Glossary of Chinese philosophy

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This is a Glossary of Chinese philosophy. Template:Compact TOC The glossary of Chinese philosophy offers an alphabetically organized overview of concepts, schools, texts, and figures that have shaped Chinese intellectual, philosophical, and spiritual traditions from antiquity to modern times. It covers classical Confucian, Daoist, Legalist, and Buddhist thought, as well as later philosophical developments, scholarly debates, and political and cultural movements. The glossary includes key concepts, canonical texts, historical figures, philosophers, scholars, and modern interpreters of Chinese thought, also from outside of China. It provides terms of ethical, metaphysical, and political ideas, along with references to relevant schools, debates, and interpretations. By presenting both well-known doctrines and less-studied figures and traditions, the glossary illustrates the diversity, evolution, and interconnectedness of Chinese intellectual history. Entries often include alternate names, transliterations, and historical context to help readers navigate the complex landscape of Chinese philosophy, religion, and scholarship.

Glossary

Note: The alphabetical glossary contains a mixture of Chinese terms (in Pinyin transcription) and Western terms. Entries are sorted strictly alphabetically, which means the order does not always follow the conventional sequence of Chinese vocabulary by Pinyin syllables. Umlauted vowels (e.g., “ü”) are alphabetized according to the standard English alphabetical order, as if the umlauts were not present. Wherever possible, Chinese subject terms ideally are presented with simplified characters, traditional characters, and Pinyin.

A

Abaev, Nikolai: Nikolai Vyacheslavovich Abaev (1949–2020), Soviet and Russian sinologist and buddhologist and a figure in Zen (Chan)-Buddhism, with Mihail Titarenko one of the editors of the Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary of Chinese Philosophy (Kitayskaya filosofiya. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar').

Abel-Rémusat, Jean-Pierre: Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat (1788–1832), French sinologist and pioneering scholar of Chinese studies.

Absolute (Buddhism): Absolute 真如 zhēnrú, the (Buddhist) Absolute; see also Bhūtatathatā.

Academy of Chinese Culture: Academy of Chinese Culture (Zhongguo wenhua shuyuan 中国文化书院), founded in 1984, an academic institution devoted to the study and preservation of traditional Chinese culture.

Ai Siqi: Ai Siqi 艾思奇 (1910–1966), Chinese Marxist philosopher known for his systematic introduction of Marxist theory in China.

Akatsuka Kiyoshi: Akatsuka Kiyoshi 赤塚忠 (1913–1983), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy and translator of classical texts.

Alekseyev, Vasily Mikhaylovich: Vasily Mikhaylovich Alekseyev (1881–1951), Russian sinologist, translator, and researcher of classical Chinese literature and art.

Amiot, Joseph-Marie: Joseph-Marie Amiot (1718–1793), French Jesuit missionary to China and translator who helped introduce Chinese culture to Europe.

Analects, The: Lunyu 论语, (Confucian) Analects.

Anarchism in China: Anarchism in China, the development of anarchist ideas and movements in China since the late 19th century.

An Shigao: An Shigao 安世高, Parthian Buddhist monk of the 2nd century and one of the earliest translators of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese.

Apokrypha: See weishu, chenwei. Refers to Confucian apocryphal texts (weishu / chenwei) providing supplementary interpretations of the classics.

Araki Kengo: Araki Kengo 荒木見悟 (1917–2017), Japanese philosopher and historian of Daoism and Chinese intellectual history.

authenticity: authenticity / truthfulness. Sincerity or integrity in Confucian ethics, see cheng 誠 [诚] chéng.

Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana: Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana, Sanskrit: Mahāyāna śraddhotpādaśāstra; 大乘起信論 Dàshéng qǐxìn lùn, influential Buddhist text.

B

badao: Way of the Despot. 霸道 bàdào

Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra: Prabodh Chandra Bagchi (1898–1956), Indian scholar of Sanskrit and Chinese studies, known for his research on Buddhist texts.

bagua: bagua 八卦, the eight symbolic trigrams in Daoist cosmology. See gua.

Baihutong: Baihutong 白虎通, The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall, debates between Old Text and New Text scholars.

Bailianjiao: Bailianjiao 白蓮教, White Lotus School, a syncretic religious movement in China.

Balazs, Étienne: Étienne Balazs (1905–1963), Hungarian-French sinologist specializing in Chinese social and legal history.

Ban Gu: Ban Gu 班固 (32–92), Chinese historian and author of the Book of Han (Han Shu).

Bao Jingyan: Bao Jingyan 鲍敬言 (? 278–342), early Chinese Taoist philosopher known for proto-anarchist ideas.

Baojuan: Baojuan 宝卷, “Precious Scrolls,” a genre of popular religious literature in China.

bashi: bashi 八识 bāshí. Eight Types of Consciousness in Buddhist psychology.

being and non-being: you-wu 有无 [有無] yǒuwú, being and non-being; philosophical concept in Chinese thought.

Belousov, Sergei Romanovich: Sergei Romanovich Belousov (1957–), Russian sinologist and scholar of Chinese philosophy.

benevolence: benevolence, ren 仁 rén, a key Confucian virtue emphasizing humaneness and moral goodness.

Bichurin, Nikita Yakovlevich (Hyacinth): Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin (1777–1853), Russian sinologist and translator of Chinese historical and religious texts.

bingjia: bingjia 兵家, School of the Military Strategists, ancient Chinese school of thought on warfare.

Biot, Jean-Baptiste: Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774–1862), French physicist and mathematician who also studied Chinese astronomy.

Blyth, Reginald Horace: Reginald Horace Blyth (1898–1964), British scholar known for his translations of Zen literature.

Bodde, Derk: Derk Bodde (1909–2003), American sinologist specializing in Chinese legal and political history.

Bodhidharma: Bodhidharma, Indian monk traditionally credited with bringing Chan (Zen) Buddhism to China.

body; form: body; form. See xing 形 xíng, the physical or material aspect of a being or object.

Book of Changes: See Book of Changes.

Book of Documents: See Book of Documents.

Book of Lord Shang: Shangjun shu 商君书, “Book of Lord Shang,” Legalist writings attributed to Shang Yang.

Book of Poetry: See Shijing.

Book of Rites of Zhou: See Zhouli 周礼[周禮] Zhōulǐ, Classical text on Zhou dynasty ritual and governance.

Book of Songs: See Shijing.

Borexue: Borexue 般若学, Study of Prajna, the wisdom literature and philosophy in Mahayana Buddhism.

Borokh, Lilia Nikolaevna: Lilia Nikolaevna Borokh (1933–2011), Russian scholar of Chinese philosophy and literature.

Bo Yangfu: Bo Yangfu 伯阳父 (?–?), early Chinese figure of the late Zhou Dynasty, explained earthquakes through the movement of Yin and Yang forces.

Buddhism: Buddhism, religion and philosophy originating in India, emphasizing the path to enlightenment.

Burov, Vladilen Georgievich: Vladilen Georgievich Burov (1931–), Russian sinologist and scholar of Chinese history.

C

Cai Mo: Cai Mo 蔡谟 (281–356), Jin dynasty scholar and official, known for his Confucian writings and moral integrity.

Cai Shen: Cai Shen [= Cai Chen] 蔡沈 (1167–1230), Song dynasty scholar and government official noted for literary and historical works.

Cai Yuanding: Cai Yuanding 蔡元定 (1135–1198), Song dynasty scholar and official, known for contributions to Confucian thought.

Cai Yuanpei: Cai Yuanpei 蔡元培 (1868–1940), Chinese educator and reformer, president of Peking University, advocate of modern education and academic freedom.

calm: calm 静 jìng. See dongjing 动静, calmness or stillness, often in Daoist or meditative contexts.

Canon of Changes: See Zhouyi, Book of Changes.

Canon of Dao and De: See Daode jing.

Canon of Documents: See Book of Documents.

Canon of Filial Piety: See Xiaojing.

Canon of Mountains and Seas: See Shanhai jing.

Canon of Songs: See Shijing.

Canon of the Great Balance: See Taiping jing.

Canon of the Yellow Emperor’s Inner Medicine: See Huangdi neijing.

Cao-Dong school: Cao-Dong school 曹洞宗 (Cao-Dong zong), one of the major schools of Chan (Zen) Buddhism in China.

Cao Duan: Cao Duan 曹端 (1376–1434), Ming dynasty scholar, historian, and official.

Cause: yuanqi 元气 / 元氣 yuánqì Cause, often in metaphysical or philosophical contexts. See also Mojia.

ceremonies: ceremonies. See li 礼, ritual.

Chan Wing-tsit: Chan Wing-tsit (1901–1994), Chinese-American philosopher and translator of Chinese philosophy, including Confucian and Taoist texts.

Chavannes, Édouard: Édouard Chavannes (1865–1918), French sinologist and epigrapher, known for studies of Chinese history and texts.

Chiang Kai-shek: Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975), Chairman of the Kuomintang and head of the nationalist government on the Chinese mainland and in Taiwan.

Chanxue: Chanxue 禅学 / 禪學 Chánxué, the study and practice of Chan (Zen) Buddhism in China.

Chan school: Chan school 禅宗 / 禪宗 Chánzōng, one of the most influential Chinese Buddhist schools, emphasizing meditation and direct insight.

Chen Chun: Chen Chun 陈淳 (1153–1217), Ming dynasty scholar and poet, part of the literati tradition.

Chen Duxiu: Chen Duxiu 陈独秀 (1879–1942), Chinese revolutionary and co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party.

Chen Fuliang: Chen Fuliang 陈傅良 (1137–1203), Song dynasty scholar and government official.

cheng: cheng 诚 [誠] chéng. sincerity, honesty, or authenticity; a key Confucian virtue.

Cheng brothers: Cheng brothers, Er Cheng 二程, refers to Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, prominent Song dynasty Neo-Confucian philosophers.

Cheng Hao: Cheng Hao 程颢 (1032–1085), Song dynasty philosopher, elder brother of Cheng Yi, key figure in Neo-Confucianism.

Chengshi school: Chengshi school 成实宗 (Chengshi zong), “School of Understanding the Truth,” a Tang–Song philosophical school emphasizing epistemology and ontology.

Chen Guojun: Chen Guojun 陈国钧 (1926–), modern Chinese historian and scholar.

Cheng Yi: Cheng Yi 程颐 (1033–1107), Song dynasty philosopher, Neo-Confucian thinker, younger brother of Cheng Hao.

Cheng Xuanying: Cheng Xuanying 成玄英 (?–?), early Tang dynasty philosopher and Daoist scholar.

Cheng-Zhu school: Cheng-Zhu school 程朱学派. Cheng [brothers] - Zhu [Xi] school (Cheng-Zhu xuepai 程朱学派), a Neo-Confucian tradition uniting the teachings of Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao (11th–12th c., Luoyang School) and Zhu Xi (12th c., Kaoting School).

Chen Huan: Chen Huan 陳奐 (1786–1863), Qing dynasty scholar and official.

Chen Jian: Chen Jian 陈建 (1497–1567), Ming dynasty Neo-Confucian philosopher.

Chen Jianfu: Chen Jianfu 陳健夫 (1913–), modern Chinese scholar.

Chen Li (1809–1869): Chen Li 陈立 (1809–1869), Qing dynasty scholar.

Chen Li (1810–1882): Chen Li 陈澧/陳澧 (1810–1882), also known as Chen Lanfu, Qing dynasty scholar.

Chen Lifu: Chen Lifu 陈立夫 (1900–2001), Chinese politician and Kuomintang leader.

Chen Qitian: Chen Qitian 陳啓天 (1893–1984), Chinese historian and scholar.

Chen Quan: Chen Quan 陈铨 (1903–1969), Chinese scholar.

Chen Que: Chen Que 陈确 (1604–1677), scholar and official of the late Ming and early Qing.

Chen Shouqi: Chen Shouqi 陈寿祺 (1771–1834), Qing dynasty scholar.

Chen Tianhua: Chen Tianhua 陳天華/陈天华 (1875–1905), Chinese revolutionary and writer.

Chen Wangdao: Chen Wangdao 陈望道 (1891–1977), Chinese scholar and translator, first to translate the Communist Manifesto into Chinese.

chenwei: chenwei 谶纬 [讖緯] chènwěi. Prophetic and apocryphal texts in ancient China.

Chen Xianzhang: Chen Xianzhang 陈献章 (1428–1500), Ming dynasty scholar and official.

Chen Yinke: Chen Yinke 陳寅恪 (1890–1969), renowned Chinese historian and philologist.

Chen Yuan: Chen Yuan 陈垣 (1880–1971), Chinese historian specializing in Buddhism.

Chen Zhongfan: Chen Zhongfan 陈中凡 (1888–1982), Chinese scholar.

Chinese Philosophical Society: Chinese Philosophical Society 中国哲学会 Zhōngguó zhéxué huì, society for the study of Chinese philosophy.

Julia Ching: Julia Ching 秦家懿 (1934–2001), Canadian-Chinese scholar of Confucianism, also known as Qin Jiayi.

Christianity in China: Christianity in China, history and development of Christian communities in China.

Chung-ying Cheng: Chung-ying Cheng 成中英 (1935–), modern Chinese-American philosopher, also known as Cheng Zhongying, specializing in comparative philosophy.

Chunqiu: Chunqiu 春秋 Chūnqiū, Spring and Autumns Annals, historical chronicle of the State of Lu.

Classic of the Secret Talisman: See Yinfujing.

Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall: Baihutong 白虎通, Po Hu T’ung.

Confucius: Confucius 孔子 Kǒngzǐ, Chinese philosopher and founder of Confucianism.

Couvreur, Séraphin: Séraphin Couvreur (1835–1919), French Jesuit sinologist and translator of Chinese classics.

Cordier, Henri: Henri Cordier (1849–1925), French sinologist and bibliographer.

Creel, Herrlee Glessner: Herrlee Glessner Creel (1905–1994), American sinologist, expert on Confucianism and Chinese philosophy.

Cui Shi (ca. 170): Cui Shi 崔寔 (?–ca. 170), early Chinese scholar.

Cui Shi (1852–1924): Cui Shi 崔適 (1852–1924), Qing dynasty scholar and government official.

D

dade: dade 大德 dàdé “Great virtue,” a moral and ethical concept in Confucianism.

Dai De: Dai De 戴德 (?–?), early Chinese scholar.

Dai Jitao: Dai Jitao 戴季陶 (1891–1949), Chinese politician, revolutionary, and early Kuomintang theorist.

Dai Kui: Dai Kui 戴逵 (? 331–395), Jin dynasty scholar and official.

Dai Sheng: Dai Sheng 戴圣 [戴聖] (?–?), also Xiao Dai (小戴), Han dynasty scholar and Confucian commentator.

Danilevsky, Nikolay Yakovlevich: Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky (1822–1885), Russian philosopher and historian.

Dan Zhu: Dan Zhu 啖助 (724–770), Tang dynasty figure.

dao: dao 道 dào “Way,” central concept in Daoism referring to the ultimate principle of the universe.

Dao'an: Dao'an 道安 (312–385), Buddhist monk and scholar, influential in early Chinese Buddhism.

Daodejing: Daodejing 道德经 [道德經] Dàodéjīng, foundational Daoist text attributed to Laozi.

Daoism: Daoism 道 dào; 道教 Dàojiào, Chinese philosophical and religious tradition emphasizing harmony with the Dao.

Daosheng: Daosheng / Dao Sheng 道生 (? 355–343), early Buddhist scholar in China.

daotong: daotong 道统 [道統] dàotǒng Confucian orthodoxy or lineage of the Way.

Daozang: Daozang 道藏 Dàozàng, Daoist Canon, a collection of Daoist scriptures.

Dark Learning: Dark Learning 玄学 xuánxué. See xuanxue, Neo-Daoist metaphysics.

Dasheng qixin lun: Dasheng qixin lun 大乘起信论, Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana, a key Mahayana Buddhist text.

datong: datong 大同 dàtóng, “Great Harmony,” an ideal political utopia in Confucian thought.

Daxue: Daxue 大学 / 大學 Dàxué. Great Learning, one of the Four Books in Confucianism, focusing on moral cultivation and governance.

Dazangjing: Dazangjing 大藏经 / 大藏經 Dàzàngjīng, Buddhist canon and collection of scriptures.

de: de 德 dé. Morality, virtue, or moral power.

de Bary, Wm. Theodore: Wm. Theodore de Bary (1919–2017), American scholar of East Asian philosophy and Confucianism.

Debate on Problems and Isms: Debate on Problems and Isms 问题与主义论战 (Wèntí yǔ zhǔyì lùnzhàn, 1919).

Debate on Salt and Iron: See Yantie lun 盐铁论, Han dynasty policy debate.

Debate on Science and Metaphysics: Debate on Science and Metaphysics 科学与人生观论战, intellectual debate in China in 1923.

Debate on Socialism 社会主义论战: Debate on Socialism 社会主义论战, political and ideological debate in early 20th-century China.

Deljussin, Lew Petrowitsch: Lew Petrowitsch Deljussin (1923–2013), Russian sinologist.

Demiéville, Paul: Paul Demiéville (1894–1979), French sinologist and scholar of Chinese Buddhism.

Deng Mu: Deng Mu 鄧牧 (1247–1306), Yuan dynasty scholar.

Deng Xi: Deng Xi 邓析 (545–501 BCE), early Chinese philosopher and legalist thinker.

Deng Xiaoping: Deng Xiaoping 邓小平 / 鄧小平 (1904–1997), Chinese revolutionary and paramount leader of the People’s Republic of China.

Deng Xizi: Deng Xizi 邓析子 / 鄧析子, collection of writings attributed to Master Deng Xi.

Dewey, John: John Dewey (1859–1952), American philosopher and educational reformer.

Dharmadhatu: Dharmadhatu 法界 fajie, the Buddhist concept of the “realm of reality.”

Ding Wenjiang: Ding Wenjiang 丁文江 (1887–1936), Chinese geologist and scholar.

Discussion on Democracy and Dictatorship: Discussion on Democracy and Dictatorship 民主与独裁的讨论, see also Chen Zhimai 陈之迈 (1908–1978).

Doctrine of Immortality: Doctrine of Immortality. See xianxue 仙学 [仙學], Daoist studies of immortality.

doctrine of non-interference: doctrine of non-interference; inaction, 无为 [無為] wúwéi, concept of effortless action, see wei.

Doctrine of Principle: See lixue 理学 [理學], Confucian school of idealistic philosophy.

Doctrine of Symbols and Numbers: Doctrine of Symbols and Numbers. See xiangshu zhi xue 象数之学, numerology and symbolism in Chinese thought.

Doctrine of the Heart: See xinxue 心学 / 心學 xīnxué, Neo-Confucian philosophy of the mind/heart.

dongjing: dongjing 动静 / 動靜 dòngjing. The interplay of movement and stillness.

Donglin school: Donglin school 东林学派, Confucian reformist school during the late Ming dynasty.

Dong Zhongshu: Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 (179–104 BCE), Han dynasty Confucian scholar and political thinker.

Dorofeyeva, Vera Vitalyevna: Vera Vitalyevna Dorofeyeva (1960–), Russian scholar of Chinese studies.

Duan Yucai: Duan Yucai 段玉裁 (1735–1815), Qing dynasty philologist and commentator on classical texts.

Dubs, Homer H.: Homer H. Dubs (1892–1969), American sinologist specializing in Han dynasty history.

Du Guangting: Du Guangting 杜光庭 (850–933), Tang dynasty Daoist scholar and religious writer.

Du Guoxiang: Du Guoxiang 杜国庠 (1889–1961), Chinese scholar and educator.

Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste: Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (1674–1743), French Jesuit geographer and sinologist.

Du Lin: Du Lin 杜林 (?–47), early historical figure in Chinese tradition.

Duoyuan renshilun: Duoyuan renshilun 多元认识论 / 多元認識論 (duōyuǎn rènshilùn), pluralistic epistemology; see also Zhang Dongsun 张东荪 (1886–1973).

Dushun: Dushun 杜顺 [杜順] (557–640), founder of the Tiantai school of Chinese Buddhism.

Du Weiming: Du Weiming 杜维明 (1940–), modern Chinese philosopher, leading figure in Confucian revival.

Du Yu: Du Yu 杜预 [杜預] (222–285), Jin dynasty general and scholar, known for commentary on the Zuozhuan.

Duyvendak, Jan J. L.: Jan J. L. Duyvendak (1889–1954), Dutch sinologist and scholar of Chinese classics.

Du Zichun: Du Zichun 杜子春 (ca. 30 BCE–ca. 58 CE), Daoist immortal and figure in Chinese legend.

E

Eberhard, Wolfram: Wolfram Eberhard (1909–1989), German sociologist and sinologist, known for his studies of Chinese folklore and popular culture.

Eclectic school: Eclectic school, zajia 杂家 [雜家] zájiā, a school of thought in ancient China combining ideas from Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.

effort: effort. Spiritual cultivation or disciplined practice, see gongfu.

eight consciousnesses: eight consciousnesses bashi 八识 [八識] bāshí, the eight consciousnesses in Buddhism.

emptiness: emptiness, a fundamental concept in Buddhist philosophy. See xu 虚 [虛] xū, kong 空 kōng.

enlightenment: enlightenment. See Chanxue 禅学 / 禪學 Chánxué, Chan School, Lingji-School, Liuzu tanjing, Huineng, Zhiyi, spiritual awakening or enlightenment in Buddhism.

erdi: erdi 二谛, “twofold truth,” a Buddhist doctrine distinguishing conventional and ultimate truth.

Ermakov, Mikhail Yevgenyevich: Mikhail Yevgenyevich Ermakov (1947–2005), scholar.

Escarra, Jean: Jean Escarra (1885–1955), French legal scholar and sinologist, specialist in Chinese law and legal history.

European Enlightenment: Enlightenment in Europe in the 17th–18th centuries.

F

fa: fa 法 fǎ law, principle, or norm; central concept in Chinese philosophy and governance.

Fairbank, John King: John King Fairbank (1907–1991), American historian and leading scholar of modern Chinese history.

Fajia: Fajia 法家 Fǎjiā, Legalist school of Chinese philosophy emphasizing law and statecraft.

fajie: fajie 法界. Dharmadhatu, the “realm of reality” in Buddhist philosophy.

Fan Chi: Fan Chi 樊迟 (515 BCE–?), disciple of Confucius.

Fang Dongmei: Fang Dongmei 方東美 (Thomé H. Fang, 1899–1977), Chinese philosopher, Neo-Confucian thinker, and educator.

Fang Dongshu: Fang Dongshu 方东树 [方東樹] (1772–1851), Qing dynasty scholar.

Fang Keli: Fang Keli 方克立 (1938–2020), contemporary Chinese philosopher.

Fang Litian: Fang Litian 方立天 (1933–2014), Chinese philosopher and scholar of Confucianism.

Fang Yizhi: Fang Yizhi 方以智 (1611–1671), Ming–Qing philosopher and scientist.

Fan Li: Fan Li 范蠡 (?–?), statesman and economist of the late Spring and Autumn period.

Fan Sun: Also Fan Xun 樊逊 [樊遜], military strategist of the Three Kingdoms period.

Fan Wenlan: Fan Wenlan 范文澜 (1893–1969), Chinese historian and author of modern Chinese history texts.

Fan Ye: Fan Ye 范曄 (398–445), historian and author of the Book of the Later Han (Hou Han Shu).

Fan Zhen: Fan Zhen 范縝 (ca. 450–515), Chinese philosopher and critic of Buddhism.

Fan Zhongyan: Fan Zhongyan 范仲淹 (989–1052), Song dynasty statesman, scholar, and reformer.

Faxian: Faxian 法显 (337–422), Chinese Buddhist monk and pilgrim to India.

Faxian zong: Faxian zong 法性宗, Buddhist school related to the Faxing tradition.

Faxing School: Faxing School Faxing pai 法性派, school of Buddhist thought focusing on the intrinsic nature of dharma.

fa·shu·shi: fa shu shi 法·术·势 fǎ shù shì, “Law, Technique, and Power,” a framework in Legalist thought.

Fazang: Fazang 法藏 (643–712), Tang dynasty Buddhist monk, key figure in the Huayan school.

Fedorenko, Nikolai Trofimovich: Nikolai Trofimovich Fedorenko (1912–2000), Russian sinologist.

Fei Gong: Fei Gong 费巩 (1905–1945), Chinese scholar.

Fei Mi: Fei Mi 費密 (1623–1699), Chinese scholar.

Fei Zhi: Fei Zhi 费直 (?–?), early Chinese figure.

Feng Ding: Feng Ding 冯定 (1902–1983), Chinese historian and philosopher.

Feng Guifen: Feng Guifen 冯桂芬 (1809–1875), Qing dynasty reformist and scholar.

fengliu: fengliu 风流 [風流] fēngliú “Wind and flow,” term describing elegance, charm, or cultural refinement.

Feng Qi: Feng Qi 冯契 (1915–1995), Chinese scholar.

Feng Youlan: Feng Youlan 冯友兰 [馮友蘭] (1895–1990), Chinese philosopher and historian of philosophy.

Feoktistov, Vitaly Fyodorovich: Vitaly Fyodorovich Feoktistov (1930–2005), Russian scholar of Chinese studies.

Fishman, Olga Lazarevna: Olga Lazarevna Fishman (1919–1986), Russian sinologist.

Five Classics: Five Classics; Five Canonical Works. See Wujing 五经 [五經] Wǔjīng, the five classical Confucian texts.

Five Elements: Five Elements. See wuxing [1] 五行 wǔxíng, the Five Elements theory in Chinese cosmology.

Forke, Alfred: Alfred Forke (1867–1944), German sinologist.

form: form 形 xíng. The physical or material form in Chinese philosophy.

Four Books: Four Books. Sishu 四书 / 四書 Sìshū, core Confucian texts.

Franke, Otto: Otto Franke (1863–1946), German sinologist and historian of China.

Fu, Charles Wei-hsun: Charles Wei-hsun Fu 傅偉勲 (1933–1996), Chinese-American scholar of philosophy.

Fu Jia: Fu Jia 傅嘏 (209–255), scholar and official of the Three Kingdoms period.

Fukui Kōjun: Fukui Kōjun 福井康順 (1898–1991), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Fukunaga Mitsuji: Fukunaga Mitsuji 福永光司 (1918–2001), Japanese sinologist.

Fu Qian: Fu Qian 服虔 (?–?), historical Chinese figure.

Fu Qiubo: Fu Qiubo 浮丘伯, historical figure in early China.

Fu Shan: Fu Shan 傅山 (1607–1684), Ming–Qing scholar and calligrapher.

Fu Sheng: Fu Sheng 伏勝 (?–?), Confucian scholar of the Han dynasty.

Fu Tongxian: Fu Tongxian 傅统先 / 傅統先 (1910–1985), Chinese scholar.

Fu Tun: Fu Tun 腹䵍 (?–?), historical Chinese figure.

Fuxi: Fuxi 伏羲 Fúxī, legendary founder of Chinese civilization and culture.

Fu Xuan: Fu Xuan 傅玄, Jin dynasty scholar and poet.

Fu Yi: Fu Yi 傅奕 (555–639), scholar and official of the Sui–Tang transition period.

G

Gao Panlong: Gao Panlong 高攀龙 (1562–1626), Ming dynasty painter known for bird-and-flower paintings.

Gaoseng zhuan: Gaoseng zhuan 高僧传, Memoirs of Eminent Monks, biographies of Buddhist monks compiled by Huijiao.

Gaotang Sheng: Gaotang Sheng 高堂生, Confucian scholar of the Former Han dynasty.

Gao Xiang: Gao Xiang 高相, historical Chinese figure.

Gao You: Gao You 高诱 [高誘], Eastern Han scholar and commentator, known for annotating classic texts.

Gaozi: Gaozi 告子, “Master Gao,” early Chinese philosopher and representative of the Gao school of Confucianism.

Gaubil, Antoine: Antoine Gaubil (1689–1759), French Jesuit and sinologist.

Ge Hong: Ge Hong 葛洪 (284–363), Daoist philosopher and alchemist of the Eastern Jin dynasty.

Georgievsky, Sergey Mikhailovich: Sergey Mikhailovich Georgievsky (1851–1893), Russian scholar of Chinese studies.

Gernet, Jacques: Jacques Gernet (1921–2018), French sinologist and historian of Chinese civilization.

Giles, Herbert Allen: Herbert Allen Giles (1845–1935), British sinologist and translator of Chinese classics.

Goldsmith, Oliver: Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774), Anglo-Irish writer, sometimes referenced in comparative studies of China in the 18th century.

Golygina, Kirina Ivanovna: Kirina Ivanovna Golygina (1935–1999), Russian sinologist.

Graham, Angus Charles: Angus Charles Graham (1919–1991), British scholar of Chinese philosophy and Daoism.

Granet, Marcel: Marcel Granet (1884–1940), French sociologist and sinologist.

Granovsky, Timofei Nikolayevich: Timofei Nikolayevich Granovsky (1813–1855), Russian sinologist and historian.

Great Collection of Scriptures: Great Collection of Scriptures. Dazangjing 大藏经/大藏經 Dàzàngjīng, Ta-ts'ang-ching, the Chinese Buddhist canon.

Great Harmony: Great Harmony. datong 大同 dàtóng, the Confucian ideal of a harmonious society.

Great Learning: Great Learning. Daxue 大学 [大學] Dàxué, one of the Four Books in Confucianism.

Grigoryeva, Tatyana Petrovna: Tatyana Petrovna Grigoryeva (1929–2014), Russian scholar of Chinese culture and history.

Groot, Jan Jakob Maria de: Jan Jakob Maria de Groot (1854–1921), Dutch sinologist and ethnographer.

Grousset, René: René Grousset (1885–1952), French historian specializing in Asian history.

Grube, Wilhelm: Wilhelm Grube (1855–1908), German sinologist and linguist.

gua: gua 卦 guà, trigram or hexagram in Chinese divination.

Guan Feng: Guan Feng 关锋 (1919–2005), Chinese scholar.

Guang Hongmingji: Guang Hongmingji 广弘明集, Expanded Collection for the Propagation of the Light, Buddhist text.

Guan Yinzi: Guan Yinzi 关尹子, “Master Guan Yin,” early Chinese philosopher.

Guan Zhong: Guan Zhong 管仲 (?–645 BCE), statesman and reformer of the State of Qi.

Guanzi: Guanzi 管子, “Master Guan,” influential political thinker of the Spring and Autumn period.

Guiguzi: Guiguzi 鬼谷子, “Master of the Ghost Valley,” legendary strategist and philosopher.

Guliang zhuan: Guliang zhuan 谷梁传, Commentary of Guliang, historical text on the Spring and Autumn Annals.

Guliang Chi: Guliang Chi 谷梁赤, early Chinese commentator associated with the Guliang tradition.

Gulik, Robert van: Robert van Gulik (1910–1967), Dutch sinologist, diplomat, and author of Chinese detective fiction.

gong: gong 共 gòng, generalization or socialization in philosophical context.

gong'an: gong'an 公案 gōng'àn (Japanese Kōan), case stories used in Chan/Zen Buddhist teaching.

gongfu: gongfu 工夫/功夫 gōngfu, skill or mastery achieved through effort.

Gongsun Hong: Gongsun Hong 公孙弘 / 公孫弘 (200–121 BCE), Confucian scholar and official of the Han dynasty.

Gongsun Long: Gongsun Long 公孙龙 [公孫龍], philosopher known for paradoxes of logic and language.

Gongsun Longzi: Gongsun Longzi 公孙龙子, “Master Gongsun Long,” alternative designation.

Gongsun Nizi: Gongsun Nizi 公孙尼子 [公孫尼子], early Chinese philosopher.

Gongyang Gao: Gongyang Gao 公羊高 (?–?), commentator of the Gongyang zhuan.

Gongyang zhuan: Gongyang zhuan 公羊传 [公羊傳], Commentary of Gongyang, interpretive text of the Spring and Autumn Annals.

Gong Zizhen: Gong Zizhen 龚自珍 [龔自珍] (1792–1841), Qing dynasty poet and reformist scholar.

Guojia zhuyi pai: Guojia zhuyi pai 国家主义派, nationalist school of thought in China.

Guo Moruo: Guo Moruo 郭沫若 (1892–1978), Chinese historian, archaeologist, and writer.

Guo Songtao: Guo Songtao 郭嵩焘 (1818–1891), Qing dynasty diplomat and scholar.

Guo Xiang: Guo Xiang 郭象 (252–312), commentator on the Zhuangzi and Daoist philosopher.

Guoyu: Guoyu 国语 / 國語 Guóyǔ, Discourses of the States, classical Chinese text recording speeches of rulers.

Gu Tinglin: Gu Tinglin 顾亭林 [顧亭林], alternative name for Gu Yanwu.

Gu Xiancheng: Gu Xiancheng 顾宪成 [顧憲成] (1550–1612), Ming dynasty scholar and founder of Donglin school.

Gu Yanwu: Gu Yanwu 顾炎武 [顧炎武] (1613–1682), Qing dynasty scholar and philosopher; also known as Gu Jiang 顧絳 or Gu Tinglin 顧亭林.

H

Haga Koshiro: Haga Koshiro 芳賀幸四郎 (1908–1996), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy and literature.

Hackmann, Heinrich Friedrich: Heinrich Friedrich Hackmann (1864–1935), German sinologist and scholar of Chinese texts.

Han Fei: Han Fei 韩非 [韓非] Hán Fēi (3rd century BCE), Legalist philosopher and theorist.

Han Feizi: Han Feizi 韩非子 [韓非子], text attributed to Master Han Fei, foundational in Legalist philosophy.

Hanlin Academy: Hanlin Academy 翰林院, imperial academy of scholars in China, responsible for advising the emperor and compiling texts.

Hanshu: Hanshu 汉书 [漢書] Hànshū, history of the Former Han dynasty.

Hanxue: Hanxue 汉学 [漢學], study of Chinese literature, culture, and philology; Sinology.

Han Ying: Han Ying 韩婴 (?–?), early Chinese scholar and author.

Han Yu: Han Yu 韩愈 (768–824), Tang dynasty Confucian scholar, poet, and essayist.

have or not have: have or not have; being and non-being, see you-wu 有无 [有無] yǒuwú, ontological concept.

he: he 和 hé, “harmony” in Chinese thought.

Heaven: See tian 天 tiān, celestial principle or heaven in Chinese philosophy.

He Changtian: He Changtian 何承天 (371–447), Chinese scholar.

Hediao zhangren: Hediao zhangren 荷蓧丈人, “man carrying a basket on a pole,” figure mentioned in the Lunyu (Analects).

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), German philosopher, founder of German Idealism.

Heguanzi: Heguanzi 鹖冠子, “Master Heguan,” early Chinese text on philosophy and strategy.

Heidegger, Martin: Martin Heidegger (1889–1976), German philosopher, influential in existentialism and phenomenology.

Hejian Xian wang: Hejian Xian wang 河間獻王, ruler of Hejian, also known as Liu De 劉德.

He Lin: He Lin 贺麟 (1902–1992), Chinese historian and philosopher.

Hengqu School: Hengqu School 横渠学派 / 橫渠學派, school of Confucian thought founded by Zhang Zai.

Hesse, Hermann: Hermann Hesse (1877–1962), German-Swiss writer and philosopher.

He Tang: He Tang 何瑭 (1474–1543), Ming dynasty scholar.

Hetu: Hetu 河图 Hétú, the “River Diagram,” a cosmological diagram in Chinese thought.

Hexagram: Hexagram. See gua 卦 guà, symbols used in the I Ching for divination.

He Xinyin: He Xinyin 何心隐 (1517–1579), Chinese scholar.

He Xiu: He Xiu 何休 (129–182), Han dynasty scholar and commentator.

He Yan: He Yan 何晏 (190–249), Cao Wei philosopher and Confucian scholar.

Honda Wataru: Honda Wataru 本田済 (1920–2009), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Hong Liangji: Hong Liangji 洪亮吉 (1746–1809), Qing dynasty scholar and reformist thinker.

Hongming ji: Hongming ji 弘明集, Buddhist collection for elucidation and propagation of the teachings.

Hong Qian: Hong Qian 洪谦 / 洪謙 (1909–1992), Chinese philosopher.

Hong Rengan: Hong Rengan 洪仁玕 (1822–1864), leader and reformer of the Taiping Rebellion.

Hong Xiuquan: Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 (1814–1864), leader of the Taiping Rebellion and founder of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Hou Cang: Hou Cang 后苍, historical Chinese figure.

Hou Hanshu: Hou Hanshu 后汉书 [後漢書], history of the Later Han dynasty.

Hou Wailu: Hou Wailu 侯外庐 (1903–1988), Chinese historian and scholar.

hua: hua 化 huà, transformation, change, or metamorphosis in Chinese thought.

Huai Hai: Huai Hai 怀海, Chan Buddhist monk.

Huainanzi: Huainanzi 淮南子, classical Chinese text on philosophy and cosmology.

Huai Rang: Huai Rang 怀让 (677–744), Chan Buddhist master.

Huangdi: Huangdi 黄帝, Yellow Emperor, legendary cultural hero of ancient China.

Huang Gan: Huang Gan 黄幹, historical Chinese figure.

Huangdi neijing: Huangdi neijing 黄帝内经 [黃帝內經] Huángdì Nèijīng, foundational Chinese medical text.

Huangdi Yinfujing: Huangdi Yinfujing 黃帝陰符經 Huángdì Yīnfújīng, or short Yinfujing; Classic of the Secret Talisman

Huang Kan: Huang Kan 皇侃 (487–545), scholar of the Liang dynasty.

Huang-Lao School: Huang-Lao School 黄老学派, early Daoist-Confucian school combining Huang-Lao thought.

Hu Anguo: Hu Anguo 胡安国 (1074–1138), scholar and official.

Huang Wan: Huang Wan 黄绾, historical figure.

Huang Yizhou: Huang Yizhou 黄以周 / 黃以周 (1828–1898), Qing scholar also known as Huang Yuantong.

Huang Zhen: Huang Zhen 黃震 (1213–1280), scholar and official of the Song dynasty.

Huang Zongxi: Huang Zongxi 黄宗羲 (1610–1695), Ming-Qing philosopher, historian, and political theorist.

Huan Tan: Huan Tan 桓谭 (ca. 23 BCE–56), Han dynasty scholar and philosopher.

Huan Tuan: Huan Tuan 桓团 (?–?), historical figure.

Huayan School: Huayan School 華嚴宗/华严宗 Huáyán zōng, Buddhist school of the Flower Garland (Avatamsaka) tradition.

Hu Hanmin: Hu Hanmin 胡汉民 (1879–1936), Chinese politician and Kuomintang leader.

Hu Hong: Hu Hong 胡宏 (1105–1161), Song dynasty scholar.

Hui Dong: Hui Dong 惠栋 (1697–1758), Qing dynasty scholar.

Huilin: Huilin 慧琳 (?–?), Buddhist monk and scholar.

Huineng: Huineng 慧能 (638–713), Sixth Patriarch of Chan (Zen) Buddhism.

Hui Zhouti: Hui Zhouti 惠周惕 (?–?), historical figure.

Hui Shi: Hui Shi 惠施 (? 370–310 BCE), Chinese philosopher of the School of Names (Logicians).

Hui Shiqi: Hui Shiqi 惠士奇 (1671–1741), Qing dynasty scholar.

Huiyuan: Huiyuan 慧遠/慧远 (334–416), founder of the Pure Land school in China.

Hu Juren: Hu Juren 胡居仁 (1434–1484), Ming dynasty scholar.

Humu Sheng: Humu Sheng 胡母生, historical figure.

hundun: hundun 混沌 hùndùn, primordial chaos or cosmic disorder in Chinese cosmology.

hunpo: hunpo 魂魄 húnpò, soul or spirit in Chinese thought.

Hu Peihui: Hu Peihui 胡培翚 (1782–1849), Qing dynasty scholar.

Hu Sheng: Hu Sheng 胡绳 (1918–2000), Chinese historian and politician.

Hu Shi: Hu Shi 胡适 (1891–1962), Chinese philosopher, essayist, and key figure in the New Culture Movement.

Hu Wei: Hu Wei 胡渭 (1633–1714), scholar of the Qing dynasty.

Hu Yuan: Hu Yuan 胡瑗 (993–1059), Song dynasty Confucian scholar.

I

Ignatovich, Alexander Nikolayevich: Alexander Nikolayevich Ignatovich (1947–2001), scholar.

Inoue Tetsujirō: Inoue Tetsujirō 井上哲次郎 (1856–1944), Japanese philosopher.

individual nature: individual nature. See xing 性 xìng.

Isayeva, Marina Valentinovna: Marina Valentinovna Isayeva (1959–), scholar.

Islam in China: Islam in China, history of Islam in Chinese context.

Ivanov, Alexei Ivanovich: Aleksei Ivanovich Ivanov (1878–1937), Yi Fengge 伊鳳閣, scholar.

J

Jaspers, Karl: Karl Jaspers (1883–1969), German-Swiss philosopher and psychiatrist, notable for existential philosophy.

ji: ji 机 / 機 jī, “mechanism” or strategic device in philosophy or military contexts.

Jia Gongyan: Jia Gongyan 贾公彦 [賈公彥], historical scholar.

jian'ai: universal love, Ch. jian’ai 兼爱 / 兼愛 jiān'ài, Mohist doctrine of universal love.

Jiang Weiqiao: Jiang Weiqiao 蒋维乔 (1873–1958), Chinese scholar and educator.

Jiang Jieshi: Jiang Jieshi 蒋介石, Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975), Chinese nationalist leader and head of the Kuomintang.

Jiang Sheng: Jiang Sheng 江声 (1721–1779), Qing dynasty scholar.

Jiang Yong: Jiang Yong 江永 (1681–1762), scholar of the Qing dynasty.

Jiao Hong: Jiao Hong 焦竑 (1540–1620), also Jiao Zhouhou, Ming dynasty scholar.

Jiao Xun: Jiao Xun 焦循 (1763–1820), Qing dynasty Confucian scholar.

Jia Yi: Jia Yi 贾谊 (200–168 BCE), Han dynasty statesman and essayist.

Jieni: Jieni 桀溺, legendary or historical hermit figure.

Jieyu: Jieyu 接舆, philosopher or historical figure.

jing: jing 精 jīng, “essence” or vital substance in Chinese thought.

Jingling wang Ziliang: Jingling wang Ziliang, Xiao Ziliang / Xiao Yunying (460–494), historical figures.

jingtian: jingtian 井田 jǐngtián, “well-field system,” ancient Chinese land distribution system.

Jingtu zong: Jingtu zong 净土宗, Pure Land School of Buddhism.

Jing Fang: Jing Fang 京房 Jīng Fáng, early Han dynasty scholar and mathematician.

jingji: jingji 经济 [經濟] jīngjì, “economy” or management of resources.

Jingtu zong: Pure Land School 净土宗 Jìngtǔ zōng, Mahayana Buddhist school focusing on Amitabha Buddha and rebirth in the Pure Land.

jingwei: jingwei 经纬 [經緯] jīngwěi, “warp and weft,” metaphorically meaning structure or organizational principles.

jingxue: jingxue 经学 jīngxué, study of Confucian classics and canonical texts.

Jin Lüxiang: Jin Lüxiang 金履祥 (1232–1303), Song dynasty scholar.

Jin Yuelin: Jin Yuelin 金岳霖 (1895–1984), Chinese philosopher and logician.

Jiugong dao: Jiugong dao 九宮道 The Way of the Nine Palaces, Daoist school or system associated with cosmology and ritual.

Jiujing: Jiujing 九经, “Nine Canonical Works,” a term for the Nine Classics of Confucianism.

jiuliu shijia: jiuliu shijia 九流十家 jiǔliú shíjiā, collective term for the “Nine or Ten Schools” of Chinese thought in the Warring States period.

Jiumoluoshi: See Kumārajīva, famous Buddhist translator in China.

jiutian: jiutian 九天 jiǔtiān, “Nine Heavens” in Daoist cosmology.

Jixia Academy: Jixia Academy 稷下學宮 / 稷下学宫 Jìxià Xúegōng, scholarly academy in the State of Qi during the Warring States period.

Jizang: Jizang 吉藏 (549–623), Buddhist scholar of the Sanlun (Three Treatises) school.

Julien, Stanislas: Stanislas Julien (1797–1873), French sinologist and translator of Chinese texts.

Jung, Carl Gustav: Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961), Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology.

junzi: junzi 君子 jūnzǐ, “gentleman” or morally cultivated person in Confucian thought.

Jushe zong: Jushe zong 俱舍宗, Buddhist Abhidharma school, also known as the Kusha School.

K

Kafarov, Pyotr Ivanovich: Pyotr Ivanovich Kafarov (1817–1878), Russian missionary and sinologist, also known as Palladius.

Kaltenmark, Max: Max Kaltenmark (1910–2002), French sinologist specializing in Daoism and Chinese religion.

Kamata Shigeo: Kamata Shigeo 鎌田茂雄 (1927–2001), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Kanaya, Osamu: Kanaya Osamu 金谷治 (1920–2006), Japanese historian and sinologist.

Kang Senghui: Kang Senghui 康僧会 (d. 280), early Chinese Buddhist missionary and monk.

Kang Youwei: Kang Youwei 康有为 (1858–1927), reformist scholar and political thinker of the late Qing dynasty.

Kang Yuzhi: Kang Yuzhi 康与之/ 康與之, scholar or historical figure.

Kaoting School: Kaoting xuepai 考亭学派, Neo-Confucian school associated with Zhu Xi.

Karapetyants, Artemy Mikhailovich: Artemy Mikhailovich Karapetyants (1943–2021), Russian scholar of East Asian studies.

Karlgren, Bernhard: Bernhard Karlgren (1889–1978), Swedish linguist and sinologist, specialized in Chinese phonology.

Karma: principle of cause and effect in Buddhist thought.

Kato Joken: Kato Joken 加藤常賢 (1894–1978), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Khomyakov, Aleksey Stepanovich: Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov (1804–1860), Russian philosopher and historian.

Kinship of the Three: Kinship of the Three 參同契, foundational Daoist alchemical text, also called “The Kinship of the Three.”

Kircher, Athanasius: Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680), German Jesuit scholar and polymath.

Klaproth, Heinrich Julius: Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1783–1835), German linguist and orientalist.

knowledge and action: knowledge and action; zhi-xing 知行 zhī-xíng, knowledge and action.

Kobzev, Artyom Igorevich: Artyom Igorevich Kobzev (1953–), Russian sinologist.

Kojima, Yuma: Kojima Yuma 小島祐馬 (1881–1966), Japanese sinologist.

kong: kong 空 kōng, “emptiness” in Buddhist and Daoist philosophy.

Kong Anguo: Kong Anguo 孔安国 (ca. 156–ca. 74 BCE), Han dynasty Confucian scholar.

Kong Fu: Kong Fu 孔鮒 (264–208), historical figure.

Kong Yingda: Kong Yingda 孔颖达 [孔穎達] (574–648), Tang dynasty Confucian scholar and commentator.

Kongzi: See Confucius.

Konishi Masutaro: Konishi Masutaro 小西増太郎 (1862–1940), Japanese sinologist and historian.

Konrad, Nikolai Iosifovich: Nikolai Iosifovich Konrad (1891–1970), Russian sinologist and historian of Chinese philosophy.

Koshin, Pavel Mikhailovich: Pavel Mikhailovich Koshin (1934–2016), Russian scholar of Chinese studies.

Kravtsova, Marina Yevgenyevna: Marina Yevgenyevna Kravtsova (1953–), Russian scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Krivtsov, Vladimir Alexeyevich: Vladimir Alexeyevich Krivtsov (1921–1985), Russian sinologist.

Krol, Yuri Lvovich: Yuri Lvovich Krol (1931–), Russian sinologist.

Krushinski, Andrei Andreyevich: Andrei Andreyevich Krushinski (1953–), Russian scholar.

Krymov, Afanasy Gavrilovich: Afanasy Gavrilovich Krymov (Guo Shaotang 郭少棠) (1905–1989), Russian-Chinese sinologist.

Kryukov, Mikhail: Mikhail Kryukov (1932–2024), Russian sinologist.

Kubo Noritada: Kubo Noritada 窪徳忠 (1913–2010), Japanese sinologist.

Kuiji: Kuiji 窺基 (632–682), Buddhist scholar of the Huayan school.

Kumārajīva: Kumārajīva (343–413) 鸠摩罗什 / 鳩摩羅什 Jiūmóluóshí, translator of Buddhist texts into Chinese.

Kuczera, Stanisław Robert: Stanisław Robert Kuczera (1928–2020), Polish-Soviet/Russian scholar of Chinese studies.

L

Lacouperie, Albert Terrien de: Albert Terrien de Lacouperie (1844–1894), French orientalist and Sinologist.

Lanciotti, Lionello: Lionello Lanciotti (1925–2015), Italian scholar, specialist in Chinese philosophy.

Land System of the Heavenly Dynasty: Tianchao tianmu zhidu 天朝田亩制度, System of land distribution under the Heavenly Dynasty.

Laozi: Laozi 老子, Master Lao, legendary Daoist philosopher, traditionally credited with the Daodejing.

Lao-Zhuang xuepai: Lao-Zhuang School 老庄学派 [老莊學派] Lǎo-Zhuāng xuépài, school of thought combining Laozi and Zhuangzi teachings.

Lapina, Sinaida Grigorievna: Sinaida Grigorievna Lapina (1934–2018), Russian scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Later Mohists: Later Mohists. See Mojia, philosophical school emphasizing logic, ethics, and social reform.

Law: 法 fǎ, Law, rule, or principle in Confucian and legalist thought.

Le Comte, Louis: Louis Le Comte (1655–1728), French Jesuit missionary and scholar in China.

Legalism: Legalism, 法家 Fǎjiā, Chinese philosophical school emphasizing law, order, and statecraft.

Legge, James: James Legge (1815–1897), Scottish sinologist and translator of Confucian classics.

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), German polymath, philosopher, and mathematician, studied Chinese philosophy and Confucian ethics.

Leontyev, Alexei Leontyevich: Alexei Leontyevich Leontyev (1716–1786), Russian sinologist.

Le Shouming: Le Shouming 乐寿明 / 樂壽明 (1935–), modern scholar.

Levenson, Joseph R.: Joseph R. Levenson (1920–1969), American historian specializing in Chinese intellectual history.

Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien: Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1857–1939), French anthropologist and philosopher.

li: li 理, principle.

Liang Qichao: Liang Qichao 梁启超 [梁啟超] (1873–1929), Chinese scholar, journalist, and reformist.

Liangqiu He: Liangqiu He 梁丘贺 / 梁丘賀 (? - ?), scholar of the Former Han dynasty.

Liang Shumin: Liang Shumin 梁漱溟 (1893–1988), Chinese philosopher and educator.

Liang Wu Di: Liang Wu Di 梁武帝 (464–549), Emperor of the Liang dynasty.

Li Ao: Li Ao 李翱 (772–841), Chinese philosopher and poet of the Tang dynasty.

Liao Ping: Liao Ping 廖平 (1852–1932), Chinese scholar.

Liao Zhongkai: Liao Zhongkai 廖仲恺 [廖仲愷] (1877–1925), Chinese revolutionary and politician.

Li Changzhi: Li Changzhi 李长之 (1910–1978), Chinese scholar.

Li Da: Li Da 李达 (1890–1966), Chinese Marxist philosopher and translator.

Li Dazhao: Li Dazhao 李大钊 (1889–1927), early Chinese Communist leader, executed for revolutionary activities.

Liebenthal, Walter: Walter Liebenthal (1886–1982), German scholar of Chinese Buddhism.

Lie Yukou: Lie Yukou 列御寇/列禦寇 Lìe Yǔkòu, legendary Daoist philosopher, associated with Liezi.

Liezi: Liezi 列子 Lièzĭ, Daoist text and attributed philosopher.

Li Gong: Li Gong 李塨 (1659–1733), Qing dynasty official and scholar.

Li Gou: Li Gou 李觏 (1009–1059), Song dynasty scholar.

Li Guangdi: Li Guangdi 李光地 (1642–1718), Qing dynasty scholar and official.

Li Huang: Li Huang 李璜 (1895–1991), Chinese scholar.

Li Hongzhang: Li Hongzhang 李鸿章 [李鴻章] (1823–1901), Qing dynasty politician and diplomat.

Liji: Liji 禮記 / 礼记 Lǐjì, Book of Rites, an ancient Chinese text detailing ceremonial, social, and governmental norms.

Li Jinquan: Li Jinquan 李锦全 (1926–), Chinese scholar.

Li Ke: Li Ke 李克 (? – ?), politician during the early Warring States period.

Li Kuangwu: Li Kuangwu 李匡武 (1917–), contemporary Chinese scholar.

Li Kui: Li Kui 李悝 (455–395 BCE), early Legalist philosopher of the Warring States period.

Li Lisan: Li Lisan 李立三 (1899–1967), Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician.

Lingbao pai: Lingbao School 灵宝派 [靈寶派], school of Daoist Buddhism.

Linji lu: Linji lu 临济录 [臨済錄], collection of sayings of Linji Yixuan, Chan master.

Linji zong: Linji School 临济宗 [臨濟宗], Chan Buddhist school named after Linji Yixuan (d. 866).

Lin Shu: Lin Shu 林紓 / 林纾 (1852–1924), Chinese translator and scholar.

Lin Zexu: Lin Zexu 林则徐 [林則徐] (1785–1850), Qing dynasty official known for anti-opium efforts.

Lin Zhao'en: Lin Zhao'en 林兆恩 (1517–1598), Ming dynasty Confucian scholar.

liqi: 理气 [理氣] lǐqì, regulating the flow of vital forces and removing obstacles (Traditional Chinese Medicine).

Lisevich, Igor Samoilovich: Igor Samoilovich Lisevich (1932–2000), Russian sinologist.

li-shi: 理事 lǐshì, principle and phenomena, noumena and phenomena.

Li Tong: Li Tong 李侗 (1093–1163), Song dynasty scholar.

Liu An: Prince Liu An 刘安 (179–122 v.Chr.), prince of the Han dynasty, patron of scholarship.

Liu Baonan: Liu Baonan 刘宝楠 [劉寶楠] (1791–1855), Qing dynasty scholar.

Liu Chang: Liu Chang 刘敞 (ca. 1008–1069), Song dynasty scholar.

Liuchen: Liuchen 六尘 [六塵] liùchén, Buddhist concept of six dusts, six categories of defilements.

Liu Fenglu: Liu Fenglu 刘逢禄 [劉逢祿] (1776–1829), Qing dynasty scholar.

Liu Ji: Liu Ji 刘基 (1311–1375), Ming dynasty scholar and strategist.

Liujing: Liujing 六经 [六經] Liùjīng, six canonical books of Confucianism.

Liu Jun: Liu Jun 刘峻 (462–521), scholar of Southern Dynasties.

Liu Shao: Liu Shao 刘劭 (? - ?), scholar from the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period.

Liu Shifu: Liu Shifu 刘师复 [劉師復] (1884–1915), Chinese revolutionary and anarchist.

Liu Shipei: Liu Shipei 刘师培 (1884–1919), Chinese revolutionary and philologist.

Liu Wenying: Liu Wenying 刘文英 (1939–2005), modern scholar.

Liu Yin: Liu Yin 刘因 (1249–1293), Song dynasty scholar.

Liu Xin: Liu Xin 刘歆 (gest. 23 n. Chr.), Han dynasty scholar and astronomer.

Liu Xuan: Liu Xuan 刘炫, Han dynasty legal scholar.

Liu Zongzhou: Liu Zongzhou 刘宗周/劉宗周 (1578–1645), Ming dynasty scholar.

Liu Zongyuan: Liu Zongyuan 柳宗元 (773–819), Tang dynasty poet and philosopher.

Liuzu tanjing: Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch Liuzu tanjing 六祖壇經 Liùzǔ Tánjīng or Tanjing 壇經 Tánjīng, Chan Buddhist text.

Liu Xiang: Liu Xiang 刘向 (? 77 – 6 v. Chr.), Han dynasty scholar and bibliographer.

Liu Yuxi: Liu Yuxi 刘禹锡 (772–842), Tang dynasty poet and philosopher.

Liu Zhi: Liu Zhi 刘智 (ca. 1660 – ca. 1739), Qing dynasty scholar.

Liu Zhuo: Liu Zhuo 劉焯 (544–610), scholar of the Sui-Tang period.

Lixue: Lixue 理学 [理學] Lǐxué, Neo-Confucian school of principle during Song and Ming dynasties.

Li Yong: Li Yong (scholar) (zh) 李颙 (1627–1705), Chinese scholar.

Li Yu: Li Yu (scholar) (zh) 李育, Chinese scholar.

Li Zehou: Li Zehou 李泽厚 (1930–), Chinese philosopher and historian of Chinese thought.

Li Zhi: Li Zhi 李贽 (1527–1602), Chinese philosopher, critic of Confucian orthodoxy.

Lomanov, Alexander Vladimirovich: Alexander Vladimirovich Lomanov (1968–), contemporary scholar.

Lü Cai: Lü Cai 吕才 (600–665), lay Buddhist and court official.

Lü Dalin: Lü Dalin 吕大临 (1040–1092), Yushu 与叔, Song dynasty scholar.

Lu Deming: Lu Deming 陆德明 (ca. 550–630), scholar of the Sui-Tang period.

Lu-gong-wang Liu Yu: Prince of Lu 劉餘; 魯恭王, historical figure of Lu state.

Lu Jia: Lu Jia 陆贾 (240 ?–170 v.Chr.), Western Han statesman and scholar.

Lu Jiuling: Lu Jiuling 陸九齡 (1132–1180), Song dynasty scholar.

Lu Jiushao: Lu Jiushao 陸九韶 (? – ?), Song dynasty scholar.

Lu Jiuyuan: Lu Jiuyuan 陸九淵 (1139–1192) or Lu Xiangshan 陆象山, Neo-Confucian philosopher, founder of Lu-Wang School.

Lü Kun: Lü Kun 吕坤/呂坤 (1536–1618), Ming dynasty scholar.

Lü Liuliang: Lü Liuliang 呂留良 (1629–1683), Qing dynasty scholar.

Lukyanov, Anatoly Yevgenyevich: Anatoly Yevgenyevich Lukyanov (1948–), contemporary scholar.

Lu Longji: Lu Longji 陆陇其 / 陸隴其 (1630–1692), Qing dynasty scholar.

Lunheng: Lunheng 论衡 [論衡], Han dynasty philosophical text.

lunhui: lunhui 轮回 / 輪回 lúnhuí, Buddhist concept of samsara, transmigration.

Lunyu: Lunyu 论语 / 論語 Lúnyǔ, (Confucian) Analects.

Luo Hongxian: Luo Hongxian 罗洪先 (1504–1564), Ming dynasty cartographer and scholar.

Luo Keting: Luo Keting 罗克汀 [羅克汀] (1921–1996), modern Chinese scholar.

Luo Qing: Luo Qing 罗清/羅清 (1443–1527), Chinese scholar.

Luo Qinshun: Luo Qinshun 罗钦顺 (1465–1547), Ming dynasty philosopher.

Luo Rufang: Luo Rufang 罗汝芳 (1515–1588), Ming dynasty scholar.

Luoshu: Luoshu 洛书 [洛書] Luòshū, diagram of the Luo River, see Hetu.

Luoxue: Luoyang School 洛学 Luòxué, intellectual school centered in Luoyang.

Lu Sheng: Lu Sheng 魯勝 [魯勝] (? – ?), Chinese scholar.

Lüshi chunqiu: Lüshi chunqiu 吕氏春秋, Spring and Autumn of Lü Buwei.

Lu Shiyi: Lu Shiyi 陆世仪 [陸世儀] (1611–1672 ?), Qing scholar.

Lu-Wang xuepai: Lu-Wang School, school of Neo-Confucianism based on Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming teachings.

Lu Xiangshan: 陆象山, See Lu Jiuyuan 陸九淵.

Lu Xiujing: Lu Xiujing 陆修静 [陸修靜] (406–477), Daoist scholar of the Southern Dynasties.

Lu Xun: Lu Xun 鲁迅 (1881–1936), influential modern Chinese writer and thinker.

Lü Zhenyu: Lü Zhenyu 吕振羽 (1900–1980), modern scholar.

Lü Zuqian: Lü Zuqian 呂祖謙 (1137–1181), Lü Bogong 呂伯恭, Donglai xiansheng 東萊先生, Song dynasty scholar.

Lüzong: Lüzong 律宗 Lǜzōng, Vinaya School, school of Buddhist monastic discipline.

M

Ma Feibai: Ma Feibai 马非百 (1886–1983), modern Chinese scholar.

Ma Fuchu: Ma Fuchu (1794–1874), also known as Ma Dexin, Chinese scholar and religious figure.

Moyriac de Mailla, Joseph-Anne-Marie de: Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla (1669–1748), French Jesuit missionary and sinologist.

Malebranche, Nicolas: Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715), French philosopher, studied Chinese thought.

Malyavin, Vladimir Vyacheslavovich: Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Malyavin (1950–), Russian scholar.

Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture: Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture (Wei Zhongguo wenhua jinggao shijie renshi xuanyan 为中国文化敬告世界人士宣言), manifesto on Chinese culture.

man of noble character; gentleman: See junzi 君子 jūnzǐ, term for a noble or virtuous person; Confucian ideal of the virtuous gentleman.

Maoshan zong: Maoshan School 茅山宗, school of Daoism, see Shangqing School.

Mao Heng: Mao Heng 毛亨 (? – ?), Chinese scholar.

Mao Zedong: Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893–1976), Chinese revolutionary and founding leader of the People’s Republic of China.

Mao Chang: Mao Chang 毛苌 (? – ?), historical figure.

Maoshi: Maoshi 毛诗, Mao’s version of the Book of Songs, see Shijing.

Martynov, Alexander Stepanovich: Alexander Stepanovich Martynov (1933–2013), Russian sinologist.

Maslov, Alexei Alexandrovich: Alexei Alexandrovich Maslov (1964–), contemporary scholar.

Maspero, Henri: Henri Maspero (1883–1945), French sinologist and scholar of Daoism.

Ma Xiangbo: Ma Xiangbo 马相伯 (1840–1939), Chinese scholar and educator.

Ma Yifu: Ma Yifu 马一浮 (1883–1967), Chinese scholar and philosopher.

Ma Zhu: Ma Zhu 马注 (1640–1711), Chinese Confucian scholar.

Mazu: Mazu 马祖 / 馬祖, Mazu Daoyi 马祖道一 / 馬祖道一 Mǎzǔ Dàoyī (709–788), Chan Buddhist master.

Meadows, Thomas Taylor: Thomas Taylor Meadows (1815–1868), British diplomat and sinologist.

Mei Ze: Mei Ze 梅赜 (? – ?), scholar of the Eastern Jin dynasty.

Mei Zhuo: Mei Zhuo 梅鷟, Chinese scholar.

Memoirs of Eminent Monks: Memoirs of Eminent Monks Gaoseng zhuan 高僧传, biographies of eminent Buddhist monks compiled by Huijiao.

Meng Ke: Meng Ke 孟轲, see Mengzi 孟子, Master Meng (? 372–289 BCE), Confucian philosopher.

Meng Sheng: Meng Sheng 孟胜 (? – 381 v.Chr.), historical figure.

Meng Xi: Meng Xi 孟喜 (? – ?), historical figure.

Mengzi: Mengzi 孟子 Mencius (? 372 – 289 v. Chr.), Master Meng, Confucian philosopher.

Menshikov, Lev Nikolayevich: Lev Nikolayevich Menshikov (1926–2005), Russian sinologist.

minben: minben 民本 mínběn, "people as root" theory, the people as the basis of effective government.

ming: ming 名 míng, name.

Mingjia: Mingjia 名家 Míngjiā, School of Names.

mingtang: mingtang 明堂/明唐 míngtáng, ceremonial hall.

Mingxiang ji: Mingxiang ji 冥祥记 / 冥祥記 Míngxiáng jì, accounts from the dark realm, author: Wang Yan 王琰 (ca. 454?–520?).

minsheng zhexue: minsheng zhexue 民生哲学, philosophy of people’s welfare, political doctrine of public welfare, see also Dai Jitao.

Miyamoto Shoson: Miyamoto Shoson 宮本正尊 (1893–1983), Japanese scholar.

Mizong: Mizong 密宗 Mìzōng, Esoteric School.

Mo Di: Mo Di 墨翟 Mò Dí (480?–400 v.Chr.), pacifist philosopher, also known as Mozi (Micius).

Mohist School: Mojia 墨家 Mòjiā, Mo School, Mohist School.

Mojia: Mohism 墨家 Mòjiā, Mo School, Mohist School.

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de: Montesquieu (1689–1755), French political philosopher.

Morgan, Evan S.: Evan S. Morgan (1860–1943), scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Morohashi Tetsuji: Morohashi Tetsuji 諸橋轍次 (1883–1982), Japanese scholar, author of Dai Kan-Wa Jiten.

Mou Zongsan: Mou Zongsan 牟宗三 (1909–1995), modern Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher.

Mouzi: Mouzi 牟子 (? – ?), Master Mou, Eastern Han scholar.

Mouzi (book): Mouzi 牟子, Book of Master Mou.

Max Müller: Max Müller (1823–1900), German philologist and scholar of religion.

Munro, Donald J.: Donald J. Munro (1931–), American scholar of Chinese philosophy.

N

Nakamura, Hajime: Nakamura Hajime 中村元 (1912–1999), Japanese scholar of Indian and Buddhist philosophy.

name: name. 名 míng, name or reputation.

naturalness: naturalness; ziran 自然 zìrán, naturalness; spontaneity; "self-so".

Needham, Joseph: Joseph Needham (1900–1995), British scientist and historian of Chinese science.

neisheng waiwang: neisheng waiwang 内圣外王, inner moral cultivation, outer kingship.

Neixing: neixing 内省 / 內省 nèixǐng, Self-examination and inner reflection.

Neoconfucianism: philosophical movement in China, synthesis of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.

Neville, Robert Cummings: Robert Cummings Neville (1939–), American philosopher and theologian.

New Culture Movement: New Culture Movement 新文化运动 [新文化運動] Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng, Chinese cultural and intellectual movement, early 20th century.

New Learning: New Learning, see xinxue 新学 [新學] xīnxué, Neo-Confucian learning.

Nie Bao: Nie Bao 聂豹/聶豹 (1487–1563), Chinese scholar.

Nirvana: Nirvana 涅槃 nièpán, Buddhist concept of liberation.

Ni Shuo: Ni Shuo 兒说 [倪说] (4th–3rd century BCE?), ancient Chinese text.

Nivison, David S.: David S. Nivison (1923–2014), American sinologist and philosopher.

Nohara Shirō: Nohara Shirō 野原四郎 (1903–1981), Japanese scholar.

Nominalists: see Mingjia 名家 míngjiā, School of Names.

non-self: non-self, see wuwo 无我 [無我] wúwǒ, Buddhist concept of no-self.

Numerology: Numerology 象數之學, study of symbols and numbers.

O

Ofuchi Ninji: Ofuchi Ninji 大淵忍爾 (1912–2003), Japanese scholar.

Okata Takehiko: Okata Takehiko 岡田武彦 (1908–2004), Japanese scholar.

Ono Jitsunosuke: Ono Jitsunosuke 大野實之助 (1905–1989), Japanese scholar.

Otaki Kazuo: Otaki Kazuo 大滝一雄訳 (1928–), Japanese translator and scholar.

Ouyang De: Ouyang De 欧阳德 [歐陽德] (1496–1554), Chinese scholar.

Ouyang Jian: Ouyang Jian 欧阳渐 (269–300), scholar of the Western Jin dynasty.

Ouyang Jingwu: Ouyang Jingwu 欧阳竟无 [歐陽竟無], see Ouyang Jian 欧阳渐.

Ouyang Sheng: Ouyang Sheng 欧阳生 (? - ?), Chinese scholar.

Ouyang Xiu: Ouyang Xiu 欧阳修 (1007–1072), Chinese historian, poet, and statesman.

P

pancha-skandha: Five Skandhas. See wuyun 五蕴[五蘊] wǔ-yùn, the five aggregates that constitute sentient beings in Buddhist philosophy.

Pan, Quentin: Quentin Pan (1898–1967) (Pan Guangdan), Chinese sociologist and educator.

Pan Fu'en: Pan Fu'en 潘富恩 (1933–), contemporary Chinese scholar.

Pan Pingge: Pan Pingge 潘平格 (1610–1677), Ming-Qing dynasty Confucian philosopher.

Pan Zinian: Pan Zinian 潘梓年 (1893–1972), Chinese historian and scholar.

Pelliot, Paul: Paul Pelliot (1878–1945), French sinologist and explorer.

Perelomov, Leonard Sergeyevich: Leonard Sergeyevich Perelomov (1928–2018), Russian scholar.

Petrov, Apollon Alexandrovich: Apollon Alexandrovich Petrov (ru) (1907–1947), Soviet scholar.

philosophy of the people's livelihood: minsheng zhexue 民生哲学 [民生哲學]. philosophy of the people’s livelihood; see also Dai Jitao 戴季陶.

Physiocrats / Physiocracy: 18th-century economic theory emphasizing natural order and agriculture.

Pi Xirui: Pi Xirui 皮锡瑞 [皮錫瑞] (1850–1908), Chinese linguist and scholar.

Plan of the River: See Hetu Hétú 河图, ancient Chinese diagram linked to cosmology and numerology.

pneuma: Pneuma. See qi 气 / 氣 qì, vital breath or life force in Chinese thought.

Pozdneeva, Ljubov' Dmitrievna: Ljubov' Dmitrievna Pozdneeva (1908–1974), Russian sinologist.

Pokora, Timoteus: Timoteus Pokora (1928–1985), Czech sinologist.

Polo, Marco: Marco Polo (1254–1324), Venetian explorer who traveled to China.

Pomeranzeva, Larisa Yevgenyevna: Larisa Yevgenyevna Pomeranzeva (1938–2018), Russian scholar.

Popov, Pavel Stepanovich: Pavel Stepanovich Popov (1842–1913), Russian sinologist.

Porshneva, Ekaterina Borisovna: Ekaterina Borisovna Porshneva (1931), Russian scholar.

Post-Confucianism: Philosophical movement following classical Confucianism.

Pauthier, Guillaume: Guillaume Pauthier (1801–1873), French sinologist.

Prajna Doctrine: Prajna Doctrine, Buddhist teachings of wisdom.

Principle: Principle li 理 lǐ Principle / Law. Principle, or law in Neo-Confucian thought.

Pure Land School: Pure Land School 净土宗 [凈土宗] Jìngtǔzōng, Mahayana Buddhist school focusing on Amitabha Buddha and rebirth in the Pure Land.

Putidamo: Putidamo 菩提达摩 Bodhidharma, founder of Chan (Zen) Buddhism in China.

Pei Wei: Pei Wei 裴頠 (267–300), Jin dynasty philosopher and scholar.

Peng Meng: Peng Meng 彭蒙 (? - ?), disciple of Mozi.

Peng Shaosheng: Peng Shaosheng 彭紹升 (1740–1796), Qing dynasty scholar and Buddhist thinker.

Q

qi: qi 气 / 氣 qì, vital energy or life force in Chinese philosophy and medicine.

qi: qi 器 qì, utensil; instrument (refers to a tool, vessel, or specific capability in philosophical or technical contexts)

Qian Dehong: Qian Dehong 钱德洪 (1496–1574), Ming dynasty Confucian scholar and philosopher.

Qian Mu: Qian Mu 钱穆 (1895–1990), prominent modern Chinese historian and Confucian scholar.

Qijing: Qijing 七经 / 七經 Qījīng, the Seven Classics of Confucianism, foundational texts of Chinese tradition.

Qin Guli: Qin Guli 禽滑厘 (ca. 470–400 v. u. Z.), ancient Chinese philosopher.

Qing Pu: Qing Pu 庆普, Qing Xiaogong, Chinese scholar.

qingtan: qingtan 清谈 / 清談 qīngtán, „pure talk“, philosophical discourse emphasizing abstract and speculative discussion, popular in Wei-Jin China.

Quanzhen: Quanzhen [jiao] 全真教, „Perfect Wisdom“, one of the major schools of Daoism, focusing on monastic practice and internal cultivation.

Quesnay, François: François Quesnay (1694–1774), French economist, founder of Physiocracy.

Questions and Answers: Questions and Answers wen-da 问答 [問答] wèn-dá, Chan Buddhist dialogue between master and disciple.

Qu Qiubai: Qu Qiubai 瞿秋白 (1899–1935), Chinese communist leader and intellectual.

Qu Yuan: Qu Yuan 屈原 (348–ca. 278 BCE), poet and thinker from the state of Chu, influential poet and statesman of the Warring States period, attributed author of "Li Sao".

R

Radul-Satulovsky, Yakov Borisovich: Yakov Borisovich Radul-Satulovsky (1903–1987), Soviet sinologist and scholar of Chinese literature.

Rai Tsutomu: Rai Tsutomu 賴惟勤 (1922–), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy.

rectification of names: zhengming 正名 zhèngmíng, rectification of names.

ren: ren 仁 rén, Confucian virtue of benevolence, humaneness, and moral integrity.

Ren Jiyu: Ren Jiyu 任继愈 (1916–2009), Chinese philosopher and historian of Chinese philosophy.

renshengguan: renshengguan 人生观 [人生觀], concepts developed by Zhang Junmai (1887–1969), concept of life view or philosophy of life.

Renxue: renxue 仁学, Doctrine of Reciprocity / Doctrine of Humanity, the study and teaching of humaneness or benevolence in Confucian thought.

Ricci, Matteo: Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), Italian Jesuit missionary and sinologist, known for introducing Western science and Christianity to China.

Riftin, Boris Lvovich: Boris Lvovich Riftin (1932–2012), Russian scholar and historian of Chinese philosophy.

righteousness: righteousness. See yi 义 [義] yì, Confucian concept of righteousness or justice.

Rites of Zhou: See Zhouli, ancient Chinese text describing governmental and ritual institutions.

Rosenberg, Otto Karl Julius: Otto Karl Julius Rosenberg (1888–1919), German sinologist and historian of Chinese philosophy.

Rossochin, Ilarion Kalinovich: Ilarion Kalinovich Rossochin (1707 oder 1717–1761), Russian scholar of Chinese studies.

Ruan Ji: Ruan Ji 阮籍 (210–263), Chinese poet and philosopher of the Three Kingdoms period, member of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove.

Rubin, Vitaly Aronovich: Vitaly Aronovich Rubin (1923–1981), Soviet sinologist and translator of Chinese classics.

Rubruck, William of: William of Rubruck / Rubruquis / Rubruck usw. (13. Jhd.), Flemish Franciscan missionary and traveler to the Mongol Empire.

Rujia; Ruxue: Confucianism 儒家 Rújiā; 儒学[儒學] Rúxué, Confucian school and study of Confucian teachings.

Russell, Bertrand: Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), British philosopher, logician, and social critic.

Ru Xin: Ru Xin 汝信 (1931–), contemporary Chinese scholar.

S

Saito Akio: Saito Akio 斎藤秋男 (1917–), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy.

sanmei: sanmei 三昧 sānmèi, State of meditative concentration in Buddhism.

Samoilov, Nikolai Anatolyevich: Nikolai Anatolyevich Samoilov (1955–), Russian scholar of Chinese thought.

sangang wuchang: sangang wuchang 三綱五常 / 三纲五常, Three fundamental bonds and Five constant virtues in Confucian ethics.

Sanguozhi: Sanguozhi 三国志 Sānguózhì, Records of the Three Kingdoms, historical text covering the late Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period.

Sanlun School: Sanlun School 三论宗 [三論宗] Sānlùnzōng, Buddhist school of the Three Treatises.

Sanjiao: Sanjiao 三教 Sānjiào, The Three Teachings: Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism.

Sanqing: Sanqing 三清 sānqīng (Daoismus), Three Pure Ones, highest deities in Daoism.

Sansheng: Sansheng / Sancheng 三乘, Three Vehicles (Buddhism).

Sanshishuo: Sanshishuo 三世说, Teaching of the Three Ages, related to historical and cosmological periods.

Sarton, George: George Sarton (1884–1956), mathematician and historian of science.

Savadskaya, Yevgeniya Vladimirovna: Yevgeniya Vladimirovna Savadskaya (1930–2002), Russian scholar of Chinese literature and philosophy.

Schipper, Kristofer: Kristofer Schipper (1934–), Dutch sinologist and Daoism scholar.

School of Diplomats: School of Diplomats 纵横家 zònghéngjiā, political strategists of the Warring States period (475–221 BCE).

School of Names: School of Names 名家 Míngjiā, School of Names (Logicians).

School of the Military Strategists: School of the Military Strategists Bingjia 兵家 bīngjiā, school of military strategy.

Schwartz, Benjamin I.: Benjamin I. Schwartz (1916–1999), American sinologist and political theorist.

Schweitzer, Albert: Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965), philosopher, theologian, and physician.

Seal of the Unity of the Three: Seal of the Unity of the Three, See Cantongqi 参同契 Cāntóngqì, alchemical and cosmological text attributed to Wei Boyang.

self-examination: self-examination 内省 [內省] nèixǐng, introspection, self-examination.

Sengyou: Sengyou 僧祐 (445–518), Buddhist monk and compiler of biographical records.

Seng Zhao: Sengzhao 僧肇 (384–414), Chinese Buddhist scholar.

Senin, Nikolai Gerasimovich: Nikolai Gerasimovich Senin (1918–2001), Russian scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Shangdi: Shangdi 上帝 Shàngdì, "Supreme Deity" or "Highest Sovereign" in Chinese culture.

Shangjunshu: Shangjunshu 商君书 [商君書], Book of Lord Shang, Legalist text attributed to Shang Yang.

Shangqing School: Shangqing School 上清派, Daoist school of the Highest Clarity.

Shangshu: Shangshu 尚书 [尚書] Shàngshū, Book of Documents, ancient Chinese historical texts.

Shanhai jing: Shanhai jing 山海經 / 山海经 Shānhǎijīng, Classic of Mountains and Seas, a mytho-geographical text.

Shang Yang: Shang Yang 商鞅 (? 390–338 BCE), Legalist reformer of the State of Qin.

Shao Jinhan: Shao Jinhan 邵晋涵 (1743–1796), Chinese scholar and historian.

Shao Yong: Shao Yong 邵雍 (1011–1077), Song dynasty philosopher and cosmologist.

Shchutsky, Julian Konstantinovich: Julian Konstantinovich Shchutsky (1897–1938), Russian sinologist.

shen: shen 神 shén, Spirit or mind in Chinese thought.

Shen Buhai: Shen Buhai 申不害 (c. 385–337 BCE), Legalist philosopher and statesman.

Shenbumie: Shenbumie 神不灭 / 神不滅, Indestructibility of the soul.

Shen Dao: Shen Dao 慎到 Shèn Dào, Legalist philosopher of the State of Zhao.

shendu: shendu 慎独 [慎獨] shèndú, Practice of self-discipline in solitude.

sheng: sheng 圣[聖] shèng, Perfect or complete wisdom, often associated with sagehood.

Shen-gong: Shen-gong 申培公 (219–135 BCE), official of the Western Han dynasty.

Shen Hui: Shen Hui 神会 (686–760), Chan Buddhist master.

Shenmie lun: Shenmie lun 神灭论, Treatise on the destruction of the soul by Fan Zhen.

Shen Xiu: Shen Xiu 神秀 (606–706), Chan Buddhist master.

Shen Yue: Shen Yue 沈约 [沈約] (441–513), scholar from Wuxing region (Zhejiang).

Shtein, Viktor Morisovich: Viktor Morisovich Shtein (1890–1964), Russian scholar.

Shtukin, Alexei Alexandrovich: Alexei Alexandrovich Shtukin (1904–1964), Russian sinologist.

Shi Bo: Shi Bo 史伯, Historian Bo, 8th century BCE.

Shi Chou: Shi Chou 施雠 (? – ?), historical figure.

Shiji: Shiji 史记 [史記] Shǐjì, Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian.

Shi Jie: Shi Jie 石介 (1005–1045), Song dynasty scholar.

Shijing: Shijing 诗经 / 詩經 Shījīng, Book of Songs, ancient Chinese poetry collection.

Shi Jiao: Shi Jiao 尸佼 (390–330 BCE), Legalist scholar (Master Shi 尸子).

Shi Mo: Shi Mo 史墨, Cai Mo, 8th century BCE.

Shisanjing: Shisanjing 十三经 [十三經], Thirteen Classics of Chinese literature.

Shishuo xinyu: Shishuo xinyu 世说新语 [世說新語], New Account of the Tales of the World, collection of anecdotes and sayings.

Shi'er yinyuan: Shi'er yinyuan 十二因缘, Twelve Nidanas in Buddhist doctrine.

Shi'er jing: Shi'er jing 十二经, Twelve Classics.

Shujing: Shujing 书经 / 書經 Shūjīng, Book of Documents, ancient Chinese historical text.

Shunyata: Shunyata, Buddhist concept of emptiness. See kong 空 kōng.

Shu Xing: Shu Xing 叔兴, 7th century BCE minister of the State of Song during the Zhou dynasty.

Siku quanshu: Siku quanshu 四库全书, Complete Library of the Four Treasuries, largest collection of Chinese literature.

Sima Guang: Sima Guang 司马光 (1019–1086), Song dynasty historian and statesman.

Sima Tan: Sima Tan 司马谈 (? – 110 BCE), historian and father of Sima Qian.

Sima Qian: Sima Qian 司马迁 (145–86 BCE), author of the Shiji, Records of the Grand Historian.

Si-Meng xuepai: Zisi-Mengzi School 思孟学派 / Si-Meng school, Philosophical school following Zisi and Mengzi.

sincerity: sincerity. See cheng.

Sinin, Sergei Vasilievich: Sergei Vasilievich Sinin (1957–), Russian scholar specializing in Chinese legal and historical studies.

Sishu: Sishu 四书 [四書] Sìshū, foundational Confucian texts.

Sivin, Nathan: Nathan Sivin (1931–), historian of Chinese science and technology.

Solovyov, Vladimir Sergeyevich: Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (1853–1900), Russian philosopher and theologian.

Song Xiangfeng: Song Xiangfeng 宋翔鳳 (1779–1860), Chinese scholar.

Song Jian: Song Jian 宋钘 (? 382–300 BCE), Chinese philosopher.

Song-Yin School: Song-Yin School 宋尹学派 Sòng-Yǐn xuépài, Song-Yin philosophical school.

soul: soul (魂魄 húnpò), the dual soul concept in Chinese belief.

space–time: space–time. The concept of space and time, cosmos. See yuzhou 宇宙 yǔzhòu.

Spirin, Vladimir Semyonovich: Vladimir Semyonovich Spirin (1929–2002), Russian sinologist and Daoism scholar.

spontaneity: spontaneity; ziran 自然 zìrán, naturalness; spontaneity.

Spring and Autumn Annals: Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋 Chūnqiū, historical annals of the state of Lu.

Spring and Autumn of Lü Buwei: Spring and Autumn of Lü Buwei Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋 Lǚchūn qiūshì, wncyclopedic compendium of political philosophy.

Staburova, Elena Yuryevna: Elena Yuryevna Staburova (1934–1993), Russian sinologist.

State socialism: National socialism 国家社会 guójiā shèhuì, “State socialism/national socialism,” see also Nationalist School.

substance and function: substance and function, see ti-yong 体用/體用 tǐ-yòng, concept of substance and function in Chinese philosophy.

Sucharchuk, Grigori Dmitrievich: Grigori Dmitrievich Sucharchuk (1927–), Russian scholar.

Sun Bin: Sun Bin 孙膑 [孫臏] (? – ?), military strategist.

Sun Chuo: Sun Chuo 孙绰 [孫綽] (310 or 314–371), poet and scholar.

Sun Fu: Sun Fu 孙复 (992–1057), scholar.

Sun Qifeng: Sun Qifeng 孙奇逢 (1585–1675), Confucian scholar and educator.

Sun Sheng: Sun Sheng 孙盛 (306–378), historian and scholar.

Sun Shi: Sun Shi 孙奭/孫奭 (962–1033), Song dynasty scholar.

Sun Shuping: Sun Shuping 孙叔平 (1905–1983), modern Chinese scholar.

Sun Wu: Sun Wu 孙武 (? – ?), military strategist, author of Sunzi Bingfa (The Art of War).

Sun Yan: Sun Yan 孙炎 [孫炎] (3rd century), Also Sun Shuran, historical figure.

Sun Yat-sen: Sun Yat-sen 孙中山 (1866–1925), Chinese revolutionary and founding father of the Republic of China.

Sun Yirang: Sun Yirang 孙诒让 (1848–1908), Philologist and scholar of ancient Chinese texts.

Sun Zhongshan: Sun Zhongshan 孙中山, See Sun Yat-sen.

Supreme Ultimate: Supreme Ultimate 太極 Tàijí, The “Supreme Ultimate” in Chinese cosmology.

Su Qin: Su Qin 苏秦 (? – ?), strategist, courtesy name Jizi 季子.

Su Shi: Su Shi 苏轼 (1037–1101), Song dynasty poet, essayist, and statesman.

Suzuki Daisetsu: Suzuki Daisetsu 鈴木大拙 (1870–1966), Japanese scholar of Zen Buddhism.

Suzuki Yoshijiro: Suzuki Yoshijiro 鈴木由次郎 (1901–1976), Japanese scholar.

T

taiji: taiji 太极 [太極] tàijí, The Supreme Ultimate in Chinese cosmology.

Taiping jing: Taiping jing 太平经 [太平經] Tàipíngjīng (Daoismus), Scripture of Great Peace, Daoist text.

Taixu: Taixu 太虚 (1890–1947), Chinese Buddhist modernist and reformer.

Taizhou School: Taizhou School 泰州学派, School of thought emphasizing individual moral intuition in the Ming-Qing period.

Takahashi Yūji: Takahashi Yūji 高橋勇治 (1909–1992), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Takata Shinji: Takata Shinji 高田眞治 (1893–1975), Japanese scholar of Daoism.

Takeuchi Teruo: Takeuchi Teruo 竹内照夫 (1910–1982), Japanese sinologist and scholar of Chinese classics.

Tang Junyi: Tang Junyi 唐君毅 (1909–1978), New Confucian thinker.

Tang Mingbang: Tang Mingbang 唐明邦 (1925–2018), Chinese philosopher and scholar of Confucianism.

Tang Yijie: Tang Yijie 汤一介 (1927–2014), Chinese philosopher and Confucian scholar.

Tang Yongtong: Tang Yongtong 湯用彤 [汤用彤] (1893–1964), Chinese scholar of Buddhist philosophy.

Tang Zhen: Tang Zhen 唐甄 (1630–1704), Ming-Qing philosopher.

Tan Jiefu: Tan Jiefu 谭戒甫 [譚戒甫] (1887–1974), Chinese educator and philosopher.

Tan Qiao: Tan Qiao 谭峭 (ca. 860–ca. 940), Tang dynasty scholar.

Tan Sitong: Tan Sitong 谭嗣同 (1865–1898), Chinese reformist thinker and martyr.

Tan Yunshan: Tan Yunshan 谭云山 [譚雲山] (1898–1983), Chinese Buddhist scholar and educator.

Tao Hongjing: Tao Hongjing 陶弘景, Daoist alchemist and scholar of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Ten Wings: Ten Wings 十翼 shíyì, Commentaries on the Yijing (Book of Changes).

Tao Xisheng: Tao Xisheng 陶希圣 (1899–1988), Chinese philosopher and scholar.

thing: thing; matter. See wu 物, object or thing in philosophy.

Thoreau, Henry David: Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), American philosopher and naturalist.

tian: tian 天 tiān, Heaven; the cosmic or divine principle.

Tianchao tianmu zhidu: Tianchao tianmu zhidu 天朝田畝制度 Tiāncháo tiánmǔ zhìdù, Land system of the Heavenly Dynasty (Taiping document; see Hong Xiuquan, Hong Rengan).

Tian He: Tian He 田何 (? – ?), Scholar-official of the Western Han dynasty.

tianming: Mandate of Heaven, 天命 tiānmìng, see ming.

Tian Pian: Tian Pian 田骈 [田駢] (? – ?), Historical figure.

Tian Qiu: Tian Qiu 田俅 (? – ?), Also Tian Jiu 田鸠, Historical figure.

Tiantai School: Tiantai School 天台宗 Tiāntāizōng, Tiantai / Tendai Buddhist school.

Tian Xiangzi: Tian Xiangzi 田襄子 (? – ?), Philosopher of the Warring States period.

Tikhvinsky, Sergei Leonidovich: Sergei Leonidovich Tikhvinsky (1918–2018), Russian scholar of Chinese thought.

Titarenko, Mikhail Leontyevich: Mikhail Leontyevich Titarenko (1934–2016), Editor of the Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary of Chinese Philosophy.

tiyong: tiyong 体用 [體用] tǐyòng, Concept of substance and function in Chinese philosophy.

Tkachenko, Grigori Alexandrovich: Grigori Alexandrovich Tkachenko (1947–2000), Russian sinologist.

Tolstoy, Leo Nikolayevich: Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828–1910), Russian writer and philosopher.

Tongcheng School: Tongcheng School 桐城派, Literary school in Qing China emphasizing classical prose.

Torchinov, Evgeny Alexeevich: Evgeny Alexeevich Torchinov (1956–2003), Russian scholar of Daoism.

transformation: transformation; change; alteration. See hua 化 huà, change or transformation in philosophy.

transmission of the tradition: transmission of the tradition. See Daotong 道统 / 道統, transmission of the lineage.

Treasury of Daoist Writings: Treasury of Daoist Writings/Treasury of the Dao. See Daozang 道藏, Daoist canon.

Tsukamoto Zenryu: Tsukamoto Zenryu 塚本善隆 (1898–1980), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Tucci, Giuseppe: Giuseppe Tucci (1894–1984), Italian scholar of Buddhism and Tibetology.

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques: Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727–1781), French economist and statesman.

twofold truth: twofold truth 二谛 èrdì, Buddhist concept distinguishing conventional and ultimate truth.

U

Uno Seiichi: Uno Seiichi 宇野精一 (1910–2008), Japanese scholar of Chinese philosophy and Confucianism.

V

Vasilyev, Kim Vasilyevich: Kim Vasilyevich Vasilyev (1932–1991), Russian scholar of Chinese philosophy.

Vasilyev, Leonid Sergeyevich: Leonid Sergeyevich Vasilyev (1930–2016), Russian sinologist.

Vasilyev, Vasily Pavlovich: Vasily Pavlovich Vasilyev (1818–1900), Russian sinologist.

view of life: view of life (renshengguan 人生观 / 人生觀 rénshēngguān), concept of worldview or general outlook on life.

Voltaire: Voltaire (1694–1778), French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher.

W

Waley, Arthur: Arthur Waley (1889–1966), British sinologist and translator of Chinese and Japanese literature.

Wang Anshi: Wang Anshi 王安石 (1021–1086), Chinese economist, statesman, and reformer of the Song dynasty.

Wang Bai: Wang Bai 王柏 (1197–1274), Song dynasty scholar.

Wang Bi: Wang Bi 王弼 (226–249), Chinese philosopher known for his commentaries on the Dao De Jing and I Ching.

Wang Bo: Wang Bo, see Wang Bai

Wang Chuanshan: Wang Chuanshan 王船山 (1619–1692), See Wang Fuzhi, Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar.

wangdao: wangdao 王道 wángdào, the “Way of the King” or proper governance in Confucian thought.

Wang Dianji: Wang Dianji 汪奠基 (1900–1979), Chinese scholar.

Wang Fengxian: Wang Fengxian 王风贤 (1929–2019), modern Chinese philosopher.

Wang Fu: Wang Fu 王符 (? 85–162), Han dynasty philosopher and author of classic essays.

Wang Fuzhi: Wang Fuzhi 王夫之 (1619–1692), influential Neo-Confucian philosopher.

Wang Gen: Wang Gen 王艮 (1483–1541), founder of the Taizhou School.

Wang Guowei: Wang Guowei 王国维 (1877–1927), Chinese scholar, poet, and literary critic.

Wang Hao: Wang Hao 王浩 (1921–1995), Chinese mathematician.

Wang Ji: Wang Ji 王畿 (1498–1583), Ming dynasty philosopher.

Wang Mingsheng: Wang Mingsheng 王鳴盛 (1722–1797), Qing dynasty scholar.

Wang Niansun: Wang Niansun 王念孫 (1744–1832), Chinese philologist.

Wang Ruoshui: Wang Ruoshui 王若水 (1926–2002), Chinese journalist, political theorist, and philosopher.

Wang Shouren: Wang Shouren 王守仁, See Wang Yangming, Neo-Confucian philosopher.

Wang Su: Wang Su 王肃 (195–256), Chinese philosopher and scholar.

Wang Tao: Wang Tao 王韬 (1828–1897), Chinese reformer and writer.

Wang Tingxiang: Wang Tingxiang 王廷相 (1474–1544), Ming dynasty official and scholar.

Wang Tong: Wang Tong 王通 (ca. 584–617), Confucian philosopher.

Wang Xinzhai: Wang Xinzhai 王心斋 (1483–1541), Wang Gen 王艮, Neo-Confucian scholar.

Wang Xuanlan: Wang Xuanlan 王玄览 (626–697), Tang dynasty scholar.

Wang Yangming: Wang Yangming (1472–1529), Wang Shouren 王守仁, leading Neo-Confucian philosopher.

Wang Yinglin: Wang Yinglin 王應麟 (1223–1296), Song dynasty scholar, also known as Wang Bohou 王伯厚.

Wang Yinzhi: Wang Yinzhi 王引之 (1766–1834), Qing dynasty philologist.

Wang Yousan: Wang Yousan 王友三（1929–1997）, modern Chinese scholar.

Wang Zhong: Wang Zhong 汪中 (1745–1794), Qing dynasty scholar.

Wan Sida: Wan Sida 萬斯大 (1633–1683), Chinese scholar of the Qing dynasty.

warp and weft: warp and weft, see jing 经 [經] jīng and wei 纬 [緯] wěi.

Watanabe Takashi: Watanabe Takashi 渡邊卓 (1912–1971), Japanese scholar of Chinese literature.

Watson, Burton: Burton Watson (1925–2017), American translator of Chinese and Japanese classics.

Watts, Alan: Alan Watts (1915–1973), British-American writer and interpreter of Eastern philosophy.

wangdao: kingly way; benevolent government. See wangdao 王道 wángdào, the path of authoritarian rule. see also Way of the Despot. 霸道 bàdào.

Way of Governing: Way of Governing. The ideal path of rulership in Confucian thought. See zhengdao

Way of the Despot: Way of the Despot. 霸道 bàdào

Way of True Unity: Way of True Unity. See zhengdao 正道 zhèngdao, the path of genuine moral governance.

Weber, Max: Max Weber (1864–1920), German sociologist and political economist.

wei: wei 為/爲[为] wèi, action; doing.

wei: wei 为 / 為/爲 wéi, the Later Mohist principle of “benefit” or “doing.”

Wei Boyang: Wei Boyang 魏伯阳/魏伯陽 (100–170), Taoist alchemist and philosopher.

Wei Liaoweng: Wei Liaoweng 魏了翁 (1178–1237), Song dynasty scholar.

Wei Mou: Wei Mou 魏牟 (? 360–280 BCE), Mohist philosopher.

Weishizong: Weishizong 唯识宗, Yogācāra school of Buddhism (Consciousness-Only School).

weishu: weishu 纬书 / 緯書 wěishū, apocryphal texts.

Wei Yuan: Wei Yuan 魏源 (1794–1857), Qing dynasty scholar and reformer.

Welch, Holmes Hinkley: Holmes H. Welch (1924–1981), American scholar of Chinese religion.

well-field system: jingtian 井田 jǐngtián, “well-field system,” ancient Chinese land distribution method.

wen: wen 文, culture, writing, literature, and language.

wenda: wenda (mondo); Questions and Answers 问答 [問答] wèn-dá, a Q&A dialogue form between master and disciple, similar to Kōan.

Wen Gongyi: Wen Gongyi 温公颐/温公頤 (1904–1996), modern Chinese scholar.

Wenzi: Wenzi 文子, Daoist text attributed to Master Wen.

Wieger, Léon: Léon Wieger (1856–1933), Jesuit sinologist and translator.

Wilhelm, Hellmut: Hellmut Wilhelm (1905–1990), German sinologist.

Wilhelm, Richard: Richard Wilhelm (1873–1930), German sinologist and translator.

Wilkins, John: John Wilkins (1614–1672), English philosopher and linguist.

wind and flow: wind and flow. Fengliu 风流 [風流] fēngliú, literary and cultural refinement.

wisdom: wisdom, zhi 智 zhì, Confucian virtue.

Wittfogel, Karl August: Karl August Wittfogel (1896–1988), German-American sinologist and historian.

Vyatkin, Rudolf Vsevolodovich: Rudolf Vsevolodovich Vyatkin (1910–1995), Russian sinologist.

Wright, Arthur: Arthur Wright (1913–1976), American historian and sinologist, ed. Studies in Chinese thought (1953)

writing: writing; culture. 文 wén, refers to writing, literature, or culture.

wu: wu 物 wù, thing; object.

wuchang: Five Cardinal Virtues 五常 wǔcháng. See sangang wuchang, five cardinal virtues in Confucian ethics.

Wu Cheng: Wu Cheng 吴澄 (1243–1313), Yuan dynasty Neo-Confucian scholar.

Wujing: Wujing 五经 [五經] Wǔjīng, The five canonical books of Confucianism.

Wujing (military): Wujing 武经, Military classic of ancient China.

Wu Qi: Wu Qi 吴起 (?-381), Author of the Wuzi, Chinese military strategist.

wuwei: wuwei 无为[無為] wúwéi, Non-action; effortless action in Daoism; doctrine of non-interference

wuwo: wuwo 无我 [無我] wúwǒ, non-self in Buddhist philosophy.

wuxing: wuxing 五行 wǔxíng, Five Elements or Five Phases in Chinese cosmology.

Wu Yu: Wu Yu 吳虞 (1872–1949), Chinese historian and philosopher.

Wu Yubi: Wu Yubi 吴与弼 (1391–1469), Ming dynasty scholar.

Wu Yue: Wu Yue 吴樾 (1878–1905), Chinese revolutionary.

wuyun: wuyun 五蕴 [五蘊] wǔ-yùn, The five aggregates in Buddhist philosophy.

Wu Zhihui: Wu Zhihui 吴稚晖 (1865–1953), Chinese scholar and political thinker.

X

xiangshu zhi xue: xiangshu zhi xue 象数之学 [象數之學], study of symbols and numbers in cosmology; see also Shao Yong.

xianxue: xianxue 仙学 xiānxué, Daoist teachings on immortality.

Xiahou Sheng: Xiahou Sheng 夏侯胜 (? - ?), Chinese scholar.

Xiang Xiu: Xiang Xiu 向秀 (? 227–272), Commentator on the Zhuangzi.

Xiaojing: Xiaojing 孝经 [孝經] Xiàojīng, Classic of Filial Piety.

xiaoren: Insignificant Person; Little Man, 小人 xiǎorén, see also junzi, Confucian term.

Xiaoshuo jia: Xiaoshuo jia 小说家 [小說家], school of fiction writers; see jiuliu shijia 九流十家.

xiaoti: xiaoti 孝悌 xiàotì, filial piety and fraternal respect.

Xiao Wanyuan: Xiao Wanyuan 萧万源 (1936–), modern Chinese scholar.

Xici zhuan: Xici zhuan 繫辭傳 Xìcí zhuàn, commentary on the Book of Changes; part of the Ten Wings 十翼.

Xie Guozhen: Xie Guozhen 谢国桢 (1901–), Chinese scholar.

xiejiao: xiejiao 邪教 xiéjiào, heretical teaching.

Xie Liangzuo: Xie Liangzuo 谢良佐 (1050–1103), also Xie Shangcai 谢上蔡, Confucian scholar.

Xie Wuliang: Xie Wuliang 谢无量 (1884–1964), Chinese scholar.

Xie Yingfang: Xie Yingfang 谢应芳 (1296–1392), Confucian scholar.

Xi Kang: Xi Kang 嵇康 Xī Kāng (Jí Kāng), Cao Wei poet, philosopher, and musician.

xin: xin 心 xīn, mind, heart; consciousness.

xin: xin 信 xìn, trust and fidelity.

xin: xin 信, trust / fidelity.

xing: xing 性 xìng , human nature / character.

xing: xing 形 xíng, physical form.

Xing Bing: Xing Bing 邢昺 (932–1010), commentator on the Classic of History.

Xing Bensi: Xing Bensi 邢贲思 (1929 or 1930–), modern scholar, also Xing Fensi.

Xing Shao: Xing Shao 邢卲 (496- ?), Confucian scholar.

xinlixue: New-Principle Learning, 新理学, see Feng Youlan, philosophical school.

xinxing: xinxing 心性 xīnxìng, mind-nature; see xin and xing.

xinxue: xinxue 心学, School of Mind (Neo-Confucianism), represented by Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming.

xinxue: xinxue [2] 新学 [新學] xīnxué, New Learning (Neo-Confucian school).

Xiong Ansheng: Xiong Ansheng 熊安生 (ca. 497–578), scholar of the Southern dynasties.

Xiong Bolong: Xiong Bolong 熊伯龙 (1617–1669), scholar of the Ming-Qing transition.

Xiong Shili: Xiong Shili 熊十力, modern Chinese philosopher and Neo-Confucianist.

xiushen: xiushen 修身 xiūshēn, self-cultivation.

xu: xu 虚 [虛] xū, emptiness or void.

xuan: xuan 玄 xuán, profound or mysterious.

Xuan Wenjun: Xuan Wenjun, Classical scholar from the pre-Qin period.

xuanxue: xuanxue 玄学 [玄學] xuánxué, metaphysical Daoist philosophy.

Xuanzang: Xuanzang 玄奘 (? 600–664), Buddhist monk and translator of Sanskrit texts into Chinese.

Xu Chongqing: Xu Chongqing 许崇清 [許崇清] (1888–1969), modern scholar.

Xue Fucheng: Xue Fucheng 薛福成 (1838–1894), diplomat and scholar.

Xue Jixuan: Xue Jixuan 薛季宣 (1134–1173), scholar of the Southern Song.

Xue Xuan: Xue Xuan 薛萱 (1389–1464), Confucian scholar.

Xu Fuguan: Xu Fuguan 徐复观 / 徐復觀 (1903–1982), modern historian and philosopher.

Xu Gan: Xu Gan 徐幹 (170–218), philosopher of the late Han dynasty.

Xu Heng: Xu Heng 许衡 / 許衡 (1209–1281), Yuan dynasty scholar.

Xun Can: Xun Can 荀粲 (209–238), Confucian scholar.

Xun Kuang: Xun Kuang 荀況, see Xunzi, Confucian philosopher.

Xunzi: Xunzi 荀子, Master Xun, Confucian philosopher.

Xun Yue: Xun Yue 荀悅 (148–209), historian and philosopher.

Xu Qianxue: Xu Qianxue 徐乾学 / 徐乾學 (1631–1694), scholar of the Qing dynasty.

Xu Shen: Xu Shen 許慎/许慎 Xǔ Shèn, Han dynasty lexicographer and philologist.

Xu Xing: Xu Xing 许行 (? – ?), Confucian scholar.

Xu Yan: Xu Yan 徐彦, classical scholar.

Xu Zunming: Xu Zunming 徐遵明 (475–529), zi: Zipan 子判, Confucian scholar.

Y

Yan Anle: Yan Anle 颜安乐 / 顏安樂 (Yan Gongsun), scholar.

Yan Beiming: Yan Beiming 严北溟 / 嚴北溟 (1907–1990), philosopher.

Yan Fu: Yan Fu 严复 (1853–1921), reformist scholar and translator.

Yang Dongming: Yang Dongming 杨东明 (1548–1624), Neo-Confucian scholar.

Yang He: Yang He 杨何 (? – ?), scholar.

Yang Jian: Yang Jian 杨简 (1141-1225), scholar.

Yang Liuqiao: Yang Liuqiao 杨柳桥 [楊柳橋] (1908–), Chinese scholar.

Yangmingismus: Yangmingismus, Xinxue 心学 [心學] Xīnxué, philosophy of Wang Yangming.

Yangming School: Yangming School 阳明学派, school founded by Wang Yangming, Neo-Confucianism.

Yan Hui: Yan Yuan 颜渊 (521–490 BCE), disciple of Confucius.

Yan Jun: Yan Jun 颜钧 (? – ?), scholar.

Yan Pengzu: Yan Pengzu 嚴彭祖, founder of the Yan school promoting the Gongyang tradition.

Yang Quan: Yang Quan 杨泉 (? – ?), scholar.

Yang Shi: Yang Shi 杨时 (1053–1135), Confucian scholar.

Yang Shixun: Yang Shixun 杨士勋, scholar.

Yangutov, Leonid Yevgrafovich: Leonid Yevgrafovich Yangutov (1950–), modern philosopher.

Yang Wangsun: Yang Wangsun 杨王孙 (? ?) (Former Han dynasty), Chinese scholar.

Yangwu yundong: Yangwu yundong 洋務運動 / 洋务运动, Yángwù yùndòng, Self-Strengthening Movement (modernization and Westernization in late Qing China).

Yang Xianbang: Yang Xianbang 杨宪邦 [杨献珍] (1896–1992), scholar.

Yang Xingshun: Yang Xingshun 杨兴顺 (1904–1989), scholar.

Yang Xiong: Yang Xiong 扬雄, Yang Ziyun, 53 BCE–18 CE, philosopher, writer, and philologist from Shu.

Yan Ying: Yan Ying 晏婴 (? – 500 BCE), statesman of the State of Qi.

Yang Zhu: Yang Zhu 杨朱 (? – ?), philosopher.

Yan Ruoqu: Yan Ruoqu 阎若璩 (1636–1704), scholar and textual critic.

Yanshina, Elektra Mikhailovna: Elektra Mikhailovna Yanshina (1924–), Russian scholar.

Yantie lun: Yantie lun 盐铁论, Discourses on Salt and Iron, historical economic-political debate in Han China.

Yan Yuan Qing: Yan Yuan 颜元 (1635–1704), Qing dynasty scholar.

Yanzi chunqiu: Yanzi chunqiu 晏子春秋, Spring and Autumn Annals of Master Yan.

Yao Jiheng: Yao Jiheng 姚際恒 (1647–1715), scholar.

ye: Karma|ye 业 [業] yè, karma (Buddhist concept).

Ye Shi: Ye Shi 叶适 [葉適] (1150–1223), Neo-Confucian scholar.

yi: yi 义 [義] yì, righteousness; sense of duty.

Yiguandao: Yiguandao 一贯道 Yi Guan Dao, Chinese religious movement.

Yi He: Yi He 醫和, scholar or physician.

Yijing: Yijing See Zhouyi, Classic of Changes.

Yijing: Yijing 义淨/義淨 Yì Jìng (I-Tsing), Buddhist monk and traveler.

Yili: Yili 仪礼 [儀禮] Yílǐ, Book of Etiquette.

Yinfu jing: Yinfu jing 阴符经 [陰符經], Huangdi Yinfu Jing 黄帝阴符经 [黃帝陰符經], Taoist text.

Yin Wen: Yin Wen 尹文, also Yin Wen zi 尹文子 (ca. 360–280 BCE), scholar.

Yin Yang: Yin Yang 阴阳 [陰陽] yīnyáng, duality of cosmic forces.

Yinxi: Yinxi 尹喜, legendary guardian of the Taoist classics.

Yin Yang jia: Yin Yang jia 阴阳家 [陰陽家], Yin-Yang School.

yitai: yitai 以太, ether or cosmological medium.

Yongkang School: Yongkang School 永康学派, philosophical school of Chen Liang.

Yongjia School: Yongjia School 永嘉学派, Neo-Confucianism, Southern Song dynasty.

Yoshikawa Kōjirō: Yoshikawa Kōjirō 吉川幸次郎 (1904–1980), Japanese sinologist.

you-wu: you-wu 有无 [有無] yǒuwú, being and non-being; philosophical concept.

You Ruo: You Ruo 有若, disciple of Confucius.

You Zuo: You Zuo 遊酢 (1053–1123), Confucian scholar.

yuanqi: yuanqi 元气 [元氣] yuánqì, vital energy; fundamental force or cause.

Yuan Weishi: Yuan Weishi 袁伟时 [袁偉時] (1931–), historian and philosopher.

Yu Yue: Yu Yue 俞樾 (1821–1907), scholar from Zhejiang.

yuzhou: yuzhou 宇宙 yǔzhòu, universe.

Z

Zaitsev, Vladimir Vasilievich: Vladimir Vasilievich Zaitsev (1953–), Russian sinologist and researcher of Chinese classics.

Zai Wo: Zai Wo 子我 / Zai Yu 宰予 (522–458 BCE), disciple of Confucius.

Zajia: Zajia 杂家 [雜家] Zájiā, eclectic school or syncretists.

Zeng Guofan: Zeng Guofan 曾国藩 (1811–1872), statesman and scholar.

Zengzi: Zengzi 曾子 (505–436 BCE), Master Zeng, Confucian disciple.

Zhang Binglin: Zhang Binglin 章炳麟 (1896–1936), scholar and philologist.

Zhang Boduan: Zhang Boduan 张伯端 (984–1082), Daoist alchemist.

Zhang Dainian: Zhang Dainian 张岱年 (1909–2004), philosopher.

Zhang Dongsun: Zhang Dongsun 张东荪/張東蓀 (1886–1973), philosopher.

Zhang Erqi: Zhang Erqi 张尔岐 / 張爾岐 (1612–1677), scholar.

Zhang Heng: Zhang Heng 张衡 (78–139), astronomer and polymath.

Zhang Huiyan: Zhang Huiyan 张惠言 (1761–1802), scholar.

Zhang Junmai: Zhang Junmai 张君劢 (Carsun Chang) (1887–1968), philosopher.

Zhang Liwen: Zhang Liwen 张立文 (1935–), scholar.

Zhang Shi: Zhang Shi 张栻 (1133–1180), philosopher.

Zhang Taiyan: Zhang Taiyan 章太炎. See Zhang Binglin.

Zhanguoce pai: Zhanguoce pai 战国策派 Zhànguócè pài, School of Strategies from the Warring States.

Zhang Xingcheng: Zhang Xingcheng 张行成 (12th century), scholar.

Zhang Xuecheng: Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚 (1738–1801), historian and philosopher.

Zhang Yu: Zhang Yu 张禹 (? – 5 BCE), scholar.

Zhang Zai: Zhang Zai 张载 (1020–1078), Neo-Confucian philosopher.

Zhang Zhan: Zhang Zhan 张湛, Zhang Chudu, Neo-Daoist.

Zhang Zhidong: Zhang Zhidong 张之洞 (1837–1909), statesman and reformer.

Zhang Zongxiang: Zhang Zongxiang 章宗祥 (1881–1965), scholar.

Zhan He: Zhan He 詹何 (? – ?), scholar.

Zhan Jianfeng: Zhan Jianfeng 詹剑峰 (1902–1982), scholar.

Zhan Ran: Zhan Ran 湛然 = Jingxi Zhan Ran 荊溪湛然 (711–782), Tiantai school.

Zhan Ruoshui: Zhan Ruoshui 湛若水 (1466–1560), philosopher.

Zhao Jibin: Zhao Jibin 趙紀彬 (1905–1982), scholar.

Zhao Kuang: Zhao Kuang 赵匡 / 趙匡, Zhao Boxiong 赵伯循 (8th century), canonologist.

Zhao Qi: Zhao Qi 趙岐 (108–201), Confucian scholar.

zhen: zhen 真, truth; authenticity.

Zhendi: Zhendi 真谛/真諦 Zhēndì, Paramārtha (499–569), Indian Buddhist monk from Ujjain.

Zhen Dexiu: Zhen Dexiu 真德秀 (1178–1235), Xishan xiansheng, Confucian scholar.

Zheng Guanying: Zheng Guanying 郑观应 (1842–1923), reformist thinker.

zhengming: rectifying of names. zhengming 正名 zhèngmíng, Confucian principle of rectifying names.

zhengming: zhengming 正名 zhèngmíng, rectification of names.

Zheng Xianzhi: Zheng Xianzhi 郑鲜之 (364–427), also Zheng Daozi, scholar.

Zheng Xing: Zheng Xing 郑兴 (? - ?), scholar.

Zheng Xuan: Zheng Xuan 郑学 (127–200), also Zheng Kangcheng, Confucian scholar.

Zhengyi [dao]: Zhengyi [dao] 正一道 Zhèngyī dào, Way of Orthodox Unity.

Zheng Zhong: Zheng Zhong 郑众 (? – 83), also Zheng Zhongshi, scholar.

Zhenkong jiao: Zhenkong jiao 真空教, Teaching of True Emptiness, major Chinese sectarian movement.

zhenru: zhenru 真如 zhēnrú, absolute Reality; Suchness; the (Buddhist) Absolute; see also Bhūtatathatā.

Zhenyan zong: Mantra School, school of Esoteric Buddhism.

zhi: zhi 智 zhì, knowledge; wisdom.

Zhichen: Zhichen 支谶/支讖, Lokakṣema; Zhilou Jiachen 支婁迦讖 (2nd cent.), Buddhist monk and translator.

Zhidun: Zhidun 支遁 (?314–366), Buddhist monk.

Zhi Qian: Zhi Qian 支谦, Buddhist translator.

zhi-xing: zhi-xing 知行 zhī-xíng, Knowing and doing; concept of applying knowledge through practice.

Zhiyi: Zhiyi 智顗 (538–597), founder of Tiantai school.

Zhongchang Tong: Zhongchang Tong 仲长统 (180–220), scholar.

zhong-shu: zhong-shu 忠恕 zhōng-shù, loyalty and consideration / conscientiousness and altruism.

Zhongyong: Zhongyong 中庸 Zhōngyōng, Doctrine of the Mean.

Zhou Canon: Zhou Canon of Changes. See Zhouyi.

Zhou Changes: Zhou Changes. See Zhouyi.

Zhou Dunyi: Zhou Dunyi 周敦颐 (1017–1073), philosopher.

Zhou Fucheng: Zhou Fucheng 周辅成 (1911–2009), scholar.

Zhou Gong: Zhou Gong 周公 Zhōu Gōng, Duke of Zhou.

Zhouguan: Zhouguan 周官 Zhōuguān, see Zhouli.

Zhouli: Zhouli, Zhou Rituals.

Zhou Rituals: Zhou Rituals. See Zhouli.

Zhou Shujia: Zhou Shujia 周叔迦 (1899–1970), scholar.

Zhou Wenying: Zhou Wenying 周文英 (1928–2001), scholar.

Zhou Xiangguang: Zhou Xiangguang 周祥光 (Chou Hsiangkuang) (1919–1963), scholar.

Zhouyi: Zhouyi, Yijing, Book of Changes.

Zhuangzi: Zhuangzi 庄子, Daoist philosophical work named after Zhuang Zhou.

Zhuang Cunyu: Zhuang Cunyu 庄存与 (1719–1788), zi: Fanggeng 方耕, founder of Changzhou School.

Zhuang Zhou: Zhuang Zhou 庄周 Zhuāng Zhōu (ca. 369–286 BCE), Daoist philosopher.

Zhu Bokun: Zhu Bokun 朱伯崑 (1923–2007), scholar.

Zhu Guangqian: Zhu Guangqian 朱光潛 (1897–1986), scholar and aesthetician.

Zhu Qianzhi: Zhu Qianzhi 朱谦之 (1899–1972), scholar.

Zhu Xi: Zhu Xi 朱熹 Zhū Xī (1130–1200), leading Neo-Confucian philosopher, also known as Master Zhu 朱子.

Zhuxianism: Zhuxianism 朱熹主义/朱熹主義 Zhū Xī zhǔyì, philosophical and ideological teachings based on Zhu Xi.

Zhu Zhixin: Zhu Zhixin 朱执信 (1885–1920), also Zhu Dafu.

Zhu Zhiyu: Zhu Zhiyu 朱之瑜 (1600–1682), scholar.

Zichan: Zichan 子产 (? 580–522 BCE), statesman of the State of Zheng.

Zihuazi: Zihuazi 子华子, Master Zihua.

ziran: ziran 自然 zìrán, natural spontaneity in Daoist thought.

Zizhang: Zizhang 子张 (503–? BCE), disciple of Confucius.

Zong Baihua: Zong Baihua 宗白华 (1897–1986), philosopher and aesthetician.

zonghengjia: zonghengjia 纵横家/縱橫家 zònghéngjiā, School of the Vertical and the Horizontal; School of Diplomacy; political strategists (in the Zhanguo period, 475-221 BCE).

Zongmi: Zongmi 宗密 (780–841), Buddhist monk and philosopher.

Zou Rong: Zou Rong 邹容 (1885–1905), revolutionary thinker.

Zou Shouyi: Zou Shouyi 鄒守益 (1491–1562), scholar.

Zou Yan: Zou Yan 驺衍 (? 305–240), philosopher of the Yin-Yang School.

Zuo Shunsheng: Zuo Shunsheng 左舜生 (1893–1969), scholar.

Zuo Xiong: Zuo Xiong 左雄 (? – 138), scholar.

Zuozhuan: Zuozhuan 左传, Commentary of Zuo, historical chronicle.

Erik Zürcher: Erik Zürcher (1928–2008), Dutch sinologist.

Bibliography

Kitayskaya filosofiya. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' / Китайская философия. Энциклопедический словарь. Mikhail Leontyevich Titarenko et al. (eds.). Moscow 1994, ISBN 5-244-00757-2
Zhongguo zhexue da cidian 中国哲学大辞典. Zhang Dainian 张岱年 (ed.). Shanghai 上海: Shanghai cishu chubanshe 上海辞书出版社 2010.
Han-Ying Zhongguo zhexue cidian 汉英中国哲学辞典. Kaifeng 2002
Feng Youlan: A History of Chinese Philosophy. Translated by Derk Bodde. With introduction, notes, bibliography and index. Princeton, Princeton University Press 1952 und 1953
- Vol. I: The Period of the Philosophers (From the Beginnings to Circa 100 B.C.)
- Vol. II: The Period of Classical Learning (From the Second Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D.)

External links

Китайская философия. Энциклопедический словарь, slovaronline.com

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Glossary of Chinese philosophy

Topic: Philosophy

Contents

Glossary

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