Sanandaj

Sanandaj (Persian: سنندج; fa)^{[lower-alpha 1]} is a city in the Central District of Sanandaj County, in the Kurdistan province of Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.^[2] With a population of 414,069,^[3] it is the second largest Kurdish city and 23rd largest city overall in Iran.

Sanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet in its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of Kurdish culture.^[4][5] During the Iran–Iraq War the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances.^[6] Since 2019, UNESCO has recognized Sanandaj as Creative City of Music.^[7]

The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE.^[8] Before this, the main city in the region was Sisar, whose exact location is unknown.^[8] Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a contracted form of "Sadkhaniya".^[8]

The name "Sisar" disappears in the 14th century and the name "Sinna" replaces it, for example in the works of Hamdallah Mustawfi who refers to a mountain and a pass with this name.^[8] Then the Kurdish historian Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi mentions that in 1580 an Ardalan ruler named Timur Khan had a land grant including Sinna and the earlier Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.^[9] However, the local historian Ali-Akbar Munshi Waqayi-Nigar wrote in 1892/3 that Sinna was founded later, by the ruler Soleyman Khan Ardalan, on the site of an earlier settlement; the chronogram he gives for this event corresponds to 1046 AH, or 1636-7 CE.^[9]

Sinna was developed significantly under the reign of Aman Allah "the Great" (from 1797-1825).^[9] 19th-century Sinna was "a lively commercial center, exporting oak galls, tragacanth, furs, and carpets".^[9] Its population was mostly Kurdish, with a significant Jewish minority and smaller numbers of Armenian and Assyrian Christians (the latter of which are predominantly Chaldean Catholic).^[9]

The population of Sanandaj is mainly Kurdish. The city also had an Armenian minority who gradually emigrated from the city. Until the Iranian Revolution (1979), the city had a small Aramaic-speaking Jewish community of about 4,000 people.^[4] The city boasted a sizable Assyrian community that spoke a unique dialect of Aramaic called Senaya, they are mostly members of the Chaldean Catholic Church.^[10]

The linguistic composition of the city:^[11]

Most of the people of Sanandaj follow the Shafi‘i branch of Sunni Islam.^[12][13]

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 311,446 in 81,380 households.^[14] The following census in 2011 counted 373,987 people in 106,771 households.^[15] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 412,767 people in 126,240 households.^[16]

The city is the second largest Kurdish city in Iran, behind Kermanshah.^[17]

The city is between the Qishlaq river, a tributary of the Diyala, and Mount Awidar, which separates it from the old Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.^[9] Carpet making is the biggest industry in Sanandaj.^[9]

Sanandaj has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) according to the Köppen climate classification, bordering on a humid continental climate (Dsa), with cold and wet winters and very hot and dry summers.

The synoptic station of Sanandaj started working in the autumn of 1959.^[18]

Highest recorded temperature: 44°C on 16 July 1981^[19]

Lowest recorded temperature: -31°C on 6 February 1974^[20]

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The economy of Sanandaj is based upon the production of carpets, processed hides and skins, milled rice, refined sugar, woodworking, cotton weaving, metalware and cutlery.^[23][24]

• Mastoureh Ardalan, Kurdish poet and historian
• Jalal Malaksha, Kurdish poet
• Mazhar Khaleqi, Kurdish singer
• Abbas Kamandi, Kurdish singer
• Nasser Razazi, Kurdish singer
• Voria Ghafouri, Kurdish footballer
• Zhina Modares Gorji is a local bookseller and podcaster who was sentenced to over twenty years in Sanandaj prison on several charges. The sentence was reduced on appeal to two years and four months for "propaganda against the state" in 2024.^[25]

• Yamaguchi, Akihiko (2021). "The Kurdish frontier under the Safavids". in Matthee, Rudi. The Safavid World. Routledge. pp. 556–571. 

• Alizadeh, Hooshmand (2021). Building a Traditional Kurdish: City The Urban Morphology of Sanandaj. Palgrave Macmillan. 
• Khan, Geoffrey; Mohammadirad, Masoud (2024). Language Contact in Sanandaj: A Study of the Impact of Iranian on Neo-Aramaic. De Gruyter Mouton. 
• Yona, Sabar (2010). "Sanandaj". in Norman A. Stillman. Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-COM_0019140. 

• Sanandaj
• Sanandaj Online Community
• Islamic Azad University of sanandaj

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