8%) 204 (18.1%) 145 (24.1%) 57 (38.6%)
Finland Finland France France Germany Germany Greece Greece Hungary Hungary
308 (18.8%) 7,087 (23.2%) 3,695 (28%) 281 (21.4%) 149 (22.8%)
Ireland Republic of Ireland Italy Italy Latvia Latvia Lithuania Lithuania Luxembourg Luxembourg
276 (28.3%) 1,845 (18.8%) 83 (27.7%) 80 (23.8%) 64 (18.8%)
The Netherlands Netherlands Norway Norway Poland Poland Portugal Portugal Romania Romania
982 (30.1%) 391 (17.9%) 549 (23.3%) 320 (19.1%) 254 (21.7%)
Slovenia Slovenia Spain Spain Sweden Sweden Switzerland Switzerland United Kingdom United Kingdom
62 (21%) 1,341 (22.2%) 281 (18.1%) 668 (17.8%) 2,000 (28.5%)

Selection process

File:ESA astronaut announcement Class of 2022.webm The selection process itself proceeds over six stages:[67]

  1. Screening of applicants was undertaken "on the basis of documents submitted, the application form and the screening questionnaire." It was initially expected that approximately 1,500 (7%) applicants would be accepted through to stage 2.[63] By the conclusion of the 1st stage in January 2022, 1,361 astronaut candidates and 27 disabled candidates were invited to the 2nd stage – including at least one man and one woman from every eligible nationality.[55][68]
  2. Initial tests consisted of "cognitive, technical, motor coordination and personality tests" administered by the German Aerospace Center in Hamburg.
  3. Assessment centre evaluation involved "additional psychometric tests, individual and group exercises and practical tests" administered at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne.
  4. Medical tests assessed "physical and psychological condition in view of long-duration astronaut missions"[69] administered in Cologne and the Toulouse Space Centre, France.
  5. Panel interview assesses "technical and behavioural competencies" including a background check.
  6. Final interview with the ESA Director General at the agency headquarters in Paris.
Selection process statistics
Recruitment round[67] Applicants (of which disab.) Completed % Female % of previous Ref.
Screening 22,780 (257) June 2021 24% N/A [55]
Initial tests 1,388 (27) March 2022 39% 6% [55]
Assessment centre evaluation ~400 May 2022 ~29% [69]
Medical tests 91[70] June 2022 ~25% [69]
Final interview 25[71] October 2022 40%+ 27% [72]
Selection Career 5 November 2022 40% 20% [1]
Reserve/Project 12 (1) 50% 48%

See also

  • List of astronauts by year of selection

Notes

  1. ↑ Astronaut with a disability study[17]
  2. ↑ At the time, ESA members nations were: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Associate-members were Slovenia, Latvia, and Lithuania.[2] [56]
  3. ↑ While many applicants hold multiple citizenships, for statistical purposes ESA categorises them according to their self-declared first citizenship.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "ESA presents new generation of ESA astronauts" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_presents_new_generation_of_ESA_astronauts. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Astronaut selection 2021-22 FAQs" (in en). https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Astronaut_selection_2021-22_FAQs. 
  3. ↑ "Hunt on to find British astronaut to go to the moon - here's what you need to qualify" (in en). https://news.sky.com/story/hunt-on-to-find-british-astronaut-to-go-to-the-moon-heres-what-you-need-to-qualify-12219644. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Europe launches recruitment drive for female and disabled astronauts" (in en). 2021-02-17. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/feb/17/europe-launches-recruitment-drive-for-female-and-disabled-astronauts. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "European Space Agency: Astronaut recruitment seeks disability applicants" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2021-02-16. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56072219. 
  6. ↑ "European Space Agency in bid to recruit female and disabled astronauts" (in en). 2021-02-16. https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/16/european-space-agency-in-bid-to-recruit-more-female-and-disabled-astronauts. 
  7. ↑ "Phases of Fly!" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Fly/Phases_of_Fly. 
  8. ↑ "First astronaut with a disability cleared for space station mission" (in en). https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-astronaut-with-a-disability-cleared-for-space-station-mission. 
  9. ↑ "Media Invitation: Announcement of ESA Astronaut Class of 2022" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/Media_Invitation_Announcement_of_ESA_Astronaut_Class_of_2022. 
  10. ↑ "Sophie Adenot" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Sophie_Adenot. 
  11. ↑ "Pablo Álvarez Fernández" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Pablo_Alvarez_Fernandez. 
  12. ↑ "Rosemary Coogan" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Rosemary_Coogan. 
  13. ↑ "Meganne Christian" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Meganne_Christian. 
  14. ↑ "Anthea Comellini" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Anthea_Comellini. 
  15. ↑ "Sara García Alonso" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Sara_Garcia_Alonso. 
  16. ↑ "Raphaël Liégeois" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Raphael_Liegeois. 
  17. ↑ "Fly! ESA's feasibility study – ESA – Exploration" (in en-US). https://blogs.esa.int/exploration/category/astronauts2022/fly-feasibility-study/. 
  18. ↑ "John McFall". 2022-11-23. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/John_McFall. 
  19. ↑ "Andrea Patassa" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Andrea_Patassa. 
  20. ↑ "Carmen Possnig" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Carmen_Possnig. 
  21. ↑ "Arnaud Prost" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Arnaud_Prost. 
  22. ↑ "Amelie Schoenenwald" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Amelie_Schoenenwald. 
  23. ↑ "Marco Alain Sieber" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Marco_Alain_Sieber. 
  24. ↑ "Aleš Svoboda" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Ales_Svoboda. 
  25. ↑ "Sławosz Uznański" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Slawosz_Uznanski. 
  26. ↑ "This Polish astronaut will join India's Shubhanshu Shukla on trip to space" (in en). 2024-08-06. https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/this-polish-astronaut-will-join-indias-shubhanshu-shukla-on-trip-to-space-2577619-2024-08-06. 
  27. ↑ "Marcus Wandt" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Marcus_Wandt. 
  28. ↑ "Axiom Space Announces Astronauts for Third Mission to ISS" (in en-US). 2023-09-12. https://www.axiomspace.com/news/ax3-astronaut-crew. 
  29. ↑ "Nicola Winter" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Nicola_Winter. 
  30. ↑ "Australian astronaut candidate to receive basic training with ESA". European Space Agency. 8 March 2023. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Australian_astronaut_candidate_to_receive_basic_training_with_ESA. 
  31. ↑ "ESA's astronaut candidates start training" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_s_astronaut_candidates_start_training. 
  32. ↑ "John McFall: World's first disabled astronaut begins training" (in en-GB). BBC Newsround. 2023-06-19. https://www.bbc.com/newsround/65951726. 
  33. ↑ "ESA proposes Marcus Wandt from Sweden to fly on a future Axiom space mission" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ESA_proposes_Marcus_Wandt_from_Sweden_to_fly_on_a_future_Axiom_space_mission. 
  34. ↑ "Sławosz Uznański from Poland to train as a project astronaut at the European Astronaut Centre" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Slawosz_Uznanski_from_Poland_to_train_as_a_project_astronaut_at_the_European_Astronaut_Centre. 
  35. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2023-08-18). "Poland signs agreement to fly astronaut on Axiom Space ISS mission" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/poland-signs-agreement-to-fly-astronaut-on-axiom-space-iss-mission/. 
  36. ↑ "Polish astronaut to become second ever Pole to go into space" (in en). https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/polish-astronaut-to-go-into-space-next-year-40457. 
  37. ↑ "Marcus Wandt will fly to International Space Station on third Axiom Space mission" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Marcus_Wandt_will_fly_to_International_Space_Station_on_third_Axiom_Space_mission. 
  38. ↑ "NASA, Partners Clear Axiom Space's Third Private Astronaut Crew – NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-partners-clear-axiom-spaces-third-private-astronaut-crew/. 
  39. ↑ "Sweden intends to send ESA astronaut to the International Space Station" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/Sweden_intends_to_send_ESA_astronaut_to_the_International_Space_Station. 
  40. ↑ "Axiom Space, ESA Sign Agreement with Swedish National Space Agency on Future Mission to ISS" (in en-US). 2023-04-21. https://www.axiomspace.com/news/esa-agreement. 
  41. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2023-10-18). "Axiom Space refines training for next private astronaut mission" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/axiom-space-refines-training-for-next-private-astronaut-mission/. 
  42. ↑ "Axiom Space names Ax-3 astronaut crew for SpaceX mission to ISS" (in en). 2023-09-13. https://www.space.com/axiom-space-ax-3-astronaut-crew-international-space-station-named. 
  43. ↑ "Swedish astronaut 'fast-tracked' to join crew of upcoming private Axiom Space mission" (in en). 2023-06-20. https://www.space.com/swedish-astronaut-joins-crew-axiom-space-private-space-mission. 
  44. ↑ "European astronaut rookies make the grade" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2024-04-22. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68830452. 
  45. ↑ "ESA astronauts Sophie Adenot and Raphaël Liégeois assigned for Space Station missions" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ESA_astronauts_Sophie_Adenot_and_Raphael_Liegeois_assigned_for_Space_Station_missions. 
  46. ↑ "Sławosz Uznański from Poland will fly to International Space Station on fourth Axiom Space mission" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Slawosz_Uznanski_from_Poland_will_fly_to_International_Space_Station_on_fourth_Axiom_Space_mission. 
  47. ↑ "Axiom Space's next astronaut mission to the ISS with SpaceX delayed to spring 2025" (in en). 2024-08-12. https://www.space.com/axiom-space-ax-4-delay-spring-2025. 
  48. ↑ "ESA Astronaut Reserve starts training in October" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ESA_Astronaut_Reserve_starts_training_in_October. 
  49. ↑ "ESA and Poland reveal 'Ignis' as name of Polish mission to International Space Station" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ESA_and_Poland_reveal_Ignis_as_name_of_Polish_mission_to_International_Space_Station. 
  50. ↑ "Private Ax-4 astronauts splash down aboard SpaceX capsule to conclude ISS mission (video)" (in en). 2025-07-15. https://www.space.com/space-exploration/private-spaceflight/private-ax-4-astronauts-splash-down-aboard-spacex-capsule-to-conclude-iss-mission. 
  51. ↑ "Introducing εpsilon – ESA – Exploration" (in en-US). https://blogs.esa.int/exploration/introducing-%CE%B5psilon/. 
  52. ↑ "Watch live: ESA outlines its search for astronauts" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Watch_live_ESA_outlines_its_search_for_astronauts. 
  53. ↑ "Astronaut Job Req ID: 12355" (in en-GB). 2021-03-31. https://jobs.esa.int/job/Porz-Wahn-Astronaut-ESOC/662874901/. 
  54. ↑ "Astronaut (with a physical disability) Job Req ID: 12354" (in en-GB). 2021-03-31. https://jobs.esa.int/job/Porz-Wahn-Astronaut-%28with-a-physical-disability%29-ESOC/662873001/. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 55.6 "Final figures show astronaut applicants from all ESA Member States" (in en). https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Final_figures_show_astronaut_applicants_from_all_ESA_Member_States. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "ESA extends deadline for astronaut applications as new Associate Member joins" (in en). 2021-05-21. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/ESA_extends_deadline_for_astronaut_applications_as_new_Associate_Member_joins. 
  57. ↑ "Women and people with disabilities 'often better adapted to spaceflight than men'" (in en-AU). 2021-02-17. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-17/european-space-agency-in-recruitment-drive/13162870. 
  58. ↑ "Applicants from all ESA Member States to become European astronauts" (in en). http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Astronaut_Selection_2008/Applicants_from_all_ESA_Member_States_to_become_European_astronauts. 
  59. ↑ "Astronaut Application Handbook". European Space Agency. 2021-03-31. p. 19. https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/careers/ESA_Astrosel_Handbook.pdf. 
  60. ↑ O’Leary, Naomi. "European Space Agency launches search for new astronauts" (in en). The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/european-space-agency-launches-search-for-new-astronauts-1.4486862. 
  61. ↑ "Parastronaut feasibility project". www.esa.int. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Parastronaut_feasibility_project. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Wide range of applications for ESA's astronaut selection" (in en). https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Wide_range_of_applications_for_ESA_s_astronaut_selection. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Big numbers apply to be European astronauts" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2021-06-23. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57530395. 
  64. ↑ "ESA Astronaut Selection 2021: Preliminary Numbers". 2021-06-23. p. 3. https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/careers/ESA_AStroSel_2021_Preliminary_Numbers.pdf. 
  65. ↑ "European Space Agency: Astronaut recruitment drive for greater diversity" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2021-02-16. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56072219. 
  66. ↑ "Announcement of ESA's new class of astronauts". European Space Agency. 23 November 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZeD9TS3Slg. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Astronaut Application Handbook". European Space Agency. 2021-03-31. p. 13. https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/careers/ESA_Astrosel_Handbook.pdf. 
  68. ↑ "Astronaut selection: stage one complete" (in en). https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Astronaut_selection_stage_one_complete. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 "ESA astronaut selection in the final stages" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_astronaut_selection_in_the_final_stages. 
  70. ↑ Fong, Kevin (2022-12-04). "What does it take to be an astronaut? After dreaming of the stars, I decided to find out" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/04/astronaut-european-space-agency-stars. 
  71. ↑ "History made: Australian woman Katherine Bennell-Pegg to be trained as an astronaut by European Space Agency". Department of Industry, Science and Resources. 8 March 2023. https://www.industry.gov.au/news/history-made-australian-woman-katherine-bennell-pegg-be-trained-astronaut-european-space-agency. 
  72. ↑ Aschbacher, Josef (18 October 2022). "Samantha Cristoforetti's first news conference after returning to Earth". European Space Agency: min:42-46. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aepkIMeX6i4. 



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