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Casablanca

Topic: Place

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Short description: Largest city in Morocco
Casablanca

Casa didier55 019.jpg
Minaret de la Mosquée Hassan-II.jpg
Twin Center 2.jpg
Casablanca Finance City 37.jpg
Casablanca Finance City 21.jpg
TramwayT2-CFC-casablanca.jpg
From top, left to right:
Boulevard Mohammed-V, Hassan II Mosque, Twin Center, Casablanca Finance City, CFC Tower, Casablanca Tramway
Flag of Casablanca
Flag
Official seal of Casablanca
Seal
Official logo of Casablanca
Wordmark
Nickname(s): 
Casa
Casablanca is located in Morocco
Casablanca
Casablanca
Location of Casablanca within Morocco
Casablanca is located in Africa
Casablanca
Casablanca
Casablanca (Africa)
Coordinates: [ ⚑ ] 33°32′N 7°35′W / 33.533°N 7.583°W / 33.533; -7.583
Country Morocco
RegionCasablanca-Settat
First settled7th century BC
Reconstructed1756
Founded byMohammed III
Government
 • MayorNabila Rmili
Elevation
0 to 150 m (0 to 492 ft)
Population
 (2014)[2]
 • City3,359,818
 • Rank1st in Morocco
 • Metro
4,270,750[1]
Demonym(s)Kazāwi (كازاوي)
Biḍāwi (بيضاوي)
casablancais
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Postal code
20000-20200
Websitewww.casablancacity.ma

Casablanca (Arabic: الدار البيضاء, [adˈdaːru ɫbajdˤaːʔ], lit. White House; Social:Berber languages: ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, romanized: Taddart Tumlilt), is the largest city in Morocco and the country's economic and business center. Located on the Atlantic coast of the Chaouia plain in the central-western part of Morocco, the city has a population of about 3.71 million in the urban area, and over 4.27 million in Greater Casablanca, making it the most populous city in the Maghreb region, and the eighth-largest in the Arab world.

Casablanca is Morocco's chief port, with the Port of Casablanca being one of the largest artificial ports in Africa,[3] and the third largest port in North Africa, after Tanger-Med (40 km (25 mi) east of Tangier) and Port Said.[4] Casablanca also hosts the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy.

Casablanca is a significant financial centre, ranking 54th globally in the September 2023 Global Financial Centres Index rankings, between Brussels and Rome.[5] The Casablanca Stock Exchange is Africa's third largest in terms of market capitalization, as of December 2022.[6]

Major Moroccan companies and many of the largest American and European companies operating in the country have their headquarters and main industrial facilities in Casablanca. Recent industrial statistics show that Casablanca is the main industrial zone in the country.

Etymology

Anfa

Before the 15th century, the settlement at what is now Casablanca had been called Anfa, rendered in European sources variously as El-Anfa, Anafa or Anaffa, Anafe, Anife, Anafee, Nafe, and Nafee.[7] Ibn Khaldun ascribed the name to the Anfaça, a branch of the Auréba [ar] tribe of the Maghreb, though the sociologist André Adam refuted this claim due to the absence of the third syllable.[7] Nahum Slouschz gave a Hebrew etymology, citing the Lexicon of Gesenius: anâphâh (a type of bird) or anaph (face, figure), though Adam refuted this arguing that even a Judaized population would still have spoken Tamazight.[7] Adam also refuted an Arabic etymology, أنف (anf, "nose"), as the city predated the linguistic Arabization of the country, and the term anf was not used to describe geographic areas.[7] Adam affirmed a Tamazight etymology—from anfa "hill," anfa "promontory on the sea," ifni "sandy beach," or anfa "threshing floor"—although he determined the available information insufficient to establish exactly which.[7] The name Anfa is now rendered in Neo-Tifinagh as ⴰⵏⴼⴰ.

The name "Anfa" was used in maps until around 1830—in some until 1851—which Adam attributes to the tendency of cartographers to replicate previous maps.[8]

Casablanca

The Mausoleum of Allal al-Qairawani, which local legend associates with the naming of Casablanca.[8]

When Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah (c. 1710–1790) rebuilt the city after its destruction in the earthquake of 1755, it was renamed "ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ " (الدار البيضاء The White House), though in vernacular use it was pronounced "Dar al-Baiḍā" (دار البيضاء literally House of the White, although in Moroccan Arabic vernacular it retains the original sense of The White House).[8]

The origins of the name "Casablanca" are unclear, although several theories have been suggested. André Adam mentions the legend of the Sufi saint and merchant Allal al-Qairawani, who supposedly came from Tunisia and settled in Casablanca with his wife Lalla al-Baiḍāʾ (لالة البيضاء White Lady).[8] The villagers of Mediouna would reportedly provision themselves at "Dar al-Baiḍāʾ" (دار البيضاء House of the White).[8]

In fact, on a low hill slightly inland above the ruins of Anfa and just to the west of today's city centre, it appears there was a white-washed structure, possibly a Sufi zawiya that acted as a landmark to sailors.[9] The Portuguese cartographer Duarte Pacheco wrote in the early 16th century that the city could easily be identified by a tower, and nautical guides from the late 19th century still mentioned a "white tower" as a point of reference.[8] The Portuguese mariners calqued the modern Arabic name to "Casa Branca" ([kazɐ'bɾɐ̃kɐ] White House) in place of Anfa.[8] The name "Casablanca" was then a calque of the Portuguese name when the Spanish took over trade through the Iberian Union.[8]

During the French protectorate in Morocco, the name remained Casablanca (pronounced [kazablɑ̃ka]). Today, Moroccans still call the city Casablanca or Casa for short, or by its Arabic name, pronounced d-Dār l-Biḍā in Moroccan Arabic or ad-Dāru-l-Bayḍā' in Standard Arabic.[10]

History

For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of Casablanca.

Early history

The area that is today Casablanca was founded and settled by Berbers by the seventh century BC.[11] It was used as a port by the Phoenicians, then the Romans.[citation needed] In his book Description of Africa, Leo Africanus refers to ancient Casablanca as "Anfa", a great city founded in the Berber kingdom of Barghawata in 744 AD. He believed Anfa was the most "prosperous city on the Atlantic Coast because of its fertile land."[12] Barghawata rose as an independent state around this time, and continued until it was conquered by the Almoravids in 1068. After the defeat of the Barghawata in the 12th century, Arab tribes of Hilal and Sulaym descent settled in the region, mixing with the local Berbers, which led to widespread Arabization.[13][14] During the 14th century, under the Merinids, Anfa rose in importance as a port. The last of the Merinids were ousted by a popular revolt in 1465.[15]

Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence

Casablanca in 1572, still called "Anfa" in this coloured engraving, although the Portuguese had already renamed it "Casa Branca" – "White House" – later Hispanicised to "Casablanca".

In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers. The Portuguese consequently bombarded the town into ruins in 1468.[16] The town that grew up around it was called Casa Branca, meaning "white house" in Portuguese.

The town was finally rebuilt between 1756 and 1790 by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, the grandson of Moulay Ismail and an ally of George Washington, with the help of Spaniards from the nearby emporium. The town was called ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ (الدار البيضاء), the Arabic translation of the Portuguese Casa Branca.

Colonial struggle

In the 19th century, the area's population began to grow as it became a major supplier of wool to the booming textile industry in United Kingdom and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing gunpowder tea, used in Morocco's national drink, mint tea).[17] By the 1860s, around 5,000 residents were there, and the population grew to around 10,000 by the late 1880s.[18] Casablanca remained a modestly sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the French conquest and arrival of French colonialists in 1906. By 1921, this rose to 110,000,[19] largely through the development of shanty towns.

Bombardment of Casablanca

The Treaty of Algeciras of 1906 formalized French preeminence in Morocco and included three measures that directly impacted Casablanca: that French officers would control operations at the customs office and seize revenue as collateral for loans given by France, that the French holding company La Compagnie Marocaine would develop the port of Casablanca, and that a French-and-Spanish-trained police force would be assembled to patrol the port.[20]

To build the port's breakwater, narrow-gauge track was laid in June 1907 for a small Decauville locomotive to connect the port to a quarry in Roches Noires, passing through the sacred Sidi Belyout graveyard. In resistance to this and the measures of the 1906 Treaty of Algeciras, tribesmen of the Chaouia attacked the locomotive, killing 9 Compagnie Marocaine laborers—3 French, 3 Italians, and 3 Spanish.[21]

In response, the French bombarded the city in August 1907 with multiple gunboats and landed troops inside the town, causing severe damage and killing between 600 and 3,000 Moroccans.[22] Estimates for the total casualties are as high as 15,000 dead and wounded. In the immediate aftermath of the bombardment and the deployment of French troops, the European homes and the Mellah, or Jewish quarter, were sacked, and the latter was also set ablaze.[23]

As Oujda had already been occupied, the bombardment and military invasion of the city opened a western front to the French military conquest of Morocco.

  • A man inspects the derailed Decauville locomotive at the scene of the attack that served as the pretext for the French bombardment of Casablanca in 1907.[24][25]

  • A postcard showing the French cruiser Gloire recoiling from firing artillery at the city during the bombardment of Casablanca August 1907.

  • The Qaid of Casablanca, Si Boubker Ben Bouzid Slaoui, captive on the French cruiser Galilée.

  • Moroccan cadavers in a mass grave in 1907.

French rule and influence

Place de France (now United Nations Square) in 1917.[26] With its landmark Clock Tower, this space became a contact point between what the colonists called the ville indigène to the left—comprising the Mellah and the Medina—and the European nouvelle ville to the right.
Henri Prost's plans to extend 4éme Zouaves Street (now Félix Houphouët-Boigny Street) from the port to the Place de France (now United Nations Square), part of his redesigns of Casablanca's urban landscape.

French control of Casablanca was formalized March 1912 when the Treaty of Fes established the French Protectorat.[27] Under French imperial control, Casablanca became a port of colonial extraction.[28]

General Hubert Lyautey assigned the planning of the new colonial port city to Henri Prost. As he did in other Moroccan cities, Prost designed a European ville nouvelle outside the walls of the medina. In Casablanca, he also designed a new "ville indigène" to house Moroccans arriving from other cities.[29]

Europeans formed almost half the population of Casablanca.[30]

A 1937-1938 typhoid fever outbreak was exploited by colonial authorities to justify the appropriation of urban spaces in Casablanca.[31][32] Moroccans residing in informal housing were cleared out of the center and displaced, notably to Carrières Centrales.[31]

World War II

After Philippe Pétain of France signed the armistice with the Nazis, he ordered French troops in France's colonial empire to defend French territory against any aggressors—Allied or otherwise—applying a policy of "asymmetrical neutrality" in favour of the Germans.[33] French colonists in Morocco generally supported Pétain, while Moroccans tended to favour de Gaulle and the Allies.[34]

Operation Torch, which started on 8 November 1942, was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African campaign of World War II. The Western Task Force, composed of American units led by Major General George S. Patton and Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt, carried out the invasions of Mehdia, Fedhala, and Asfi. American forces captured Casablanca from Vichy control when France surrendered 11 November 1942, but the Naval Battle of Casablanca continued until American forces sank German submarine U-173 on 16 November.[35]

Casablanca was the site of the Nouasseur Air Base, a large American air base used as the staging area for all American aircraft for the European Theatre of Operations during World War II. The airfield has since become Mohammed V International Airport.

Anfa Conference

Casablanca hosted the Anfa Conference (also called the Casablanca Conference) in January 1943. Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt discussed the progress of the war. Also in attendance were the Free France generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud, though they played minor roles and didn't participate in the military planning.

It was at this conference that the Allies adopted the doctrine of "unconditional surrender," meaning that the Axis powers would be fought until their defeat. Roosevelt also met privately with Sultan Muhammad V and expressed his support for Moroccan independence after the war.[36] This became a turning point, as Moroccan nationalists were emboldened to openly seek complete independence.[36]

Toward independence

During the 1940s and 1950s, Casablanca was a major centre of anti-French rioting.

On 7 April 1947, a massacre of working class Moroccans, carried out by Senegalese Tirailleurs in the service of the French colonial army, was instigated just as Sultan Muhammed V was due to make a speech in Tangier appealing for independence.[37]

Riots in Casablanca took place from 7–8 December 1952, in response to the assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist Farhat Hached by La Main Rouge—the clandestine militant wing of French intelligence.[38] Then, on 25 December 1953 (Christmas Day), Muhammad Zarqtuni orchestrated a bombing of Casablanca's Central Market in response to the forced exile of Sultan Muhammad V and the royal family on 20 August (Eid al-Adha) of that year.[39]

Since independence

Morocco gained independence from France in 1956.[40]

Casablanca Group

On 4–7 January 1961, the city hosted an ensemble of progressive African leaders during the Casablanca Conference of 1961. Among those received by King Muhammad V were Gamal Abd An-Nasser, Kwame Nkrumah, Modibo Keïta, and Ahmed Sékou Touré, Ferhat Abbas.[25][41][42]

Jewish emigration

Casablanca was a major departure point for Jews leaving Morocco through Operation Yachin, an operation conducted by Mossad to secretly migrate Moroccan Jews to Israel between November 1961 and spring 1964.[43]

1965 riots

The 1965 student protests organized by the National Union of Popular Forces-affiliated National Union of Moroccan Students, which spread to cities around the country and devolved into riots, started on 22 March 1965, in front of Lycée Mohammed V in Casablanca.[44][45][46] The protests started as a peaceful march to demand the right to public higher education for Morocco, but expanded to include concerns of labourers, the unemployed, and other marginalized segments of society, and devolved into vandalism and rioting.[47] The riots were violently repressed by security forces with tanks and armoured vehicles; Moroccan authorities reported a dozen deaths while the UNFP reported more than 1,000.[44]

King Hassan II blamed the events on teachers and parents, and declared in a speech to the nation on 30 March 1965: "There is no greater danger to the State than a so-called intellectual. It would have been better if you were all illiterate."[48][49]

1981 riots

On 6 June 1981, the Casablanca Bread Riots took place,[50] which were sparked by a sharp increase in the price of necessities such as butter, sugar, wheat flour, and cooking oil following a period of severe drought.[51] Hassan II appointed the French-trained interior minister Driss Basri as hardliner, who would later become a symbol of the Years of Lead, with quelling the protests.[52] The government stated that 66 people were killed and 100 were injured, while opposition leaders put the number of dead at 637, saying that many of these were killed by police and army gunfire.[50]

Mudawana

In March 2000, more than 60 women's groups organized demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country.[53] About 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on King Mohammed VI, and he enacted a new mudawana, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.[54]

Further history

On 16 May 2003, 33 civilians were killed and more than 100 people were injured when Casablanca was hit by a multiple suicide bomb attack carried out by Moroccans and claimed by some to have been linked to al-Qaeda. Twelve suicide bombers struck five locations in the city.[55]

Another series of suicide bombings struck the city in early 2007.[56][57][58] These events illustrated some of the persistent challenges the city faces in addressing poverty and integrating disadvantaged neighborhoods and populations.[59] One initiative to improve conditions in the city's disadvantaged neighborhoods was the creation of the Sidi Moumen Cultural Center.[59]

As calls for reform spread through the Arab world in 2011, Moroccans joined in, but concessions by the ruler led to acceptance.[citation needed] However, in December, thousands of people demonstrated in several parts of the city[citation needed], especially the city center near la Fontaine, desiring more significant political reforms. On 1 November 2023, Casablanca along with Ouarzazate joined UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network.[60][61]

Geography

Marine shoreline of Casablanca

Casablanca is located on the Atlantic coast of the Chaouia Plains, which have historically been the breadbasket of Morocco.[62] Apart from the Atlantic coast, the Bouskoura forest is the only natural attraction in the city.[63] The forest was planted in the 20th century and consists mostly of eucalyptus, palm, and pine trees.[64] It is located halfway to the city's international airport.

The only watercourse in Casablanca is oued Bouskoura,[65] a small seasonal creek that until 1912 reached the Atlantic Ocean near the actual port. Most of oued Bouskoura's bed has been covered due to urbanization and only the part south of El Jadida road can now be seen. The closest permanent river to Casablanca is Oum Rabia, 70 km (43.50 mi) to the south-east.

Climate

Casablanca has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The cool Canary Current off the Atlantic coast moderates temperature variation, which results in a climate remarkably similar to that of coastal Los Angeles , with similar temperature ranges. The city has an annual average of 72 days with significant precipitation, which amounts to 412 mm (16.2 in) per year. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in the city are 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) and −2.7 °C (27.1 °F), respectively. The highest amount of rainfall recorded in a single day is 178 mm (7.0 in) on 30 November 2010.

Script error: No such module "weather box".

Casablanca mean sea temperature[69]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
17.5 °C (63.5 °F) 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) 22.7 °C (72.9 °F) 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) 23.1 °C (73.6 °F) 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) 18.5 °C (65.3 °F)

Climate change

A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Casablanca in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Tripoli, Libya. The annual temperature would increase by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 1.6 °C (2.9 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would actually decrease by 0.2 °C (0.36 °F).[70][71]

Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Casablanca is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of USD 65 billion under RCP 4.5 and USD 86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to 137.5 billion USD in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to USD 187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, USD 206 billion for RCP8.5 and USD 397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.[72] Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.[73]

Economy

Casablanca City Center
Casablanca Finance City

The Grand Casablanca region is considered the locomotive of the development of the Moroccan economy. It attracts 32% of the country's production units and 56% of industrial labor. The region uses 30% of the national electricity production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes to 44% of the industrial production of the kingdom. About 33% of national industrial exports, MAD 27 billion, comes from the Grand Casablanca; 30% of the Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca.[74]

One of the most important exports of Casablanca is phosphate. Other industries include fishing, fish canning, sawmills, furniture production, building materials, glass, textiles, electronics, leather work, processed food, spirits, soft drinks, and cigarettes.[75]

The Casablanca and Mohammedia seaports activity represent 50% of the international commercial flows of Morocco.[citation needed] Almost the entire Casablanca waterfront is under development, mainly the construction of huge entertainment centres between the port and Hassan II Mosque, the Anfa Resort project near the business, entertainment and living centre of Megarama, the shopping and entertainment complex of Morocco Mall, as well as a complete renovation of the coastal walkway. The Sindbad park was also renewed with rides, games and entertainment services.[76]

Casablanca is a significant financial centre, ranking 54th globally in the September 2023 Global Financial Centres Index rankings, between Brussels and Rome.[5] The Casablanca Stock Exchange is Africa's third largest in terms of market capitalization, as of December 2022.[6]

Royal Air Maroc has its head office at the previous Casablanca-Anfa Airport location.[77] In 2004, it announced that it was moving its head office from Casablanca to a location in Province of Nouaceur, close to Mohammed V International Airport.[78] The agreement to build the head office in Nouaceur was signed in 2009 but was never implemented.[79]

Administrative divisions

Casablanca is a commune, part of the region of Casablanca-Settat. The commune is divided into eight districts or prefectures, which are themselves divided into 16 subdivisions or arrondissements and one municipality. The districts and their subdivisions are:[80]

  1. Aïn Chock (عين الشق) – Aïn Chock (عين الشق)
  2. Aïn Sebaâ – Hay Mohammadi (عين السبع الحي المحمدي) – Aïn Sebaâ (عين السبع), Hay Mohammadi (الحي المحمدي), Roches Noires (روش نوار).
  3. Anfa (أنفا) – Anfa (أنفا), Maârif (المعاريف), Sidi Belyout (سيدي بليوط).
  4. Ben M'Sick (بن مسيك) – Ben M'Sick (بن مسيك), Sbata (سباته).
  5. Sidi Bernoussi (سيدي برنوصي) – Sidi Bernoussi (سيدي برنوصي), Sidi Moumen (سيدي مومن).
  6. Al Fida – Mers Sultan (الفداء – مرس السلطان) – Al Fida (الفداء); Mechouar (المشور) (municipality), Mers Sultan (مرس السلطان).
  7. Hay Hassani (الحي الحسني) – Hay Hassani (الحي الحسني).
  8. Moulay Rachid (مولاي رشيد) – Moulay Rachid (مولاي رشيد), Sidi Othmane (سيدي عثمان).

Neighborhoods

The list of neighborhoods is indicative and not complete:


  • 2 Mars
  • Ain Chock
  • Ain Diab
  • Ain Sebaa
  • Attacharouk
  • Belvédère
  • Beauséjour
  • Bouchentouf
  • Bouskoura
  • Bourgogne
  • Californie
  • Centre Ville
  • C.I.L.
  • La Colline
  • Derb Ghallef
  • Derb Sultan
  • Derb Tazi
  • Gauthier
  • Ghandi
  • Habous
  • El Hank
  • Hay Dakhla
  • Hay El Baraka
  • Hay El Hanaa
  • Hay El Hassani
  • Hay El Mohammadi
  • Hay Farah
  • Hay Moulay Rachid
  • Hay Salama
  • Hubous
  • Inara
  • Laimoun (Hay Hassani)
  • Lamkansa
  • Lissasfa
  • Maârif
  • Mers Sultan
  • Nassim
  • Oasis
  • Old Madina
  • Oulfa
  • Palmiers
  • Polo
  • Racine
  • Riviera
  • Roches Noires
  • Salmia 2
  • Sbata
  • Sidi Bernoussi
  • Sidi Maârouf
  • Sidi Moumen
  • Sidi Othmane


Demographics

Notre-Dame de Lourdes Church in Casablanca.

The commune of Casablanca recorded a population of 3,359,818 in the 2014 Moroccan census.[2] About 98% live in urban areas. Around 25% of the population are under 15 years old, and 9% are over 60 years old. The population of the city is about 11% of the total population of Morocco. Grand Casablanca is also the largest urban area in the Maghreb. 99.9% of the population of Morocco are Arab and Berber Muslims.[81] During the French protectorate in Morocco, European Christians formed almost half the population of Casablanca.[30] Since Moroccan independence in 1956, the European population has decreased substantially. The city also is still home to a small community of Moroccan Christians, as well as a small group of foreign Roman Catholic and Protestant residents.[82][83]

Judaism in Casablanca

Inside Temple Beth-El in Casablanca.

Jews have a long history in Casablanca. A Sephardic Jewish community was in Anfa up to the destruction of the city by the Portuguese in 1468. Jews were slow to return to the town, but by 1750, the Rabbi Elijah synagogue was built as the first Jewish synagogue in Casablanca. It was destroyed along with much of the town in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.[11]

In the mid-19th century, with commercial development through European economic penetration, industrial imports from Europe drove traditional Jewish crafts out of the market, costing many Jews in the interior their traditional livelihoods.[84][85] Moroccan Jews started migrating from the interior to coastal cities such as Essaouira, Mazagan, Asfi, and later Casablanca for economic opportunity, participating in trade with Europeans and the development of those cities.[86]

Casablanca's mellah was ravaged in the bombardment of Casablanca of 1907, the beginning of the French invasion of Morocco from the West.[87]

Jean-Louis Cohen highlights the roll of Jewish patrons in the architecture and urban development of Casablanca, particularly in construction of the overwhelming majority of the city's tallest buildings during the interwar period.[88] One notable example of this trend is the Lévy-Bendayan Building designed by Marius Boyer.[88]

Approximately 28,000 Moroccan Jews immigrated to the State of Israel between 1948 and 1951, many through Casablanca.[89] Casablanca then became a departure point in Operation Yachin, the covert Mossad-organized migration operation from 1961 to 1964. In 2018 it was estimated that there were only 2,500 Moroccan Jews living in Casablanca,[82] while according to the World Jewish Congress there were only 1,000 Moroccan Jews remaining.[90]

Today, the Jewish cemetery of Casablanca is one of the major cemeteries of the city, and many synagogues remain in service, but the city's Jewish community has dwindled. The Moroccan Jewish Museum is a museum established in the city in 1997.[91]

Education

File:EAC of Casablanca.jpg
Ecole D’Architecture Casablanca

Colleges and universities

Public: University of Hassan II Casablanca

Private:

Primary and secondary schools

International schools:

  • Belgium: École Belge de Casablanca
  • French:
    • Collège Anatole France
    • Lycée Lyautey
    • Groupe Scolaire Louis Massignon
    • Lycée La Résidence
    • Lycée Maïmonide (FR)
    • Lycée Léon l'Africain
    • École Normale Hébraïque
    • École Al Jabr
  • Italian: Scuola "Enrico Mattei"
  • Spanish: Instituto Español Juan Ramón Jiménez
  • American:
    • Casablanca American School
    • American Academy Casablanca
    • George Washington Academy
  • Montessori:
    • École Montessori Casablanca

Libraries

  • King Abdul Aziz Foundation for Human Sciences and Islamic Studies
  • Dar America
  • Institut Français
  • Instituto Cervantes

Places of worship

Casablanca Cathedral Sacré-Cœur

Most of the city's places of worship are Muslim mosques.[92] Some of the city's synagogues, such as Ettedgui Synagogue, also remain.[93] There are also Christian churches; some remain in use — particularly by the West African migrant community — while many of the churches built during the colonial period have been repurposed, such as Church of the Sacred Heart.[94]

Sports

Association football

Players from Raja (left) and Wydad (right) during a Casablanca derby match in 2010

Casablanca is home to two popular football clubs: Wydad Casablanca[95] and Raja Casablanca[96]—which are rivals.[97] Raja's symbol is an eagle and Wydad's symbol is a star and crescent, a symbol of Islam. These two popular clubs have produced some of Morocco's best players, such as: Salaheddine Bassir, Abdelmajid Dolmy, Baddou Zaki, Aziz Bouderbala, and Noureddine Naybet. Other football teams on top of these two major teams based in the city of Casablanca include Rachad Bernoussi, TAS de Casablanca, Majd Al Madina, and Racing Casablanca.

Raja CA, founded in 1949, compete in Botola and play their home games at the Stade Mohammed V. The club is known for their supporters and is one of the most supported teams in Africa. Wydad AC, founded in 1937, also compete in Botola and play their home games at the Stade Mohammed V. Both have a strong reputation on continental competitions, having both won the CAF Champions League three times.

Casablanca hosted eight African Champions League finals, all eight at the Stade Mohammed V. The Stade also hosted the 2018 CHAN Final (which Morocco won) and 1988 African Cup of Nations final.[98][99] It could potentially host matches for the 2030 FIFA World Cup including the final.

Tennis

Casablanca hosts The Grand Prix Hassan II, a professional men's tennis tournament of the ATP tour. It first began in 1986, and is played on clay courts type at Complexe Al Amal.

Notable winners of the Hassan II Grand-Prix are Thomas Muster in 1990, Hicham Arazi in 1997, Younes El Aynaoui in 2002, and Stanislas Wawrinka in 2010.

Hosting

Casablanca staged the 1961 Pan Arab Games, the 1983 Mediterranean Games, and games during the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations. Morocco was scheduled to host the 2015 African Nations Cup, but decided to decline due to Ebola fears. Morocco was expelled and the tournament was held in Equatorial Guinea.[100] However, Morocco will host the 2025 edition after original host Guinea was stripped from hosting rights due to lack of readiness and preparation delays.

Venues

  • Stade Larbi Zaouli
  • Stade Mohamed V
  • Stade Sidi Bernoussi
  • Complexe Al Amal de Casablanca

The Grand Stade de Casablanca is the proposed title of the planned football stadium to be built in the city. Once completed in 2025, it will be used mostly for football matches and will serve as the home of Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca, and the Morocco national football team. The stadium was designed with a capacity of 93,000 spectators, making it one of the highest-capacity stadiums in Africa. Once completed, it will replace the Stade Mohamed V. The initial idea of the stadium was for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, for which Morocco lost their bid to South Africa . Nevertheless, the Moroccan government supported the decision to go ahead with the plans. It will be completed in 2025. The idea of the stadium was also for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, for which Morocco lost their bid to Canada , Mexico and United States . It will now host the 2030 FIFA World Cup which Morocco will co-host with two European nations Spain and Portugal. It is expected to be complete by 2028.[101]

Road Racing

The city is host to the International Casablanca Marathon, a 26.2-mile road race that draws international competition. The race was founded in 2008 and is a member of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races .

Culture

Music

Haja El Hamdaouia, one of the most iconic figures in aita music, was born in Casablanca.[102] Nass El Ghiwane, led by Larbi Batma, came out of Hay Mohammadi in Casablanca.[103] Naima Samih of Derb Sultan gained prominence through the program Mawahib (مواهب).[104] Abdelhadi Belkhayat and Abdelwahab Doukkali are musicians specializing in traditional Moroccan Arabic popular music.[105] Zina Daoudia, Abdelaziz Stati, Abdellah Daoudi, and Said Senhaji are notable Moroccan chaabi musicians.

Abdelakabir Faradjallah founded Attarazat Addahabia, a Moroccan funk band, in 1968.[106] Fadoul, another funk band, formed in the 1970s.[107]

Hoba Hoba Spirit also formed in Casablanca, and is still based there.[108] Casablanca has a thriving hiphop scene, with artists such as El Grande Toto, Don Big, 7liwa, and Issam Harris.[109]

Casablanca hosts numerous music festivals, such as Jazzablanca and L'Boulevard,[110][111] as well as a museum dedicated to Andalusi music, Dar ul-Aala.[112]

Literature

Francesco Cavalli's L'Ormindo is a 17th century Venetian opera set between Anfa and Fes.[113]

The French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupéry is associated with Casablanca.

Driss Chraïbi's novel The Simple Past takes place in Casablanca. Mohamed Zafzaf lived in Maarif while writing and teaching at a high school.[114]

Lamalif, a radical leftist political and cultural magazine, was based in Casablanca.

Casablanca's International Book Fair is held at the fair grounds opposite Hassan II Mosque annually in February.

Theater

Tayeb Saddiki, described as the father of Moroccan theater, grew up in Casablanca and made his career there.[115] Hanane el-Fadili and Hassan El Fad are popular comedians from Casablanca. Gad Elmaleh is another comedian from Casablanca, though he has made his career abroad.[116]

Visual art

The École des Beaux-Arts of Casablanca was founded in 1919 by a French Orientalist painter named Édouard Brindeau de Jarny, who started his career teaching drawing at Lycée Lyautey.[117][118] The Casablanca School—a Modernist art movement and collective including artists such as Farid Belkahia, Mohamed Melehi, and Mohammed Chabâa—developed out of the École des Beaux-Arts of Casablanca in the late 1960s.[119]

The Academy of Traditional Arts, part of the Hassan II Mosque complex, was founded 31 October 2012.[120]

L'Uzine is a community-based art and culture space in Casablanca.[121]

Rebel Spirit published The Casablanca Guide (الدليل البيضاوي, Le Guide Casablancais) a comic book about life in Casablanca.[122]

Sbagha Bagha is a street art festival during which murals are created on the sides of apartment buildings.[123]

Photography

Postcard companies such as Léon & Lévy were active in Casablanca. Gabriel Veyre also worked and eventually died in Casablanca.

Marcelin Flandrin (1889-1957), a French military photographer, settled in Casablanca and recorded much of the early colonial period in Morocco with his photography.[124] With his staged nude postcard photos taken in Casablanca's colonial brothel quarter, Flandrin was also responsible for disseminating the orientalist image of Moroccan women as sexual objects.[125]

Casablanca has a thriving street photography scene.[126] Yoriyas is prominent among photographers capturing the economic capital's street scenes, and has attracted international attention.[127]

Film

Ceiling and mezzanine of Cinema Lynx in Mers Sultan.

In the first half of the 20th century, Casablanca had many movie theaters, such as Cinema Rialto, Cinema Lynx and Cinema Vox, the largest in Africa when it was built.[128][129][130]

The 1942 American film Casablanca is set in Casablanca and has had a lasting impact on the city's image although it was filmed in the United States.[131] Salut Casa! was a propaganda film brandishing France's purported colonial triumph in its mission civilisatrice in the city.[132]

Mostafa Derkaoui's revolutionary independent film About Some Meaningless Events (1974) took place in Casablanca.[133] It was the main subject of Ali Essafi's documentary Before the Dying of the Light.[133]

Love in Casablanca (1991), starring Abdelkarim Derqaoui and Muna Fettou, is one of the first Moroccan films to deal with Morocco's complex realities and to depict life in Casablanca with verisimilitude. Nour-Eddine Lakhmari's Casanegra (2008) depicts the harsh realities of Casablanca's working classes.[134][135] The films Ali Zaoua (2000), Horses of God (2012), and Razzia (2017) of Nabil Ayouch, a French director of Moroccan heritage, deal with street crime, terrorism and social issues in Casablanca, respectively.[136] The events in Meryem Benm'Barek-Aloïsi's 2018 film Sofia revolve around an illegitimate pregnancy in Casablanca.[137] Ahmed El Maanouni, Hicham Lasri and Said Naciri are also from Casablanca.

Architecture

GAMMA's Nid D'Abeille of Carrières Centrales on the December 1954 cover of L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui.

Casablanca's architecture and urban development are historically significant. The city is home to many notable buildings in a variety of styles, including traditional Moroccan architecture, various colonial architectural styles, Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Neo-Mauresque, Streamline Moderne, Modernism, Brutalism, and more. During the French Protectorate, the French government described Casablanca as a "laboratory of urbanism."[138]

The work of the Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains (GAMMA) on public housing projects—such as Carrières Centrales in Hay Mohammadi—in a style described as vernacular modernism influenced modernist architecture around the world.[139][140]

Casamémoire and MAMMA. are two organizations dedicated to the preservation and appreciation of the city's architectural heritage.

Transport

Casablanca Tramway
Casablanca Busway
Map of the Casablanca public transport network (July 2023).

Rapid transit

The Casablanca Tramway is the rapid transit tram system in Casablanca. As of 2019, the network consists of two lines covering 47.5 km (30 mi), with 71 stops; further lines (T3 and T4) are under construction.[141][142]

Casablanca is also planning to introduce a rapid bus network called the Casablanca Busway. The network will consist of two lines, BW1 and BW2.[143] As of October 2023, the system was operating in a testing phase and its public opening, initially planned for July 2023, was delayed due to technical problems.[144]

Since the 1970s, Casablanca had planned to build a metro system to offer some relief to the problems of traffic congestion and poor air quality.[145][146] However, the city council voted to abandon the metro project in 2014 due to high costs, and decided to continue expanding the already operating tram system instead.[147]

Air

Mohammed V International Airport is the hub of the national airline of Morocco, Royal Air Maroc.

Casablanca's main airport is Mohammed V International Airport, Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve Marrakech, Rabat, Agadir, Oujda, Tangier, Al Hoceima, and Laayoune, as well as other cities.

Casablanca is well-served by international flights to Europe, especially French and Spanish airports, and has regular connections to North American, Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African destinations. New York City , Montreal , Paris, Washington D.C., London and Dubai are important primary destinations.

The older, smaller Casablanca-Anfa Airport to the west of the city, served certain destinations including Damascus and Tunis, and was largely closed to international civilian traffic in 2006. It was eventually demolished to make way for construction of the "Casablanca Finance City", the new heart of the city of Casablanca. Casablanca Tit Mellil Airport is located in the nearby community of Tit Mellil.

Coach buses

Compagnie de Transports au Maroc (CTM) offers private intercity coach buses on various lines run servicing most notable Moroccan towns, as well as a number of European cities. These run from the CTM Bus Station on Leo Africanus Street near the Central Market in downtown Casablanca. Supratours, an affiliate of ONCF, also offers coach bus service at a slightly lower cost, departing from a station on Wilad Zian Street.[148] There is another bus station farther down on the same street called the Wilad Zian Bus Station; this station is the country's largest bus station, serving over 800 buses daily, catering more to Morocco's lower income population.[149][150]

Taxis

A grand taxi of Casablanca parked on Rue Chaouia

Registered taxis in Casablanca are coloured red and known as petits taxis (small taxis), or coloured white and known as grands taxis (big taxis). As is standard Moroccan practice, petits taxis, typically small-four door Dacia Logan, Peugeot 207, or similar cars, provide metered cab service in the central metropolitan areas. Grands taxis, generally older Mercedes-Benz sedans, provide shared mini-bus like service within the city on predefined routes, or shared intercity service. Grands taxis may also be hired for private service by the hour or day.

Trains

Casablanca is served by three main railway stations run by the national rail service, the ONCF.

A tram on Casablanca's T1 line passes in front of Casa-Voyageurs railway station

Casa-Voyageurs is the main intercity station, from which trains run south to Marrakech or El Jadida and north to Mohammedia and Rabat, and then on either to Tangier or Meknes, Fes, Taza and Oujda/Nador. It also serves as the southern terminus of the Al-Boraq high speed line from Tangier. A dedicated airport shuttle service to Mohammed V International Airport also has its primary in-city stop at this station, for connections on to further destinations.

Casa-Port serves primarily commuter trains such as the Train Navette Rapide (TNR or Aouita) operating on the Casablanca – Kenitra rail corridor, with some connecting trains running on to Gare de Casa-Voyageurs. The station provides a direct interchange between train and shipping services, and is located near several port-area hotels. It is the nearest station to the old town of Casablanca, and to the modern city centre, around the landmark Casablanca Twin Center. Casa-Port station is being rebuilt in a modern and enlarged configuration. During the construction, the station is still operational. From 2013, it will provide a close connection from the rail network to the city's new tram network.

Casa-Oasis was originally a suburban commuter station which was fully redesigned and rebuilt in the early 21st century, and officially reopened in 2005 as a primary city rail station. Owing to its new status, all southern intercity train services to and from Casa-Voyageurs now call at Casa-Oasis. ONCF stated in 2005 that the refurbishment and upgrading of Casa-Oasis to intercity standards was intended to relieve passenger congestion at Casa-Voyageurs station.

Tourism

Although Mohammed V International Airport receives most international flights into Morocco,[151] international tourism in Casablanca is not as developed as it is in cities [152] such as Fes and Marrakech.

The Hassan II Mosque, which is the second largest mosque in Africa and the seventh largest in the world, is the city's main tourist attraction.[153][154] Visitors also come to see the city's rich architectural heritage.[155]

Popular sites for national tourism include shopping centers such as Morocco Mall, Anfa Place, the Marina Shopping Center, and the Tachfine Center. Additional sites include the Corniche and the beach of Ain Diab, and parks such as the Arab League Park or the Sindibad theme park.[156][157][158]

  • Sunset at Ain Diab

  • Casablanca Beach

  • Colonial architecture near UN Square

  • Hassan II Mosque

  • Arab League Park

Notable people

Merieme Chadid led an international scientific program to install a major astronomical observatory in Antarctica.
  • Lahcen Abrami – Former Moroccan footballer
  • Amine Atouchi – Moroccan footballer
  • Khalil Azmi – Former Moroccan goalkeeper
  • Amal Ayouch Moroccan stage and film actress
  • Wissam Baraka – Moroccan footballer
  • Salaheddine Bassir – Moroccan footballer
  • Laarbi Batma – Moroccan musician and artist, founding member of Nas El Ghiwan
  • Larbi Benbarek – Moroccan footballer
  • Badr Benoun – Moroccan footballer
  • Miriem Bensalah-Chaqroun – Moroccan businesswoman
  • Jean-Paul Bertrand-Demanes – French footballer
  • Frida Boccara – French singer, Winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1969
  • Aziz Bouderbala – Former Moroccan footballer
  • Merieme Chadid – Moroccan astronomer
  • Mustapha Chadili – Former goalkeeper
  • Achraf Dari – Moroccan footballer
  • Jean-Charles de Castelbajac – Moroccan/French fashion designer
  • Nabil Dirar – Moroccan footballer
  • Abdelmajid Dolmy – Former Moroccan footballer
  • Dizzy DROS – Moroccan rapper
  • Issam El Adoua – Moroccan footballer
  • Badr El Kaddouri – Former Moroccan footballer
  • Talal El Karkouri – Former Moroccan footballer
  • Gad Elmaleh – French/Canadian/Moroccan comedian
  • Bouchaib El Moubarki – Former Moroccan footballer
  • Youssef Fertout – Moroccan manager
  • La Fouine – Moroccan/French rapper
  • Khalid Fouhami – Former Moroccan goalkeeper
  • Mohamed Fouzair – Moroccan footballer
  • Divina Frau-Meigs – Moroccan sociologist and professor
  • El Haqed – Moroccan rapper
  • Serge Haroche – French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics
  • Shatha Hassoun – Moroccan/Iraqi singer
  • Lydia Hatuel-Czuckermann – Israeli Olympic fencer
  • Mouhcine Iajour – Moroccan footballer
  • Driss Joumad – former Morocco international footballer
  • Nadir Lamyaghri – Former Moroccan goalkeeper
  • Hamza Mendyl – Moroccan footballer
  • Hicham Mesbahi – Moroccan boxer
  • French Montana – Moroccan/American rapper
  • Nawal El Moutawakel – Moroccan Olympic champion
  • Hakim Mouzaki – Moroccan footballer
  • Abderrahim Najah – Moroccan International Basketball player
  • Noureddine Naybet – Moroccan footballer
  • Mostafa Nissaboury – Moroccan poet
  • Hakim Noury – Moroccan film director
  • Maurice Ohana – French composer
  • Faouzia Ouihya – Moroccan-Canadian singer
  • Azzedine Ounahi- Moroccan footballer
  • Jean Reno – French Hollywood actor
  • Youssef Rossi – Former Moroccan footballer
  • Abdelilah Saber – Moroccan Former footballer
  • Youssef Safri – Moroccan football manager
  • Jamal Sellami – Moroccan football manager
  • Daniel Sivan – Israeli professor
  • Alain Souchon – French songwriter
  • Frank Stephenson – Moroccan/British/American award-winning automobile designer
  • Hassan Saada – Moroccan boxer arrested for alleged rape before Olympic match[159]
  • Sidney Taurel – naturalized American CEO of Eli Lilly and Company from 1998 to 2008
  • Richard Virenque – French cyclist
  • Muhammad Zarqtuni – Moroccan nationalist and resistance leader
  • Abdallah Zrika – Moroccan poet

In popular culture

Casablanca, an American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz
  • The 1942 film Casablanca (starring Ingrid Bergman and Humphrey Bogart) is supposed to have been set in Casablanca, although it was filmed entirely in Los Angeles and does not feature a single Arab or North African character with a speaking role.[160] The film depicts Casablanca as the scene of power struggle between various foreign powers, which had much more to do with the Tangier of the time.[161] The film has achieved worldwide popularity since its release. Nominated for eight Academy Awards, it won three, including Best Picture.
  • A Night in Casablanca (1946) was the 12th Marx Brothers' movie. The film stars Groucho Marx, Chico Marx, and Harpo Marx. It was directed by Archie Mayo and written by Joseph Fields and Roland Kibbee. The film contains the song "Who's Sorry Now?", with music by Ted Snyder and lyrics by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby. It is sung in French by Lisette Verea playing the part of Beatrice Rheiner, and then later sung in English. Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2" is played twice, once by Chico on piano as an introduction to the "Beer Barrel Polka", and again by Harpo on the harp.
  • The city is featured in The Mysterious Caravan (1975), volume 54 in the original Hardy Boys series.
  • Casablanca is the setting for several chapters in Doubleshot, a 2000 James Bond novel by Raymond Benson. In the novel, one of the characters mentions that the 1942 film was shot in Hollywood and not on location.
  • Casablanca is one of the key locations in the 2006 video game Dreamfall, as it is where the primary protagonist of the game, Zoë Castillo, lives. Although the city is imagined in the year 2219, much of the present-day architecture is used for inspiration.
  • Casablanca is the setting for the first act of the 2016 World War II romantic thriller film Allied starring Brad Pitt and Marion Cotillard.

Twin towns – sister cities

Casablanca is twinned with:[162]


Casablanca also has cooperation agreements with:[162]

See also

  • Royal Palace of Casablanca
  • Rabat Zoo

References

  1. ↑ "HCP : Le Grand Casablanca compte 4.270.750 habitants" (in fr). 5 May 2015. http://aujourdhui.ma/societe/hcp-le-grand-casablanca-compte-4-270-750-habitants-118242. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014" (in ar, fr). High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015. http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/. 
  3. ↑ Kjeilen, Tore (April 2020). "Casablanca". LookLex Encyclopaedia. http://looklex.com/e.o/casablanca.htm. Retrieved 14 April 2020. 
  4. ↑ mystarco (2022-04-07). "Top 10 ports in Africa in 2019 (by volume in TEUs) and port projects in West Africa" (in en-US). https://africa-container-shipping.com/en/top-10-ports-africa-port-projects-in-west-africa/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The Global Financial Centres Index 34". September 2023. https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_34_Report_2022.09.28_v1.0.pdf. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Garikai Bonga, Wellington; Chimwai, Ledwin; Choga, Ireen (2022-12-23). "Investigating Stock Market Liquidity: Evidence from Zimbabwe Stock Exchange". DRJ Journal of Economics and Finance 7 (2): 37. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4310296. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 André, Adam (1969). Histoire de Casablanca '(des origines à 1914) '.. Ophrys. pp. 14–17. OCLC 479295174. http://worldcat.org/oclc/479295174. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 André., Adam (1969). Histoire de Casablanca '(des origines à 1914) '.. Ophrys. pp. 67–68. OCLC 479295174. http://worldcat.org/oclc/479295174. 
  9. ↑ Deroy, Louis (1994) (in FR). Dictionnaire des noms de lieux. France: Dictionnaires Le Robert. pp. 94. ISBN 2-85036-195-X. 
  10. ↑ Hachimi, Atiqa (2007). "Becoming Casablancan: Fessis in Casablanca as a case study". in Miller, Catherine (in en). Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation. Routledge. pp. 100. ISBN 978-1-135-97876-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=R_aSAgAAQBAJ. "However, in the sixteenth century the Portuguese decided to come back to the area and settle in it permanently. They built the city and named it Casa Branca “the white house”. In 1755, the Portuguese abandoned the city after an earthquake that destroyed it completely. After the departure of the Portuguese, Casablanca remained deserted until the Alaouite Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah rebuilt it near the end of the eighteenth century. He renamed it Addaru lbayḍaʔ, which is the literal Arabic translation for Casa Branca. The city acquired its Spanish name Casa Blanca when Spanish companies established themselves in the city in 1781. Today the city is known by its Standard Arabic name addaru lbayḍaʔ, and d-dar(l)biḍa in Moroccan Arabic, as well as Casablanca or Casa for short." 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Casablanca". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Casablanca.html. 
  12. ↑ "Museum of History & Holocaust Education: Creating Community Collaboration". Kennesaw.edu. http://www.kennesaw.edu/historymuseum/creatingcommunity.shtml. 
  13. ↑ Britannica, Casablanca, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019
  14. ↑ S. Lévy, Pour une histoire linguistique du Maroc, in Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb occidental: dialectologie et histoire, 1998, pp.11–26 (ISBN:84-86839-85-8)
  15. ↑ Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Editions du Cerf. p. 941. ISBN 978-1-57958-282-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=om4olQhrE84C&pg=PA941. Retrieved 22 April 2012. 
  16. ↑ Guide to places of the world. Reader's Digest Association. April 1987. p. 133. ISBN 9780276398261. https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ9dAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 22 April 2012. 
  17. ↑ Srhir, Khalid Ben (19 April 2005). Britain And Morocco During The Embassy Of John Drummond Hay, 1845–1886. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7146-5432-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=3Wf_Av7-hIoC&pg=PA126. Retrieved 22 April 2012. 
  18. ↑ Pennel, CR: Morocco from Empire to Independence, Oneworld, Oxford, 2003, p 121
  19. ↑ Pennel, CR: Morocco from Empire to Independence, Oneworld, Oxford, 2003, p 149.
  20. ↑ Adam, André (1968). Histoire de Casablanca, des origines à 1914. Éditions Ophrys. pp. 107. 
  21. ↑ Adam, André (1968). Histoire de Casablanca, des origines à 1914. Éditions Ophrys. pp. 112. 
  22. ↑ Hachim, Mouna (April 2020). "Casablanca, mon amour: Il y a 100 ans, le bombardement… Par Mouna Hachim, écrivain-chercheur". http://www.leconomiste.com/article/casablanca-mon-amour-il-y-100-ans-le-bombardement-br-par-mouna-hachim-ecrivain-chercheur. 
  23. ↑ Adam, André (1968). Histoire de Casablanca: des origines à 1914. Aix-en-Provence: Ophrys. pp. 133. 
  24. ↑ Cohen, Jean-Louis; Monique Eleb (2002). Casablanca: Colonial Myths and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-58093-087-5. OCLC 49225856. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49225856. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "La Conférence de Casablanca" (in fr-FR). 30 November 2012. https://zamane.ma/fr/la-conference-de-casablanca/. 
  26. ↑ Comité des foires du Maroc Auteur du texte (15 August 1917). "France-Maroc : revue mensuelle illustrée : organe du Comité des foires du Maroc / directeur Alfred de Tarde" (in fr). https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62124674. 
  27. ↑ Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840. 
  28. ↑ Bosa, Miguel Suárez; Maziane, Leila (2014), Bosa, Miguel Suárez, ed., "The Port of Casablanca in the First Stage of the Protectorate" (in en), Atlantic Ports and the First Globalisation, c. 1850–1930 (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK): pp. 70–89, doi:10.1057/9781137327987_4, ISBN 978-1-137-32798-7, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137327987_4, retrieved 16 December 2022 
  29. ↑ Hodebert, Laurent. ""Laprade et Prost, du Maroc à Génissiat, du sol des villes aux édifices", journal de l'exposition "De la construction au récit" au CAUE 74" (in en). Journal de l'exposition de la construction au récit, être de son temps et de son lieu pour l'architecture du XXe siècle. https://www.academia.edu/26035381. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "A history of the Arab peoples". Harvard University Press. p.323. ISBN:0-674-01017-5
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 House, Jim (2012). "L'impossible contrôle d'une ville coloniale ?". Genèses 86 (1): 78–103. doi:10.3917/gen.086.0078. ISSN 1155-3219. 
  32. ↑ "Casablanca 1952: Architecture For the Anti-Colonial Struggle or the Counter-Revolution" (in en-US). 9 August 2018. https://thefunambulist.net/history/casablanca-1952-architects-and-the-colonial-counter-revolution. 
  33. ↑ (in fr) Relations internationales Paris. Société d'études historiques des relations internationales contemporaines. 2001. pp. 358. https://books.google.com/books?id=98JmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22neutralit%C3%A9+dissym%C3%A9trique%22+petain. 
  34. ↑ Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 142. ISBN 9781139624695. OCLC 855022840. 
  35. ↑ "1942: November 8-16: Naval Battle of Casablanca" (in en-US). http://public1.nhhcaws.local/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/photography/wwii/wwii-north-africa-campaign/naval-battle-of-casablanca.html. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 144. ISBN 9781139624695. OCLC 855022840. 
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  151. ↑ Hekking, Morgan (26 August 2019). "ONDA: Moroccan Airports Received Over 2.3 Million Passengers in July" (in en-US). https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/281165/moroccan-airports-2-million-passengers/. 
  152. ↑ "Tourist Arrivals in Morocco Rose by 4.1% in March 2019" (in en-US). 12 May 2019. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/05/272864/tourism-observatory-tourist-arrivals-in-morocco/. 
  153. ↑ Kingfisher Geography encyclopedia. ISBN:1-85613-582-9. Page 137
  154. ↑ "Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca". Sacred Destinations. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/morocco/casablanca-hassan-ii-mosque. 
  155. ↑ Blondeau, Mathilde Auteur. (2016). Casablanca courts-circuits. Editions Ethnic attitude. ISBN 978-9954-37-750-5. OCLC 1049194278. 
  156. ↑ "Le parc Sindibad réaménage ses tarifs" (in fr). La Quotidienne. 8 December 2016. http://www.laquotidienne.ma/article/societe/maroc-le-parc-sindibad-reamenage-ses-tarifs. 
  157. ↑ "Afrique Sauvage" (in fr). Parc Sindibad. http://parcsindibad.ma/afrique-sauvage/. 
  158. ↑ "Le plus grand centre commercial d'Afrique, le Morocco Mall ouvre ses portes". Le journal du net. http://www.journaldunet.com/economie/actualite/depeche/afp/24/864782/le_plus_grand_centre_commercial_d_afrique_le_morocco_mall_ouvre_ses_portes.shtml. 
  159. ↑ "Morocco boxer held over alleged sex attack in Olympic Village, World News & Top Stories – The Straits Times". straitstimes.com. 5 August 2016. http://www.straitstimes.com/world/morocco-boxer-held-over-alleged-sex-attack-in-olympic-village. 
  160. ↑ Epstein, Julius J.; Epstein, Philip G.; Koch, Howard; Burnett, Murray; Alison, Joan; Edeson, Arthur; Steiner, Max; Curtiz, Michael; Bogart, Humphrey; Bergman, Ingrid; Henreid, Paul (2015). Casablanca. Menart Records. OCLC 922863437.
  161. ↑ "When Tangier Was Casablanca: Rick's Café & Dean's Bar" (in en-US). 21 October 2011. https://legation.ipower.com/blog/?p=270. 
  162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 "Jumelages" (in fr). Casablanca. http://casablanca.ma/Page_Centrale.aspx?Id_Page=5277. 
  163. ↑ "List of Sister Cities". Busan Metropolitan City. https://www.busan.go.kr/eng/SisterCities. 
  164. ↑ "Brussels". European Forum for Urban Security. 21 January 2012. https://efus.eu/about-us/brussels/. 

External links

[ ⚑ ] 33°32′N 7°35′W / 33.533°N 7.583°W / 33.533; -7.583



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