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PARAM

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Short description: Indian series of supercomputers

PARAM is a series of supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune, India .[1][2] PARAM means "supreme" in the Sanskrit language, whilst also creating an acronym for "PARAllel Machine".[1] As of June 2021 the fastest machine in the series is the PARAM Siddhi AI which ranks 89th in world with an Rpeak of 5.267 petaflops.[3]

History

Further information: Supercomputing in India

C-DAC was created in November 1987, originally as the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology (C-DACT).[4] This was in response to issues purchasing supercomputers from foreign sources.[5] The Indian Government decided to try and develop indigenous computing technology.[6]

PARAM 8000

The PARAM 8000 was the first machine in the series and was built from scratch.[2] A prototype was benchmarked at the "1990 Zurich Super-computing Show":[note 1] of the machines that ran at the show it came second only to one from the United States.[7]

A 64-node machine was delivered in August 1991.[2][1] Each node used Inmos T800/T805 transputers.[1] A 256-node machine had a theoretical performance of 1GFLOPS, however in practice had a sustained performance of 100-200MFLOPS.[1][2] PARAM 8000 was a distributed memory MIMD architecture with a reconfigurable interconnection network.[8]

The PARAM 8000 was noted to be 28 times more powerful than the Cray X-MP that the government originally requested, for the same $10 million cost quoted for it.[9]

Exports

The computer was a success and was exported to Germany, United Kingdom and Russia.[10] Apart from taking over the home market, PARAM attracted 14 other buyers with its relatively low price tag of $350,000.[11]

The computer was also exported to the ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russia n collaboration.[12][13][14][15]

PARAM 8600

PARAM 8600 was an improvement over PARAM 8000. In 1992 C-DAC realised its machines were underpowered and wished to integrate the newly released Intel i860 processor.[16] Each node was created with one i860 and four Inmos T800 transputers.[8][2][1] The same PARAS programming environment was used for both the PARAM 8000 and 8600; this meant that programs were portable.[2][1] Each 8600 cluster was noted to be as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters.[1]

PARAM 9000

The PARAM 9000 was designed to be merge cluster processing and massively parallel processing computing workloads.[17] It was first demonstrated in 1994.[5] The design was changed to be modular so that newer processors could be easily accommodated.[8] Typically a system used 32–40 processors, however it could be scaled up to 200 CPUs using the clos network topology.[8] The PARAM 9000/SS was the SuperSPARC II processor variant,[18] the PARAM 9000/US used the UltraSPARC processor,[9] and the PARAM 9000/AA used the DEC Alpha.[19]

PARAM 10000

The PARAM 10000 was unveiled in 1998 as part of C-DAC's second mission.[5] PARAM 10000 used several independent nodes, each based on the Sun Enterprise 250 server; each such server contained two 400Mhz UltraSPARC II processors. The base configuration had three compute nodes and a server node. The peak speed of this base system was 6.4 GFLOPS.[20] A typical system would contain 160 CPUs and be capable of 100 GFLOPS[21] But, it was easily scalable to the TFLOP range. Exported to Russia and Singapore.[22]

Further computers

Further computers were made in the PARAM series as one-off supercomputers, rather than serial production machines. From the late 2010s many machines were created as part of the National Supercomputing Mission.

Supercomputer summary

PARAM Timeline
Name Release Year Notes Rmax Rpeak Location
PARAM 8000 1991 Inmos T800 Transputers, Distributed Memory MIMD, 64 processors Multiple
PARAM 8600 1992 Intel i860, 256 processors 5 GFLOPS Multiple
PARAM 9900 1994 clos network. SuperSPARC II, UltraSPARC and DEC Alpha variants, 32 to 200 processors Multiple
PARAM 10000 1998 Sun Enterprise 250, 400Mhz UltraSPARC UltraSPARC II processor, 160 processors 6.4 GFLOPS
PARAM Padma 2002[5] 1TB storage, 248 IBM Power4 – 1 GHz,[5] IBM AIX 5.1L, PARAMNet. PARAM Padma was the first Indian machine ranked on a worldwide supercomputer list.[5] 1024 GFLOPS
PARAM Yuva 2008 4608 cores, Intel 73XX – 2.9 GHz, 25 to 200 TB,[23] PARAMnet 3. 38.1 TFLOPS[24] 54 TFLOPS[24]
PARAM Yuva II 2013 Created in three months at a cost of ₹160 million (US$2 million) - first Indian supercomputer to achieve more than 500 teraflops.[25][26][27] 360.8 TFLOPS[28][29] 524 TFLOPS
PARAM Kanchenjunga[30] 2016 15 TFLOPS
PARAM Brahma[31][32] 2019 1PB storage 0.85 PFLOPS 1.7 PFLOPS IISER Pune
PARAM Siddhi-AI[3] 2020 Nvidia DGX SuperPOD based networking architecture, HPC-AI engine software frame works and cloud platform from C-DAC 4.6 PFLOPS 5.267 PFLOPS C-DAC
PARAM Sanganak[33] 2020 1.67 PFLOPS IIT Kanpur
PARAM Pravega[34][35] 2022 It runs on CentOS 7.x, has 4 petabytes of storage , 3.3 Pflops 3.3 PFLOPS Indian Institute of Science
PARAM Ganga[36] 2022 1.67 PFLOPS IIT Roorkee
PARAM Shakti[37] 2022 1.6 PFLOPS IIT Kharagpur

PARAMNet

PARAMNet is a high speed high bandwidth low latency network developed for the PARAM series. The original PARAMNet used an 8 port cascadable non-blocking switch developed by C-DAC. Each port provided 400 Mb/s in both directions (thus 2x400 Mbit/s) as it was a full-duplex network. It was first used in PARAM 10000.[9]

PARAMNet II, introduced with PARAM Padma, is capable of 2.5 Gbit/s while working full-duplex. It supports interfaces like Virtual Interface Architecture and Active messages. It uses 8 or 16 port SAN switches.[38]

PARAMNet-3, used in PARAM Yuva and PARAM Yuva-II, is next generation high performance networking component for building supercomputing systems. PARAMNet-3 consists of tightly integrated hardware and software components. The hardware components consist of Network Interface Cards (NIC) based on CDAC's fourth generation communication co-processor "GEMINI", and modular 48-port Packet Routing Switch "ANVAY". The software component "KSHIPRA" is a lightweight protocol stack designed to exploit capabilities of hardware and to provide industry standard interfaces to the applications. Other application areas identified for deployment of PARAMNet-3 are storage and database applications.[39]

Operators

PARAM supercomputers are used by both public and private[23] operators for various purposes. As of 2008, 52 PARAMs have been deployed. Of these, 8 are located in Russia , Singapore, Germany and Canada . PARAMs have also been sold to Tanzania, Armenia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Ghana, Myanmar, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This is likely the CONPAR 90 - VAPP IV, Joint International Conference on Vector and Parallel Processing, which took place in Zurich, Switzerland, 10–13 September 1990. The statement is difficult to fully attest to other than the referenced article. The proceedings of the conference can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53065-7

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Patnaik, LM. "High Performance Computing in India and Far-East". https://open.unido.org/api/documents/4807303/download/HIGH%20PERFORMANCE%20COMPUTING%20IN%20INDIA%20AND%20FAR-EAST%20%2821339.en%29. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Kahaner, D.K. (1996). "Parallel computing in India". IEEE Parallel & Distributed Technology: Systems & Applications 4 (3): 7–11. doi:10.1109/88.532134. ""L.M. Patnaik developed a significant amount of the factual material for this report."". 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Indias AI supercomputer Param Siddhi 63rd among top 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world". Department of Science and Technology. https://dst.gov.in/indias-ai-supercomputer-param-siddhi-63rd-among-top-500-most-powerful-non-distributed-computer#:~:text=Param%20Siddhi%2C%20the%20high%20performance,on%2016th%20November%202020.. 
  4. ↑ Delapierre, Michel; Zimmermann, Jean-Benoît (1989). "La nouvelle politique industrielle : le cas de l'informatique". Tiers-Monde 30 (119): 559–576. doi:10.3406/tiers.1989.3862. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Sinha, P. K.; Dixit, S. P.; Mohanram, N.; Purohit, S. C.; Arora, R. K.; Ramakrishnan, S. (2004). "Current state and future trends in high performance computing and communications (HPCC) research in India". Proceedings. 10th IEEE International Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems, 2004: 217–220. doi:10.1109/FTDCS.2004.1316619. ISBN 0-7695-2118-5. 
  6. ↑ Beary, Habib (25 April 1999). "India unveils huge supercomputer". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2906865.stm. "India began developing supercomputers in the late 1980s after being refused one by the US." 
  7. ↑ "God, Man And Machine". PARAM SUKHADIA India. 1 July 1998. http://archive.outlookbusiness.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=102117. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Zelkowitz, Marvin V. (1997). Advances in Computers, Volume 44. p. 186. ISBN 9780080566764. https://books.google.com/books?id=GXcFxFEzJjQC&q=param%208000&pg=PA186. Retrieved 15 September 2011. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Rajaraman, V. (1999). Super computers. Hyderabad: Universities Press (India). p. 75. ISBN 978-8173710971. https://books.google.com/books?id=y9Nxe0SPeVkC. Retrieved 15 September 2011. 
  10. ↑ "Only protected usable knowledge can create wealth.". Thehindubusinessline.com. 26 February 2001. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/02/26/stories/102618ma.htm. 
  11. ↑ "CRAY DEAL A CASUALTY OF ATOMIC WEAPON FEARS". https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1993/03/19/cray-deal-a-casualty-of-atomic-weapon-fears/24f11e87-effe-4a2c-8976-d3d844cb4275/. 
  12. ↑ "C-DAC furthering ties with ICAD, Moscow: From PARAM 8000 to PARAM 10000". Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). http://www.cdac.in/html/about/success/moscow.aspx. 
  13. ↑ "Supercomputer being developed at Pune, Bangalore will be ready in 6 months". Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). http://www.cdac.in/html/press/1q06/spot563.aspx. "...giving India her first indigenous supercomputer in 1991 (PARAM 8000)" 
  14. ↑ "Digital India Week". https://cdac.in/index.aspx?id=aboutus_digital_india_week. 
  15. ↑ "The Little Known Story of How India's First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991" (in en-US). The Better India. 13 January 2017. http://www.thebetterindia.com/82076/india-first-supercomputer-param-cdac-vijay-bhatkar/. 
  16. ↑ Bhatkar, V.P. (April 1994). "PARAM parallel supercomputer: architecture, programming environment, and applications". Proceedings of 8th International Parallel Processing Symposium: 388–389. doi:10.1109/IPPS.1994.288273. ISBN 0-8186-5602-6. 
  17. ↑ Mohan, RN. "A Microkernel Based Operating System for PARAM 9000". http://gridbus.csse.unimelb.edu.au/~raj/papers/mkernel.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Van der Steen, Aad J.; Dongarra, Jack J (1995). Overview of recent supercomputers. National Computing Facilities Foundation (Netherlands). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2810620. 
  19. ↑ Harkar, A.; Shaligram, A.D.; Ghaisas, S.V.; Sundararajan, V. (December 1996). "Monte Carlo device simulation on PARAM". Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC): 33–35. doi:10.1109/HIPC.1996.565792. ISBN 0-8186-7557-8. 
  20. ↑ Abraham; Baets; Köppen (2006). Applied soft computing technologies: the challenge of complexity. Springer. p. 54. ISBN 9783540316626. https://books.google.com/books?id=xYgCFX6VnT8C&q=param%2010000&pg=PA54. Retrieved 15 September 2011. 
  21. ↑ Ram, B. (December 2009). Computer Fundamentals, Architecture & Organisation. New Age International. pp. 1–20. ISBN 9788122420432. https://books.google.com/books?id=ICjqr6V9S6UC&q=param%20padma&pg=SA1-PA20. Retrieved 15 September 2011. 
  22. ↑ "Rediff on the Net, Infotech: Exporting speed". Rediff.com. 28 September 1999. http://www.rediff.com/computer/1999/sep/28param.htm. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "PARAM Yuva supercomputer now open to private sector". Indian Express. 26 February 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2906865.stm. "With an enhanced storage capacity of 200 TB from 25 TB, a large number of users can use it for data processing and storage at the same time." 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Top500: "PARAM Yuva" Cluster (Performance)". http://www.top500.org/system/performance/9746. 
  25. ↑ "C-DAC unveils India's fastest supercomputer". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-09/infrastructure/37007113_1_petaflop-supercomputer-dac. 
  26. ↑ "India's fastest supercomputer 'Param Yuva II' unveiled". DNA India. 8 February 2013. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-s-fastest-supercomputer-param-yuva-ii-unveiled_1797925. 
  27. ↑ "C-DAC unveils India's fastest supercomputer Param Yuva II". The Economic Times. 9 February 2013. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/c-dac-unveils-indias-fastest-supercomputer-param-yuva-ii/articleshow/18411041.cms. 
  28. ↑ "C-DAC launches India's fastest supercomputer; becomes first R&D institution in India to cross 500 teraflops milestone". Information Week. 9 February 2013. http://www.informationweek.in/software/13-02-09/c-dac_launches_india_s_fastest_supercomputer_becomes_first_r_d_institution_in_india_to_cross_500_teraflops_milestone.aspx. 
  29. ↑ "C-DAC reaffirms India's position on supercomputing map with PARAM Yuva - II". CDAC. http://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl210. 
  30. ↑ "PARAM Kanchenjunga inaugurated at NIT Sikkim". https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl228. 
  31. ↑ "PARAM Brahma will allow scientists to address complex scientific problems". 29 September 2019. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/param-brahma-will-allow-scientists-to-address-complex-scientific-problems-6037829/. 
  32. ↑ "IISER Pune Research Facilities". 27 March 2022. https://www.iiserpune.ac.in/research/research-facilities. 
  33. ↑ "IIT Kanpur signs an MoU with CDAC for establishing PARAM SANGANAK". 12 October 2020. https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/param-sanganak. 
  34. ↑ "Indian Institute of Science". https://iisc.ac.in/events/param-pravega-an-nsm-supercomputer-at-iisc/. 
  35. ↑ "For Traditional HPC Simulations: Param Pravega – SUPERCOMPUTER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CENTRE". http://www.serc.iisc.ac.in/supercomputer/for-traditional-hpc-simulations-param-pravega/. 
  36. ↑ "Petascale Supercomputer "PARAM Ganga" established at IIT Roorkee under National Supercomputing Mission". https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1803833. 
  37. ↑ "IIT Kharagpur". http://www.hpc.iitkgp.ac.in/HPCF/paramShakti.  Inaugurated on 27 March 2022
  38. ↑ Singh, Ashok Kumar (July 2007). Science And Technology For Civil Service. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 216. ISBN 9780070655485. https://books.google.com/books?id=CzV1MgFH6oMC&q=paramnet&pg=PA217. Retrieved 15 September 2011. 
  39. ↑ "PARAMNet3". https://cdac.in/index.aspx?id=hpc_ss_paramnet3. "PARAMNet-3, a high performance clusters interconnect developed indigenously by CDAC." 
  40. ↑ "C-DAC Press Release: Faster PARAM to take on US supercomputer". http://www.cdac.in/html/press/3q09/spot687.aspx. 

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