Isotopes of silicon

Main isotopes of Chemistry:silicon (₁₄Si)
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Si)	[28.084, 28.086]; Conventional: 28.085;
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Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 14 but with different mass numbers

Silicon (₁₄Si) has 23 known isotopes, with mass numbers ranging from 22 to 44. ²⁸Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), ²⁹Si (4.67%), and ³⁰Si (3.1%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is ³²Si, which is produced by cosmic ray spallation of argon. Its half-life has been determined to be approximately 150 years (with decay energy 0.21 MeV), and it decays by beta emission to ³²P (which has a 14.27-day half-life)^[2] and then to ³²S. After ³²Si, ³¹Si has the second longest half-life at 157.3 minutes. All others have half-lives under 7 seconds.

A chart showing the relative abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of silicon.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (u) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
²²Si	14	8	22.03611(54)#	28.7(11) ms	β⁺, p (62%)	²¹Mg	0+
					β⁺ (37%)	²²Al
					β⁺, 2p (0.7%)	²⁰Na
²³Si	14	9	23.02571(54)#	42.3(4) ms	β⁺, p (88%)	²²Mg	3/2+#
					β⁺ (8%)	²³Al
					β⁺, 2p (3.6%)	²¹Na
²⁴Si	14	10	24.011535(21)	143.2 (21) ms	β⁺ (65.5%)	²⁴Al	0+
²⁴Si	14	10	24.011535(21)	143.2 (21) ms	β⁺, p (34.5%)	²³Mg	0+
²⁵Si	14	11	25.004109(11)	220.6(10) ms	β⁺ (65%)	²⁵Al	5/2+
²⁵Si	14	11	25.004109(11)	220.6(10) ms	β⁺, p (35%)	²⁴Mg	5/2+
²⁶Si	14	12	25.99233382(12)	2.2453(7) s	β⁺	²⁶Al	0+
²⁷Si	14	13	26.98670469(12)	4.117(14) s	β⁺	²⁷Al	5/2+
²⁸Si	14	14	27.97692653442(55)	Stable			0+	0.92223(19)	0.92205–0.92241
²⁹Si	14	15	28.97649466434(60)	Stable			1/2+	0.04685(8)	0.04678–0.04692
³⁰Si	14	16	29.973770137(23)	Stable			0+	0.03092(11)	0.03082–0.03102
³¹Si	14	17	30.975363196(46)	157.16(20) min	β⁻	³¹P	3/2+
³²Si	14	18	31.97415154(32)	157(7) y	β⁻	³²P	0+	trace	cosmogenic
³³Si	14	19	32.97797696(75)	6.18(18) s	β⁻	³³P	3/2+
³⁴Si	14	20	33.97853805(86)	2.77(20) s	β⁻	³⁴P	0+
^34mSi	4256.1(4) keV			<210 ns	IT	³⁴Si	(3−)
³⁵Si	14	21	34.984550(38)	780(120) ms	β⁻	³⁵P	7/2−#
³⁵Si	14	21	34.984550(38)	780(120) ms	β⁻, n?	³⁴P	7/2−#
³⁶Si	14	22	35.986649(77)	503(2) ms	β⁻ (88%)	³⁶P	0+
³⁶Si	14	22	35.986649(77)	503(2) ms	β⁻, n (12%)	³⁵P	0+
³⁷Si	14	23	36.99295(12)	141.0(35) ms	β⁻ (83%)	³⁷P	(5/2−)
					β⁻, n (17%)	³⁶P
					β⁻, 2n?	³⁵P
³⁸Si	14	24	37.99552(11)	63(8) ms	β⁻ (75%)	³⁸P	0+
³⁸Si	14	24	37.99552(11)	63(8) ms	β⁻, n (25%)	³⁷P	0+
³⁹Si	14	25	39.00249(15)	41.2(41) ms	β⁻ (67%)	³⁹P	(5/2−)
					β⁻, n (33%)	³⁸P
					β⁻, 2n?	³⁷P
⁴⁰Si	14	26	40.00608(13)	31.2(26) ms	β⁻ (62%)	⁴⁰P	0+
					β⁻, n (38%)	³⁹P
					β⁻, 2n?	³⁸P
⁴¹Si	14	27	41.01417(32)#	20.0(25) ms	β⁻, n (>55%)	⁴⁰P	7/2−#
					β⁻ (<45%)	⁴¹P
					β⁻, 2n?	³⁹P
⁴²Si	14	28	42.01808(32)#	15.5(4 (stat), 16 (sys)) ms^[3]	β⁻ (51%)	⁴²P	0+
					β⁻, n (48%)	⁴¹P
					β⁻, 2n (1%)	⁴⁰P
⁴³Si	14	29	43.02612(43)#	13(4 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms^[3]	β⁻, n (52%)	⁴²P	3/2−#
	β⁻ (27%)	⁴³P
	β⁻, 2n (21%)	⁴¹P
⁴⁴Si	14	30	44.03147(54)#	4# ms [>360 ns]	β⁻?	⁴⁴P	0+
					β⁻, n?	⁴³P
					β⁻, 2n?	⁴²P

↑ ^mSi – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

Silicon-28

Silicon-28, the most abundant isotope of silicon, is of particular interest in the construction of quantum computers when highly enriched, as the presence of ²⁹Si in a sample of silicon contributes to quantum decoherence.^[4] Extremely pure (>99.9998%) samples of ²⁸Si can be produced through selective ionization and deposition of ²⁸Si from silane gas.^[5] Due to the extremely high purity that can be obtained in this manner, the Avogadro project sought to develop a new definition of the kilogram by making a 93.75 mm (3.691 in) sphere of the isotope and determing the exact number of atoms in the sample.^[6]^[7]

Silicon-28 is produced in stars during the alpha process and the oxygen-burning process, and drives the silicon-burning process in massive stars shortly before they go supernova.^[8]^[9]

Silicon-29

Silicon-29 is of note as the only stable silicon isotope with a nuclear spin (I = 1/2).^[10] As such, it can be employed in nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperfine transition studies, for example to study the properties of the so-called A-center defect in pure silicon.^[11]

Silicon-34

Silicon-34 is a radioactive isotope wth a half-life of 2.8 seconds.^[2] In addition to the usual N = 20 closed shell, the nucleus also shows a strong Z = 14 shell closure, making it behave like a doubly magic spherical nucleus, except that it is also located two protons above an island of inversion.^[12] Silicon-34 has an unusual "bubble" structure where the proton distribution is less dense at the center than near the surface, as the 2s_1/2 proton orbital is almost unoccupied in the ground state, unlike in ³⁶S where it is almost full.^[13]^[14] Silicon-34 is one of the known cluster decay emission particles; it is produced in the decay of ²⁴²Cm with a branching ratio of approximately 1×10⁻¹⁶.^[15]

References

↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NUBASE2020
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Crawford, H. L.Expression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2022). "Crossing N = 28 toward the neutron drip line: first measurement of half-lives at FRIB". Physical Review Letters 129 (212501): 212501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212501. PMID 36461950. Bibcode: 2022PhRvL.129u2501C.
↑ "Beyond Six Nines: Ultra-enriched Silicon Paves the Road to Quantum Computing" (in en). NIST. 2014-08-11. https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2014/08/beyond-six-nines-ultra-enriched-silicon-paves-road-quantum-computing.
↑ Dwyer, K J; Pomeroy, J M; Simons, D S; Steffens, K L; Lau, J W (2014-08-30). "Enriching 28 Si beyond 99.9998 % for semiconductor quantum computing". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47 (34): 345105. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/47/34/345105. ISSN 0022-3727. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/47/34/345105.
↑ Powell, Devin (1 July 2008). "Roundest Objects in the World Created". New Scientist. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
↑ Keats, Jonathon. "The Search for a More Perfect Kilogram". https://www.wired.com/2011/09/ff-kilogram/.
↑ Woosley, S.; Janka, T. (2006). "The physics of core collapse supernovae". Nature Physics 1 (3): 147–154. doi:10.1038/nphys172. Bibcode: 2005NatPh...1..147W.
↑ Narlikar, Jayant V. (1995). From Black Clouds to Black Holes. World Scientific. p. 94. ISBN 978-9810220334. https://books.google.com/books?id=0_gmjz-L70EC&pg=PA94.
↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑ Watkins, G. D.; Corbett, J. W. (1961-02-15). "Defects in Irradiated Silicon. I. Electron Spin Resonance of the Si- A Center" (in en). Physical Review 121 (4): 1001–1014. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001. ISSN 0031-899X. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001.
↑ Lică, R.; Rotaru, F.; Borge, M. J. G.; Grévy, S.; Negoiţă, F.; Poves, A.; Sorlin, O.; Andreyev, A. N. et al. (11 September 2019). "Normal and intruder configurations in Si 34 populated in the β − decay of Mg 34 and Al 34". Physical Review C 100 (3). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.034306.
↑ "Physicists find atomic nucleus with a ‘bubble’ in the middle". 24 October 2016. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/physicists-find-atomic-nucleus-bubble-middle.
↑ Mutschler, A.; Lemasson, A.; Sorlin, O.; Bazin, D.; Borcea, C.; Borcea, R.; Dombrádi, Z.; Ebran, J.-P. et al. (February 2017). "A proton density bubble in the doubly magic 34Si nucleus". Nature Physics 13 (2): 152–156. doi:10.1038/nphys3916.
↑ Bonetti, R.; Guglielmetti, A. (2007). "Cluster radioactivity: an overview after twenty years". Romanian Reports in Physics 59: 301–310. http://www.rrp.infim.ro/2007_59_2/10_bonetti.pdf.

External links

Silicon isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes of silicon. Read more

[3] Si – Excited nuclear isomer.

[4] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-5] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-6] 4.0 ^4.1 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[7] Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[8] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[9] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[CIAAW2013-1] Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[NUBASE2020-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NUBASE2020

[NR129-10] 3.0 ^3.1 Crawford, H. L.Expression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2022). "Crossing N = 28 toward the neutron drip line: first measurement of half-lives at FRIB". Physical Review Letters 129 (212501): 212501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212501. PMID 36461950. Bibcode: 2022PhRvL.129u2501C.

[11] "Beyond Six Nines: Ultra-enriched Silicon Paves the Road to Quantum Computing" (in en). NIST. 2014-08-11. https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2014/08/beyond-six-nines-ultra-enriched-silicon-paves-road-quantum-computing.

[12] Dwyer, K J; Pomeroy, J M; Simons, D S; Steffens, K L; Lau, J W (2014-08-30). "Enriching 28 Si beyond 99.9998 % for semiconductor quantum computing". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47 (34): 345105. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/47/34/345105. ISSN 0022-3727. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/47/34/345105.

[13] Powell, Devin (1 July 2008). "Roundest Objects in the World Created". New Scientist. Retrieved 16 June 2015.

[Wired-14] Keats, Jonathon. "The Search for a More Perfect Kilogram". https://www.wired.com/2011/09/ff-kilogram/.

[WoosleyJanka-15] Woosley, S.; Janka, T. (2006). "The physics of core collapse supernovae". Nature Physics 1 (3): 147–154. doi:10.1038/nphys172. Bibcode: 2005NatPh...1..147W.

[narlikar-16] Narlikar, Jayant V. (1995). From Black Clouds to Black Holes. World Scientific. p. 94. ISBN 978-9810220334. https://books.google.com/books?id=0_gmjz-L70EC&pg=PA94.

[17] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[18] Watkins, G. D.; Corbett, J. W. (1961-02-15). "Defects in Irradiated Silicon. I. Electron Spin Resonance of the Si- A Center" (in en). Physical Review 121 (4): 1001–1014. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001. ISSN 0031-899X. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001.

[19] Lică, R.; Rotaru, F.; Borge, M. J. G.; Grévy, S.; Negoiţă, F.; Poves, A.; Sorlin, O.; Andreyev, A. N. et al. (11 September 2019). "Normal and intruder configurations in Si 34 populated in the β − decay of Mg 34 and Al 34". Physical Review C 100 (3). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.034306.

[20] "Physicists find atomic nucleus with a ‘bubble’ in the middle". 24 October 2016. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/physicists-find-atomic-nucleus-bubble-middle.

[21] Mutschler, A.; Lemasson, A.; Sorlin, O.; Bazin, D.; Borcea, C.; Borcea, R.; Dombrádi, Z.; Ebran, J.-P. et al. (February 2017). "A proton density bubble in the doubly magic 34Si nucleus". Nature Physics 13 (2): 152–156. doi:10.1038/nphys3916.

[22] Bonetti, R.; Guglielmetti, A. (2007). "Cluster radioactivity: an overview after twenty years". Romanian Reports in Physics 59: 301–310. http://www.rrp.infim.ro/2007_59_2/10_bonetti.pdf.

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