ASTRID

[ ⚑ ] 56°10′3.558″N 10°11′54.369″E / 56.167655°N 10.19843583°E / 56.167655; 10.19843583

Institute for Storage Ring Facilities in Aarhus logo

ASTRID (Aarhus STorage RIng in Demmark) is a particle storage ring at the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Aarhus University. ASTRID was designed, constructed and is operated by the Institute for Storage Ring Facilities in Aarhus (ISA).

History

ASTRID as it looked in 1989 just after the construction of the ring had finished and before any beamlines had been built.

Designs for ASTRID started in 1985.^[1] The original concept for the ring was to store low-energy heavy ions for laser spectroscopic and laser cooling experiments and for atomic collision studies.^[2] It was soon realised during the design phase that it would also be possible to store energetic electron beams in the ring and therefore ASTRID could operate as a synchrotron radiation (SR) source, providing photons in the UV to soft x-ray region. In 1988 the Natural Sciences Faculty at Aarhus University was awarded 16.7 M DKK for establishing an Instrument centre in Synchrotron Radiation Research, thus forming ISA. By late 1989 ASTRID was operating in ion storage mode with the first experiments being carried out on laser cooling a stored beam of Li⁺ ions to 1 mK .^[3]

ASTRID as it looked in 2010

Electrons were first stored in ASTRID in 1991 and by this time two beamlines had been constructed to make use of the synchrotron light, a surface science beamline (SX700) and an x-ray microscope (XM). Ion storage in ASTRID dominated in the early 90s, with many successful experiments storing both positive and negative ions ranging in mass from 1 (hydrogen atom) to 840 (carbon 70 cluster). Meanwhile, the synchrotron radiation based research at ISA was expanding, and by 1995 ASTRID was operated 50% of the time in ion storage mode and 50% for synchrotron radiation. With the construction of the Electrostatic Storage Ring for Ions (ELISA) in 1998, and an increasing demand for synchrotron radiation (by 2000 there were 7 beamlines on ASTRID using the light source), the ion storage runs were gradually reduced, until finally in 2005 ASTRID operated in ion storage mode for the last time. Since then ASTRID has been operating in electron storage mode producing synchrotron radiation throughout the year, with 3 or 4 electron runs, separated by shutdown periods for maintenance and development of the ring.

In December 2008, a contract was awarded to design and build ASTRID2, a 46-meter storage ring which will be built adjacent to ASTRID. Rather than having an electron beam which decays over time, ASTRID2 will be continually "topped up" by a feed from ASTRID, allowing nearly constant current.^[4] It is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. It will generate synchrotron radiation to provide a tunable beam of light, expected to be of "remarkable" quality, with wavelengths from the ultraviolet through to soft x-rays.

Electron storage

ASTRID schematic

The ASTRID storage “ring”, with a circumference of only 40 m, is actually a square, formed by four sets of two 45 degree dipole bending magnets. There are eight pairs of quadrupole magnets used for horizontal and vertical focusing of the electrons and eight pairs of sextupole magnets for chromaticity correction. Electrons are injected via a septum magnet into the ring from a 100 MeV race-track microtron in 4-5 mA pulses, and captured by a 105 MHz RF system which bunches and accelerates the electrons as they pass through the RF cavity. Many of these pulses of electrons are accumulated at 100 MeV to reach more than 180 mA of current in the ring, which then is accelerated to 580 MeV with negligible loss of beam. The lifetime of a stored beam at 160 mA is 100 to 120 hours.

Technical parameters

The table below shows the typical operating parameters for ASTRID when running in electron storage mode.

Parameter	Value
Maximum Energy	580 MeV
Max. Current (2005)	286 mA
Typical Stored Current	180–220 mA
Lifetime (at 160 mA)	100–120 hours
Horizontal emittance	0.14 mm mrad
RF Frequency	104.9 MHz
No. of bunches	14
SR critical energy	0.38 keV
Dipole rigidity	1.9 Tm
Quadrupole max gradient	6.7 T/m

Beamlines on ASTRID

There are eight operational SR beamlines on ASTRID. The characteristics of these beamlines are summarised in the table below and their location shown in the schematic drawing. Please follow the links in the table for further information and descriptions of the individual beamlines.

The ASTRID beamlines^[5]
Station	Source	Spectral Range (λ)^{[nb 1]}			Resolving power	Typical flux (10¹⁰ photons/sec)	Applications
Station	Source	eV	nm	gratings	Resolving power	Typical flux (10¹⁰ photons/sec)	Applications
SGM 1	Bending magnet	30–650	1.9–41	3	5,000–14,000	2	Surface Science
SX700	Bending magnet	6–700	1.8–205	2	200–2,500	1	Surface Science
XRM	Bending magnet	410–830	1.5–3.0	0	2,000	2	X-Ray Microscopy, Imaging
MIYAKE	Undulator	15–180	6.9–83	1	2,000	20	Atomic and Molecular Physics
SGM 2	Undulator	12–40	31–105	1	10,000–20,000	20	Atomic and Molecular Physics
SGM 3	Undulator	8–150	8.3–155	3	15,000	20	Surface Science
UV 1	Bending magnet	1.5–12	105–830	2	1,000–5,000	20	CD Spectroscopy, Photobiology, UV Spectroscopy
CD 1	Bending magnet	1.8–9.9	125–700	1	<500	100	CD Spectroscopy
↑ Conversions between eV and nm are italicized.

References

↑ Stensgaard, R. (1988). "ASTRID – the Aarhus Storage Ring". Physica Scripta 22: 315. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/1988/T22/051. Bibcode: 1988PhST...22..315S.
↑ Hangst, J.S. (1992). "Laser cooling of stored ions in ASTRID: A storage ring for ions and electrons". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 68: 17. doi:10.1016/0168-583X(92)96042-W. Bibcode: 1992NIMPB..68...17H.
↑ Hangst, J. S. (1991). "Laser cooling of a stored ion beam to 1 mK". Physical Review Letters 67 (10): 1238. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1238. PMID 10044095. Bibcode: 1991PhRvL..67.1238H.
↑ "ASTRID2 – The ultimate synchrotron radiation source". Institute for Storage Ring Facilities. 3 September 2009. http://www.isa.au.dk/facilities/astrid2/astrid2.asp. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
↑ "Beamlines on ASTRID". Institute for Storage Ring Facilities. 13 June 2009. http://www.isa.au.dk/facilities/astrid/beamlines/beamlines.asp. Retrieved 2012-04-01.

External links

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[6] Conversions between eV and nm are italicized.

[1] Stensgaard, R. (1988). "ASTRID – the Aarhus Storage Ring". Physica Scripta 22: 315. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/1988/T22/051. Bibcode: 1988PhST...22..315S.

[2] Hangst, J.S. (1992). "Laser cooling of stored ions in ASTRID: A storage ring for ions and electrons". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 68: 17. doi:10.1016/0168-583X(92)96042-W. Bibcode: 1992NIMPB..68...17H.

[3] Hangst, J. S. (1991). "Laser cooling of a stored ion beam to 1 mK". Physical Review Letters 67 (10): 1238. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1238. PMID 10044095. Bibcode: 1991PhRvL..67.1238H.

[4] "ASTRID2 – The ultimate synchrotron radiation source". Institute for Storage Ring Facilities. 3 September 2009. http://www.isa.au.dk/facilities/astrid2/astrid2.asp. Retrieved 2009-01-31.

[5] "Beamlines on ASTRID". Institute for Storage Ring Facilities. 13 June 2009. http://www.isa.au.dk/facilities/astrid/beamlines/beamlines.asp. Retrieved 2012-04-01.

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