Surface energy transfer

Surface energy transfer (SET) is a dipole-surface energy transfer process involving a metallic surface and a molecular dipole.^[1]

The SET rate follows the inverse of the fourth power of the distance^[2]

${\displaystyle k_{\text{SET}}=\frac{1}{{\tau }_D}{\left(\frac{d_0}{d}\right)}^4}$

where

• ${\displaystyle {\tau }_D}$ is the donor emission lifetime;
• ${\displaystyle d}$ is the distance between donor-acceptor;
• ${\displaystyle d_0}$ is the distance at which SET efficiency decreases to 50% (i.e., equal probability of energy transfer and spontaneous emission).

The energy transfer efficiency also follows a similar form

${\displaystyle {\varphi }_{SET}=\frac{1}{1+(d/d_0{)}^4}}$

Due to the fourth power dependence SET can cover a distance more than 15 nm, which is almost twice the efficiency of FRET.^[3] Theoretically predicted in 1978 by Chance et al. it was proved experimentally in 2000s by different workers.^[4]

The efficiency of SET as nanoruler has been used in live cells.^[5]

Gold nano particles are frequently used in these studies as the nanoparticle surface.^{[citation needed]}

• Dexter electron transfer
• Förster resonance energy transfer

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