Timeline of sovereign states in Europe

This timeline lists sovereign states in Europe, both current and defunct, since the 11th century.

Current Sovereign States / Decades	before	1000					1010					1020					1030					1040					1050					1060					1070					1080					1090					1100					1110					1120					1130					1140					1150					1160					1170					1180					1190					1200					1210					1220					1230					1240					1250					1260					1270					1280					1290					1300					1310					1320					1330					1340					1350					1360					1370					1380					1390					1400					1410					1420					1430					1440					1450					1460					1470					1480					1490					1500					1510					1520					1530					1540					1550					1560					1570					1580					1590					1600					1610					1620					1630					1640					1650					1660					1670					1680					1690					1700					1710					1720					1730					1740					1750					1760					1770					1780					1790					1800					1810					1820					1830					1840					1850					1860					1870					1880					1890					1900					1910					1920					1930					1940					1950					1960					1970					1980					1990					2000					2010					Decades / Current Sovereign States
United Kingdom	927 Kingdom of England									1016 Kingdom of England (Danelaw)												1042 Kingdom of England																																																																1649 Commonwealth of England		1653 Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland			1659 Commonwealth of England	1660 Kingdom of England																							1707 Kingdom of Great Britain																																															1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland																																																													1922 United Kingdom																																																	United Kingdom
	843 Kingdom of Scotland																																																																1659 Kingdom of Scotland
	Gaelic Ireland																																																																1171 Lordship of Ireland																																																																1541 Kingdom of Ireland																																																																																																																																																1659 Kingdom of Ireland
Ireland																																																																																																																																																																																																																															1922 Ireland																																																	Ireland
Portugal	910 Kingdom of León																																																																1139 Kingdom of Portugal																																																																1580 United to Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)																																1640 Kingdom of Portugal																																																																1910 Portuguese Republic																																																					Portugal
Spain																																																																	910 Kingdom of León																																														1230 Crown of Castile																																																																1479 Catholic Monarchy (Castile and Aragon)										1492 Catholic Monarchy (Castile and Aragon)									1516 Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)																																																							1620 Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)																																																1716 Spain																																																																Spain
	County of Castile																		1035 Kingdom of Castile
	756 Caliphate of Córdoba																1031 Taifas					1040 Almoravid Dynasty																																								1121 Almohad Dynasty																																																						1228 Emirate of Granada
	824 Kingdom of Navarre																		1035 Kingdom of Navarre
																			1035 Kingdom of Aragon																																																			1137 Crown of Aragon																																																																1479 Catholic Monarchy (Castile and Aragon)																			1516 Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)
	801 County of Barcelona																																																																																																																																																																																																															1641-1653 Principality of Catalonia, united to the Kingdom of France
Andorra	795 Les Valls (Diocese of Urgell)																																																																1278 Les Valls																																																											1396 Les Valls (Crown of Aragon)	1398 Lordship of Les Valls																																																								1516 Lordship of Les Valls (Kingdom of Spain)																																																1607 Principality of Andorra																																																																1812 French Empire	1814 Principality of Andorra																																																											1933 French Republic				1940 Principality of Andorra																																								Andorra
Malta	870 Aghlabids																																														1091 County of Sicily																				1130 Kingdom of Sicily																																1194 County of Malta (Swabians)																																				1266 Kingdom of Sicily								1283 Crown of Aragon																																																																1479 Catholic Monarchy (Castile and Aragon)																					1516 Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)												1530 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem																																																																1798 French Republic	1800 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland																																																													1922 United Kingdom																					1964 Republic of Malta																												Malta
San Marino	301 Most Serene Republic of San Marino																																																																San Marino
Vatican City	752 Papal States																																																																1870 States of the Church																													1929 Vatican City																																														Vatican City
Italy	705 Saracens, Giudicati																																																																1185 Giudicati (Holy Roman Empire, Crown of Aragon)																																																																1323 Crown of Aragon																																																																1479 Catholic Monarchy (Castile and Aragon)																			1504 Crown of Aragon				1516 Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)																																																																1714 Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)	1716 Spain		1720 Kingdom of Sardinia																																																																1861 Kingdom of Italy																																											1946 Italian Republic																																		Italy
	965 Emirate of Sicily (Fatimid Caliphate)																																				1071 County of Sicily																														1130 Kingdom of Sicily			1137 Kingdom of Sicily									1155 Kingdom of Sicily																																																																1282 Kingdom of Sicily																																																																																																																																												1720 Kingdom of Sicily (Holy Roman Empire)								1735 Kingdom of Sicily (Spain )																																									1816 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
	851 Principality of Salerno																						1042 Duchy of Apulia and Calabria																																																																																																																								1282 Kingdom of Naples																																																																1714 Kingdom of Naples (Holy Roman Empire)							1735 Kingdom of Naples (Spain )																																																																		1799 Neapolitan Republic (French Republic) 25px|border 1799 Kingdom of Naples (Spain )				1806 Kingdom of Naples (French Empire)				1815 Kingdom of Naples (Spain )
	571 Duchy of Benevento
	839 Principality of Capua														1027 Duchy of Naples
															1027 Principality of Capua
	1000 Republic of Venice																																																																1797 Cisalpine Republic (French Republic)		1802 Italian Republic (French Republic)	1805 Kingdom of Italy (French Empire)					1815 Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire)
	752 Papal States																																																																								1796 Cispadane Republic (French Republic)	1814 Duchy of Modena and Reggio																						1859 United Provinces of Central Italy (Sardinia)
	962 Holy Roman Empire																	1032 Holy Roman Empire																																																																1378 Holy Roman Empire																																																																1796 Transpadane Republic (French Republic)	1815 Grand Duchy of Tuscany
																																																																																																																																																		1796 Holy Roman Empire				1804 French Empire			1810 French Empire		1814 Duchy of Parma
France	933 Kingdom of Burgundy																																																																																	1378 Kingdom of France																																																									1492 Kingdom of France																																																																1791 Kingdom of the French	1792 French Republic	1794 French Republic					1814 Kingdom of France								1830 Kingdom of the French									1848 French Republic		1852 French Empire									1870 French Republic																																			1940 French State (Nazi Germany)		1944 French Republic	1946 French Republic						1958 France																															France
	843 Kingdom of France
Belgium	962 Holy Roman Empire																																																																1291 Holy Roman Empire																																																																1579 Spanish Netherlands (Habsburg)																																																																1713 Austrian Netherlands (Habsburg)																																							1790 United States of Belgium 1790 Austrian Netherlands (Austria)		1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands								1830 Kingdom of Belgium																																																							1940 Kingdom of Belgium (Nazi Germany)		1944 Kingdom of Belgium																																						Belgium
Luxembourg																																																																																																																																																																																																																																								1790 Austrian Netherlands (Habsburg)										1830 Netherlands				1839 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg																																																			1940 Luxembourg (Nazi Germany)	1942 Nazi Germany	1944 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg																																						Luxembourg
Netherlands																																																																																																																																	1579 Holy Roman Empire	1581 Dutch Republic																																																																1795 Batavian Republic						1806 Kingdom of Holland		1839 Netherlands																																																			1940 Netherlands (Nazi Germany)		1945 Netherlands																																						Netherlands
Switzerland																																																																	1291 Swiss Confederacy																																																																1798 Helvetic Republic		1802 Swiss Confederation						1815 Swiss Confederation																	1848 Switzerland																																																																Switzerland
Liechtenstein																																																																	1291 Holy Roman Empire																																																																1701 Kingdom of Prussia (Holy Roman Empire)																																				1772 Kingdom of Prussia (Holy Roman Empire)																	1806 Liechtenstein				1815 German Confederation																										1866 Liechtenstein																																																																Liechtenstein
Germany																																																																																																																																																																																						1806 Confederation of the Rhine (French Empire)																														1866 North German Confederation		1871 German Empire																								1919 Weimar Republic							1933 Nazi Germany			1938 Nazi Germany			1945 German Realm		1949 West Germany																					1990 Germany															Germany
																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																													1949 East Germany
Poland	960 Civitas Schinesghe													1025 Kingdom of Poland																																																																1385 Kingdom of Poland																																																																1569 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth																																																																																																1807 Duchy of Warsaw (French Empire)				1918 Republic of Poland										1944 People's Republic of Poland																							1990 Poland															Poland
Austria	962 Holy Roman Empire																																																																1278 Habsburg Austria																																																																1526 Habsburg Austria																																																																1804 Austrian Empire																															1867 Austria-Hungary																										1918 German Austria 1919 Federal State of Austria										1945 Allied-occupied Austria					1955 Republic of Austria																																	Austria
Czech Republic																																																																	1278 Holy Roman Empire																																																																																																																																																																																									1918 Czechoslovak Republic										1945 Czechoslovak Republic								1960 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic															1990 Czech and Slovak Federal Republic	1992 Czech Republic														Czech Republic
Slovakia																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																												1939 Slovak State			1992 Slovakia														Slovakia
Hungary	895 Principality of Hungary	1000 Kingdom of Hungary																																																																1301 Kingdom of Hungary																																																																1526 Kingdom of Hungary																																																																1918 Hungarian People's Republic 25px|border 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic 25px|border 1919 Hungarian Republic	1920 Kingdom of Hungary													1946 Hungarian Republic	1949 Hungarian People's Republic																																									1989 Hungarian Republic																Hungary
																																																																																																																																		1526 Eastern Hungarian Kingdom																						1570 Principality of Transylvania																																																																																																																			1711 Grand Principality of Transylvania
Slovenia	962 Holy Roman Empire																																																																1804 Austrian Empire																															1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia												1943 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia																								1991 Republic of Slovenia															Slovenia
Croatia	925 Kingdom of Croatia																																																				1102 Kingdom of Croatia (Hungary)																																																																															1527 Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)																																																																1991 Republic of Croatia															Croatia
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Banate of Bosnia (Bulgaria)										1019 Banate of Bosnia (Byzantine Empire)																																1082 Kingdom of Duklja										1102 Banate of Bosnia (Hungary)																																1166 Banate of Bosnia (Byzantine Empire)																																																																1377 Kingdom of Bosnia																																											1463 Ottoman Empire																																							1540 Ottoman Empire																																																																1817 Ottoman Empire																															1878 Austria-Hungary																				1991 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	1992 Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina		1997 Bosnia and Herzegovina												Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbia	Serb State										1018 Byzantine Empire																													1077 Kingdom of Duklja													1102 Kingdom of Duklja																																																										1219 Kingdom of Serbia																																																													1341 Kingdom of Serbia			1346 Serbian Empire												1371 Moravian Serbia																1402 Serbian Despotate																																																																																												1817 Principality of Serbia																																	1882 Kingdom of Serbia																			1992 Serbia and Montenegro							2006 Republic of Serbia							Serbia
Montenegro																																																																																																																																																																												1341 Principality of Zeta																																																																1496 Ottoman Empire																						1817 Ottoman Empire		1821 Ottoman Empire																																			1852 Principality of Montenegro																													1910 Kingdom of Montenegro				2006 Montenegro							Montenegro
North Macedonia	680 First Bulgarian Empire																																							1077 Byzantine Empire																																																						1185 Byzantine Empire																																				1257 Second Bulgarian Empire										1277 Byzantine Empire			1282 Kingdom of Serbia																																1346 Serbian Empire																							1392 Ottoman Empire		1396 Ottoman Empire																																																																																															1479 Ottoman Empire									1852 Ottoman Empire													1878 Ottoman Empire																	1912 Kingdom of Serbia			1991 Republic of Macedonia														2019 North Macedonia	North Macedonia
Bulgaria																																																																																														1185 Second Bulgarian Empire																																														1277 Second Bulgarian Empire																																																																																																																																																																																	1878 Principality of Bulgaria															1908 Kingdom of Bulgaria																			1946 People's Republic of Bulgaria																						1990 Republic of Bulgaria															Bulgaria
Albania																																																																																														1185 Byzantine Empire			1190 Principality of Arbër																																1255 Despotate of Epirus			1261 Byzantine Empire						1272 Kingdom of Albania (Sicily)																																																1368 Princedom of Albania																																						1444 League of Lezhë																																																																																													1878 Ottoman Empire																	1912 Provisional Government of Albania	1914 Principality of Albania					1925 Albanian Republic		1928 Albanian Kingdom					1939 Albanian Kingdom (Italy)		1943 Albanian Kingdom (Germany)		1946 Socialist People's Republic of Albania																						1991 Republic of Albania															Albania
																																																																																																	1190 Byzantine Empire							1204 Despotate of Epirus																																		1272 Byzantine Empire																																																																1453 Byzantine Empire													1914 Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
Greece	330 Byzantine Empire																																																																																																							1204 Latin Empire																																																																																																		1453 Ottoman Empire													1821 Eastern Continental Greece	1822 Hellenic Republic					1832 Kingdom of Greece																																														1924 Hellenic Republic					1935 Kingdom of Greece			1941 Hellenic State (Germany and Italy)																													1944 Kingdom of Greece															1974 Hellenic Republic																							Greece
Turkey																																								1077 Sultanate of Rûm																																																																1299 Ottoman Empire																																																																1821 Ottoman Empire																																																			1923 Republic of Turkey																																																	Turkey
Romania	Dacia																																														168 BC Dacia																																																																1241 Golden Horde (Mongol Empire)																																						1317 Principality of Wallachia																																																		1417 Principality of Wallachia (Ottoman Empire))																																																																1859 United Principalities											1881 Kingdom of Romania																			1918 Kingdom of Romania											1940 Kingdom of Romania	1941 Kingdom of Romania	1944 Kingdom of Romania	1947 Socialist Republic of Romania																					1989 Romania																Romania
																																																																																																																																																					1317 Golden Horde (Mongol Empire)															1346 Principality of Moldavia																																																																1538 Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire)																																																																																																																					1812 Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire)
Moldova																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																				1812 Russian Empire																																																			1914 Russian Empire	1917 Moldavian Democratic Republic	1940 Soviet Union	1944 Soviet Union																							1991 Moldova															Moldova
Ukraine	880 Kievan Rus'	1001 Kievan Rus'																																																																1162 Kievan Rus'							1175 Principality of Pereyaslavl																																1346 Golden Horde (Mongol Empire)																																																											1441 Crimean Khanate																			1478 Crimean Khanate (Ottoman Empire)																																																																1772 Russian Empire											1795 Russian Empire									1917 Ukrainian People's Republic		1920 Soviet Ukraine	1922 Soviet Union								1939 Soviet Union	1941 Nazi Germany	1990 Ukraine																																																																Ukraine
																																																																									1175 Kievan Rus'											1199 Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia																																																																1349 Grand Duchy of Lithuania																												1404 Grand Duchy of Lithuania																																																																1569 Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania																																																																																																																																	1917 West Ukrainian People's Republic		1920 Republic of Poland
Belarus																																																																		1162 Principality of Turov and Pinsk																														1223 Principality of Turov and Pinsk (Galicia–Volhynia)																				1263 Kingdom of Belarus																																																																																																																																																																																																																																				1917 Belarusian People’s Republic																									1990 Belarus															Belarus
																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																	1920 Soviet Byelorussia	1922 Soviet Union
		1001 Principality of Polotsk
Russia		1001 Kievan Rus'					1010 Principality of Smolensk																																																																1917 Russian Republic 1917 Soviet Russia			1941 Soviet Union	1991 Russia															Russia
							1010 Kievan Rus'							1024 Principality of Chernigov																																				1097 Principality of Chernigov																																																																1401 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
																																																		1097 Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
																																																		1097 Principality of Murom-Ryazan																																																																1237 Mongol Empire	1238 Mongol Empire	1240 Golden Horde (Mongol Empire)																					1283 Golden Horde (Mongol Empire)																																																																1520 Grand Duchy of Moscow													1547 Tsardom of Russia																																																																1721 Russian Empire
														1024 Kievan Rus'																																		1093 Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal																																																																1283 Grand Duchy of Moscow (Mongol Empire)																																																																1478 Grand Duchy of Moscow (Mongol Empire)	1480 Grand Duchy of Moscow
																																																1093 Kievan Rus'																						1136 Novgorod Republic
Lithuania	Baltic People					1009 Lithuanians																																																																1251 Kingdom of Lithuania						1263 Grand Duchy of Lithuania																																																																1569 Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania																																																																1914 Ober Ost (German Empire)		1918 Republic of Lithuania											1941 Nazi Germany	1990 Republic of Lithuania															Lithuania
Latvia						Baltic People																																																																1180 Principality of Koknese													1207 Livonia						1219 Livonia			1224 Teutonic Order																																																													1346 Teutonic Order																																																																	1525 Livonia																	1559 Livonia	1561 Livonia	1562 Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Lithuania)			1569 Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Poland and Lithuania)																																																																																																							1791 Duchy of Courland and Semigallia		1918 Republic of Latvia																								1990 Republic of Latvia															Latvia
																																																																																																																																																																																																																																												1561 Duchy of Livonia (Lithuania)				1569 Duchy of Livonia (Poland and Lithuania)																														1629 Swedish Livonia (Swedish Empire)																																																																									1721 Russian Empire																																										1741 Russian Empire
Estonia	Ancient Estonians																																																																1561 Duchy of Estonia (Swedish Empire)																																																																																																																																																																											1645 Duchy of Estonia (Swedish Empire)																																						1918 Republic of Estonia											1990 Republic of Estonia															Estonia
																																																																	1219 Duchy of Estonia (Kingdom of Denmark)																																																																1559 Duchy of Estonia (Kingdom of Denmark)
Finland	Ancient Finns																																																																1249 Kingdom of Sweden																																																																1397 Kalmar Union																																																															1523 Kingdom of Sweden																																												1611 Kingdom of Sweden																																																						1718 Kingdom of Sweden																																															1809 Grand Duchy of Finland (Russian Empire)																																																				1917 Finland																																																				Finland
Sweden	1000 Kingdom of Sweden																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																1809	1814 United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway																																													1905 Kingdom of Sweden																																																										Sweden
Norway	1035 Norway																																																																1262 Norway																																																																																																																															1523 Kalmar Union							1536 Denmark–Norway																																																																1905 Norway																		1940 Kingdom of Norway (Nazi Germany)		1945 Norway																																						Norway
Iceland	930 Icelandic Commonwealth																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																						1814 Denmark																																																				1918 Kingdom of Iceland (Kingdom of Denmark)											1941 Iceland (Great Britain)		1944 Iceland																																						Iceland
Denmark	980 Kingdom of Denmark																																																																1918 Denmark											1941 Denmark (Nazi Germany)		1945 Denmark																																						Denmark
Current Sovereign States / Decades	before
		1000					1010					1020					1030					1040					1050					1060					1070					1080					1090					1100					1110					1120					1130					1140					1150					1160					1170					1180					1190					1200					1210					1220					1230					1240					1250					1260					1270					1280					1290					1300					1310					1320					1330					1340					1350					1360					1370					1380					1390					1400					1410					1420					1430					1440					1450					1460					1470					1480					1490					1500					1510					1520					1530					1540					1550					1560					1570					1580					1590					1600					1610					1620					1630					1640					1650					1660					1670					1680					1690					1700					1710					1720					1730					1740					1750					1760					1770					1780					1790					1800					1810					1820					1830					1840					1850					1860					1870					1880					1890					1900					1910					1920					1930					1940					1950					1960					1970					1980					1990					2000					2010					Decades / Current Sovereign States

Empires are highlighted by color:
30px|border	Habsburg Spain, Spanish Empire, Spain
30px|border	Kingdom of France, French Empire, France
30px|border	Dutch Republic, Dutch Empire, Batavian Republic, Kingdom of Holland, United Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands
30px|border 30px|border 30px|border 30px|border 30px|border 30px|border 30px|border	Holy Roman Empire, German Confederation, North German Confederation, German Empire, Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, Germany
30px|border 30px|border	Habsburg Austria, Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, Austria
	Byzantine Empire
	Ottoman Empire, Turkey
	Mongol Empire
	First Bulgarian Empire, Second Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria
30px|border	Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russia
30px|border	Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuania
30px|border	Kingdom of Sweden, Swedish Empire, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, Sweden
	Kingdom of Denmark, Kalmar Union, Denmark-Norway, Denmark
	Kingdom of Norway (872–1397), Norway
30px|border 30px|border 30px|border	Kingdom of England, Commonwealth of England, The Protectorate, Kingdom of Great Britain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
	Kingdom of Italy, Italian Empire, Albanian Kingdom, Italian Islands of the Aegean, Italy

See also

• List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe
• List of sovereign states by date of formation
• List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
• Timeline of sovereign states in North America
• Timeline of sovereign states in Oceania

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