United Arab Emirates
Topic: Place
From HandWiki - Reading time: 75 min
United Arab Emirates | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Emblem
| |
Motto: الله الوطن الرئيس God, Nation, President | |
.svg) | |
| <mapframe height="275" text="'''United Arab Emirates'''" align="center" width="275">{"properties":{"stroke-width":1,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"UAE"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q878"}</mapframe> | |
| Capital | Abu Dhabi [ ⚑ ] 24°28′N 54°22′E / 24.467°N 54.367°E |
| Largest city | Dubai [ ⚑ ] 25°15′N 55°18′E / 25.25°N 55.3°E |
| Official languages | Arabic[1] |
| Common languages | Gulf Arabic, English[nb 1] |
| Ethnic groups (2015)[4] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Emirati[5] |
| Government | Federal Islamic parliamentary elective semi-constitutional monarchy[6][7][8] |
• President | Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan |
• Prime Minister | Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum |
• Vice President | Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum And Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan |
| Legislature |
|
| Establishment | |
| 1708 | |
• Sharjah | 1727 |
• Abu Dhabi | 1761 |
• Umm Al Quwain | 1768 |
• Ajman | 1816 |
• Became a British protectorate as part of Persian Gulf Residency under India Office and Government of India | 1820 and 1892 |
• Dubai | 1833 |
• Fujairah | 1879 |
• Control of the Trucial States was passed to the British Foreign Office | 1947 |
• British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announces that British troops would be withdrawn from East of Suez including the Persian Gulf,and signalled the end of Britain taking care of foreign policy and defence, due to the devaluation of the pound | 16 January 1968 |
• Independence from the United Kingdom and the Trucial States | 2 December 1971 |
• Admitted to the United Nations | 9 December 1971 |
• Admission of Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah to the UAE | 10 February 1972 |
| Area | |
• Total | 83,600 km2 (32,300 sq mi) (114th) |
• Water (%) | negligible |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate | 9,282,410[9] ({{{population estimate rank}}}) |
• 2005 census | 4,106,427 |
• Density | 121/km2 (313.4/sq mi) (110th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total |  $779.234 billion[10] (34th) |
• Per capita | $78,255[10] (6th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $501.354 billion[10] ({{{GDP nominal rank}}}) |
• Per capita | $50,349[10] (21st) |
| Gini (2018) | 26.0[11] low |
| HDI (2021) | 0.911[12] very high · 26th |
| Currency | UAE dirham ({{{currency code}}}) |
| Time zone | UTC+04:00 (GST) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +971 |
| ISO 3166 code | AE |
| Internet TLD |
|
United Arab Emirates portal | |
The United Arab Emirates (UAE; Arabic: الإمارات العربية المتحدة al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah), or simply the Emirates (Arabic: الإمارات al-ʾImārāt), is a country in Western Asia (the Middle East). It is located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula and shares borders with Oman and Saudi Arabia, while having maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran. Abu Dhabi is the nation's capital, while Dubai, the most populated city, is an international hub.
The United Arab Emirates is an elective monarchy formed from a federation of seven emirates, consisting of Abu Dhabi (the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain.[13] Each emirate is governed by a ruler and together the rulers form the Federal Supreme Council. The members of the Federal Supreme Council elect a president (as of 14th May 2023, His Highness Sheikh Mohamed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan)[14] and vice president (His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) from among their members. In practice, the ruler of Abu Dhabi serves as president while the ruler of Dubai is vice president and also prime minister.[15] In 2013, the country had a population of 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million were Emirati citizens and 7.8 million were expatriates.[16][17][18] (As of 2023), the United Arab Emirates has an estimated population of roughly 10.2 million.[19]
The area which is today the United Arab Emirates has been inhabited for over 125,000 years. It has been the trading crossroads for many civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Persia, and India .[20]
Islam is the official religion and Arabic is the official language. The United Arab Emirates' oil and natural gas reserves are the world's sixth and seventh-largest, respectively.[21][22] Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president, oversaw the development of the Emirates by investing oil revenues into healthcare, education, and infrastructure.[23] The United Arab Emirates has the most diversified economy among the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council.[24] In the 21st century, the country has become less reliant on oil and gas and is economically focusing on tourism and business. The government does not levy income tax, although there is a corporate tax in place and a 5% value-added tax was established in 2018.[25]
Human rights organisations consider the UAE substandard on human rights, citing reports of government critics being imprisoned and tortured, families harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of forced disappearances.[26][27] Individual rights such as the freedoms of assembly, association, the press, expression, and religion are also severely repressed.[28]
The UAE is considered a middle power. It is a member of the United Nations , Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, OPEC, Non-Aligned Movement, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
History
Human occupation in the region has been traced back to the emergence of anatomically modern humans from Africa circa 124,000 BCE through finds at the Faya-2 site in Mleiha, Sharjah. Burial sites dating back to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age include the oldest known such inland site at Jebel Buhais. Known as Magan to the Sumerians, the area was home to a prosperous Bronze Age trading culture during the Umm Al Nar period which traded between the Indus Valley, Bahrain and Mesopotamia as well as Iran, Bactria and the Levant. The ensuing Wadi Suq period and three Iron Ages saw the emergence of nomadism as well as the development of water management and irrigation systems supporting human settlement in both the coast and interior. The Islamic Age began with the expulsion of the Sasanians and the subsequent Battle of Dibba.[29] The region's history of trade led to the emergence of Julfar, in the present-day emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, as a regional trading and maritime hub in the area. The maritime dominance of the Persian Gulf by Arab traders led to conflicts with European powers, including the Portuguese Empire and the British Empire.[20]
Following decades of maritime conflict, the coastal emirates became known as the Trucial States with the signing of the General Maritime Treaty with the British in 1820 (ratified in 1853 and again in 1892), which established the Trucial States as a British protectorate. This arrangement ended with independence and the establishment of the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971 following the British withdrawal from its treaty obligations. Six emirates joined the UAE in 1971; the seventh, Ras Al Khaimah, joined the federation on 10 February 1972.[30]
Antiquity
.jpg)
Stone tools recovered reveal a settlement of people from Africa some 127,000 years ago and a stone tool used for butchering animals discovered on the Arabian coast suggests an even older habitation from 130,000 years ago.[31] There is no proof of contact with the outside world at that stage, although in time lively trading links developed with civilisations in Mesopotamia, Iran and the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley. This contact persisted and became wider, probably motivated by the trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains, which commenced around 3,000 BCE.[32] Sumerian sources talk of the Magan civilisation, which has been identified as encompassing the modern UAE and Oman.[33]
There are six periods of human settlement with distinctive behaviours in the region before Islam, which include the Hafit period from 3,200 to 2,600 BCE, the Umm Al Nar culture from 2,600 to 2,000 BCE, and the Wadi Suq culture from 2,000 to 1,300 BCE. From 1,200 BCE to the advent of Islam in Eastern Arabia, through three distinctive Iron Ages and the Mleiha period, the area was variously occupied by the Achaemenids and other forces, and saw the construction of fortified settlements and extensive husbandry thanks to the development of the falaj irrigation system.
In ancient times, Al Hasa (today's Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia) was part of Al Bahreyn and adjoined Greater Oman (today's UAE and Oman). From the second century CE, there was a movement of tribes from Al Bahreyn towards the lower Gulf, together with a migration among the Azdite Qahtani (or Yamani) and Quda'ah tribal groups from south-west Arabia towards central Oman.
Islam
The spread of Islam to the northeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula is thought to have followed directly from a letter sent by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, to the rulers of Oman in 630 CE, nine years after the hijrah. This led to a group of rulers travelling to Medina, converting to Islam and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular Sassanids, who dominated the coast at the time.[34] Following the death of Muhammad, the new Islamic communities south of the Persian Gulf threatened to disintegrate, with insurrections against the Muslim leaders. Caliph Abu Bakr sent an army from the capital Medina which completed its reconquest of the territory (the Ridda Wars) with the Battle of Dibba in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost.[35] This assured the integrity of the Caliphate and the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the newly emerging Rashidun Caliphate.
In 637, Julfar (in the area of today's Ras Al Khaimah) was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the Sasanian Empire.[36] The area of the Al Ain/Buraimi Oasis was known as Tu'am and was an important trading post for camel routes between the coast and the Arabian interior.[37]
The earliest Christian site in the UAE was first discovered in the 1990s, an extensive monastic complex on what is now known as Sir Bani Yas Island and which dates back to the seventh century. Thought to be Nestorian and built in 600 CE, the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 750 CE.[38] It forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity, which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 CE following trade routes. Certainly, by the fifth century, Oman had a bishop named John – the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 676 CE.[39]
Portuguese era
The harsh desert environment led to the emergence of the "versatile tribesman", nomadic groups who subsisted due to a variety of economic activities, including animal husbandry, agriculture and hunting. The seasonal movements of these groups led not only to frequent clashes between groups but also to the establishment of seasonal and semi-seasonal settlements and centres. These formed tribal groupings whose names are still carried by modern Emiratis, including the Bani Yas and Al Bu Falah of Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Liwa and the west coast, the Dhawahir, Awamir, Al Ali and Manasir of the interior, the Sharqiyin of the east coast and the Qawasim to the North.[40]
With the expansion of European colonial empires, Portuguese, English and Dutch forces appeared in the Persian Gulf region. By the 18th century, the Bani Yas confederation was the dominant force in most of the area now known as Abu Dhabi,[41][42][43] while the Northern Al Qawasim (Al Qasimi) dominated maritime commerce. The Portuguese maintained an influence over the coastal settlements, building forts in the wake of the bloody 16th-century conquests of coastal communities by Albuquerque and the Portuguese commanders who followed him – particularly on the east coast at Muscat, Sohar and Khor Fakkan.[44]
The southern coast of the Persian Gulf was known to the British as the "Pirate Coast",[45][46] as boats of the Al Qawasim federation harassed British-flagged shipping from the 17th century into the 19th.[47] The charge of piracy is disputed by modern Emirati historians, including the current Ruler of Sharjah, Sheikh Sultan Al Qasimi, in his 1986 book The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf.[48]
British expeditions to protect their Indian trade routes led to campaigns against Ras Al Khaimah and other harbours along the coast, including the Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 and the more successful campaign of 1819. The following year, Britain and a number of local rulers signed a maritime truce, giving rise to the term Trucial States, which came to define the status of the coastal emirates. A further treaty was signed in 1843 and, in 1853 the Perpetual Maritime Truce was agreed. To this was added the 'Exclusive Agreements', signed in 1892, which made the Trucial States a British protectorate.[49]
Under the 1892 treaty, the trucial sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the British and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the British without their consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack. The Exclusive Agreement was signed by the Rulers of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah and Umm Al Quwain between 6 and 8 March 1892. It was subsequently ratified by the Governor-General of India and the British government in London.[citation needed] British maritime policing meant that pearling fleets could operate in relative security. However, the British prohibition of the slave trade meant an important source of income was lost to some sheikhs and merchants.[50]
In 1869, the Qubaisat tribe settled at Khawr al Udayd and tried to enlist the support of the Ottomans, whose flag was occasionally seen flying there. Khawr al Udayd was claimed by Abu Dhabi at that time, a claim supported by the British. In 1906, the British Political Resident, Percy Cox, confirmed in writing to the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ('Zayed the Great') that Khawr al Udayd belonged to his sheikhdom.[51]
British era and discovery of oil
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the pearling industry thrived, providing both income and employment to the people of the Persian Gulf.[52] The First World War had a severe impact on the industry, but it was the economic depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s, coupled with the invention of the cultured pearl, that wiped out the trade. The remnants of the trade eventually faded away shortly after the Second World War, when the newly independent Government of India imposed heavy taxation on pearls imported from the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The decline of pearling resulted in extreme economic hardship in the Trucial States.[53]
In 1922, the British government secured undertakings from the rulers of the Trucial States not to sign concessions with foreign companies without their consent. Aware of the potential for the development of natural resources such as oil, following finds in Persia (from 1908) and Mesopotamia (from 1927), a British-led oil company, the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), showed an interest in the region. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC, later to become British Petroleum, or BP) had a 23.75% share in IPC. From 1935, onshore concessions to explore for oil were granted by local rulers, with APOC signing the first one on behalf of Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), an associate company of IPC.[54] APOC was prevented from developing the region alone because of the restrictions of the Red Line Agreement, which required it to operate through IPC. A number of options between PCL and the trucial rulers were signed, providing useful revenue for communities experiencing poverty following the collapse of the pearl trade. However, the wealth of oil which the rulers could see from the revenues accruing to surrounding countries such as Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia remained elusive. The first bore holes in Abu Dhabi were drilled by IPC's operating company, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) at Ras Sadr in 1950, with a 13,000-foot-deep (4,000-metre) bore hole taking a year to drill and turning out dry, at the tremendous cost at the time of £1 million.
The British set up a development office that helped in some small developments in the emirates. The seven sheikhs of the emirates then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office. In 1952, they formed the Trucial States Council,[55] and appointed Adi Bitar, Dubai's Sheikh Rashid's legal advisor, as Secretary General and Legal Advisor to the council. The council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed.[56] The tribal nature of society and the lack of definition of borders between emirates frequently led to disputes, settled either through mediation or, more rarely, force. The Trucial Oman Scouts was a small military force used by the British to keep the peace.
In 1953, a subsidiary of BP, D'Arcy Exploration Ltd, obtained an offshore concession from the ruler of Abu Dhabi. BP joined with Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later Total) to form operating companies, Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) and Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). A number of undersea oil surveys were carried out, including one led by the famous marine explorer Jacques Cousteau.[57][58] In 1958, a floating platform rig was towed from Hamburg, Germany, and positioned over the Umm Shaif pearl bed, in Abu Dhabi waters, where drilling began. In March, it struck oil in the Upper Thamama, a rock formation that would provide many valuable oil finds. This was the first commercial discovery of the Trucial Coast, leading to the first exports of oil in 1962. ADMA made further offshore discoveries at Zakum and elsewhere, and other companies made commercial finds such as the Fateh oilfield off Dubai and the Mubarak field off Sharjah (shared with Iran).[59]
Meanwhile, onshore exploration was hindered by territorial disputes. In 1955, the United Kingdom represented Abu Dhabi and Oman in their dispute with Saudi Arabia over the Buraimi Oasis.[60] A 1974 agreement between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia seemed to have settled the Abu Dhabi-Saudi border dispute, but this has not been ratified.[61] The UAE's border with Oman was ratified in 2008.[62]
PDTC continued its onshore exploration away from the disputed area, drilling five more bore holes that were also dry. However, on 27 October 1960, the company discovered oil in commercial quantities at the Murban No. 3 well on the coast near Tarif.[63] In 1962, PDTC became the Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company. As oil revenues increased, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, undertook a massive construction program, building schools, housing, hospitals and roads. When Dubai's oil exports commenced in 1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai, was able to invest the revenues from the limited reserves found to spark the diversification drive that would create the modern global city of Dubai.[64]
Independence
By 1966, it had become clear the British government could no longer afford to administer and protect the Trucial States, what is now the United Arab Emirates. British Members of Parliament (MPs) debated the preparedness of the Royal Navy to defend the sheikhdoms. Secretary of State for Defence Denis Healey reported that the British Armed Forces were seriously overstretched and in some respects dangerously under-equipped to defend the sheikhdoms. On 24 January 1968, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the government's decision, reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath, to end the treaty relationships with the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms, that had been, together with Bahrain and Qatar, under British protection. Days after the announcement, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, fearing vulnerability, tried to persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay the full costs of keeping the British Armed Forces in the Emirates. The British Labour government rejected the offer.[65] After Labour MP Goronwy Roberts informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal, the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms attempted to form a union of Arab emirates, but by mid-1971 they were still unable to agree on terms of union even though the British treaty relationship was to expire in December of that year.[66]
Fears of vulnerability were realised the day before independence. An Iranian destroyer group broke formation from an exercise in the lower Gulf, sailing to the Tunb islands. The islands were taken by force, civilians and Arab defenders alike allowed to flee. A British warship stood idle during the course of the invasion.[67] A destroyer group approached the island Abu Musa as well. But there, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi had already negotiated with the Iranian Shah, and the island was quickly leased to Iran for $3 million a year. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia laid claim to swathes of Abu Dhabi.[68]
Originally intended to be part of the proposed Federation of Arab Emirates, Bahrain became independent in August, and Qatar in September 1971. When the British-Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on 1 December 1971, both emirates became fully independent.[69] On 2 December 1971, at the Dubai Guesthouse (now known as Union House) six of the emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain) agreed to enter into a union called the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah joined it later, on 10 January 1972.[70][71] In February 1972, the Federal National Council (FNC) was created; it was a 40-member consultative body appointed by the seven rulers. The UAE joined the Arab League on 6 December 1971 and the United Nations on 9 December.[72] It was a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1981, with Abu Dhabi hosting the first GCC summit.
A 19-year-old Emirati from Abu Dhabi, Abdullah Mohammed Al Maainah, designed the UAE flag in 1971. The four colours of the flag are the Pan-Arab colours of red, green, white, and black, and represent the unity of the Arab nations. It was adopted on 2 December 1971. Al Maainah went on to serve as the UAE ambassador to Chile and currently serves as the UAE ambassador to the Czech Republic.[73]
Post-Independence period
.jpg)
The UAE supported military operations by the US and other coalition nations engaged in the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan (2001) and Saddam Hussein in Ba'athist Iraq (2003) as well as operations supporting the Global War on Terror for the Horn of Africa at Al Dhafra Air Base located outside of Abu Dhabi. The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch. The country had already signed a military defence agreement with the U.S. in 1994 and one with France in 1995.[74][75] In January 2008, France and the UAE signed a deal allowing France to set up a permanent military base in the emirate of Abu Dhabi.[76] The UAE joined international military operations in Libya in March 2011.
On 2 November 2004, the UAE's first president, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, died. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan was elected as the President of the UAE. In accordance with the constitution, the UAE's Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa as president. Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan succeeded Khalifa as Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi.[77] In January 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, and Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum assumed both roles.
The first ever national elections were held in the UAE on 16 December 2006. A number of voters chose half of the members of the Federal National Council. The UAE has largely escaped the Arab Spring, which other countries have experienced; however, 60 Emirati activists from Al Islah were apprehended for an alleged coup attempt and the attempt of the establishment of an Islamist state in the UAE.[78][79][80] Mindful of the protests in nearby Bahrain, in November 2012 the UAE outlawed online mockery of its own government or attempts to organise public protests through social media.[23]
On 29 January 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the UAE, as a 73-year-old Chinese woman had tested positive for the disease.[81] Two months later, in March, the government announced the closure of shopping malls, schools, and places of worship, in addition to imposing a 24-hour curfew, and suspending all Emirates passenger flights.[82][83][84][85][86] This resulted in a major economic downturn, which eventually led to the merger of more than 50% of the UAE's federal agencies.[87]
On 29 August 2020, the UAE established normal diplomatic relations with Israel and with the help of the United States, they signed the Abraham Accords with Bahrain.[88]
On 9 February 2021, the UAE achieved a historic milestone when its probe, named Hope, successfully reached Mars' orbit. The UAE became the first country in the Arab world to reach Mars, the fifth country to successfully reach Mars, and the second country, after an Indian probe, to orbit Mars on its maiden attempt.
On 14 May 2022, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan was elected as the UAE's new president after the death of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.[89]
Geography
The United Arab Emirates is situated in the Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia; it is in a strategic location slightly south of the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil.[90]
The UAE lies between 22°30' and 26°10' north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a 530-kilometre (330 mi) border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a 450-kilometre (280 mi) border with Oman on the southeast and northeast. The land border with Qatar in the Khawr al Udayd area is about nineteen kilometres (12 miles) in the northwest; however, it is a source of ongoing dispute.[91] Following Britain's military departure from the UAE in 1971, and its establishment as a new state, the UAE laid claim to islands resulting in disputes with Iran that remain unresolved.[92] The UAE also disputes claim on other islands against the neighboring state of Qatar.[93] The largest emirate, Abu Dhabi, accounts for 87% of the UAE's total area[94] (67,340 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi)).[95] The smallest emir, Ayman, encompasses only 259 km2 (100 sq mi) (see figure).[96]
The UAE coast stretches for nearly 650 km (404 mi) along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf, briefly interrupted by an isolated outcrop of the Sultanate of Oman. Six of the emirates are situated along the Persian Gulf, and the seventh, Fujairah is on the eastern coast of the peninsula with direct access to the Gulf of Oman.[97] Most of the coast consists of salt pans that extend 8–10 km inland.[98] The largest natural harbor is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere.[99] Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of them has been the subject of international disputes with both Iran and Qatar. The smaller islands, as well as many coral reefs and shifting sandbars, are a menace to navigation. Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore. The UAE also has a stretch of the Al Bāţinah coast of the Gulf of Oman. The Musandam Peninsula, the very tip of Arabia by the Strait of Hormuz, and Madha are exclaves of Oman separated by the UAE.[100]
South and west of Abu Dhabi, vast, rolling sand dunes merge into the Rub al-Khali (Empty Quarter) of Saudi Arabia.[101] The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for permanent settlements and cultivation. The extensive Liwa Oasis is in the south near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia. About 100 km (62 mi) to the northeast of Liwa is the Al-Buraimi oasis, which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border. Lake Zakher in Al Ain is a human-made lake near the border with Oman that was created from treated waste water.[102]
Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to preempt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation. In general, the rulers of the emirates accepted the British interventions, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent. The most complicated borders were in the Western Hajar Mountains, where five of the emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves.
Biodiversity
The UAE contains the following terrestrial ecoregions: Al Hajar montane woodlands and shrublands, Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert, and Al-Hajar foothill xeric woodlands and shrublands.[103]
The oases grow date palms, acacia and eucalyptus trees. In the desert, the flora is very sparse and consists of grasses and thorn bushes. The indigenous fauna had come close to extinction because of intensive hunting, which has led to a conservation program on Sir Bani Yas Island initiated by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan in the 1970s, resulting in the survival of, for example, Arabian Oryx, Arabian camel and leopards. Coastal fish and mammals consist mainly of mackerel, perch, and tuna, as well as sharks and whales.
Climate
The climate of the UAE is subtropical-arid with hot summers and warm winters. The climate is categorized as desert climate. The hottest months are July and August, when average maximum temperatures reach above 45 °C (113 °F) on the coastal plain. In the Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably lower, a result of increased elevation.[104] Average minimum temperatures in January and February are between 10 and 14 °C (50 and 57 °F).[105] During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as Sharqi (i.e. "Easterner") makes the coastal region especially unpleasant. The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than 120 mm (4.7 in), but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches 350 mm (13.8 in). Rain in the coastal region falls in short, torrential bursts during the winter months, sometimes resulting in floods in ordinarily dry wadi beds.[106] The region is prone to occasional, violent dust storms, which can severely reduce visibility.
On 28 December 2004, there was snow recorded in the UAE for the first time, in the Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras al-Khaimah.[107] A few years later, there were more sightings of snow and hail.[108][109] The Jebel Jais mountain cluster has experienced snow only twice since records began.[110]
Government and politics
President since 2022
Prime Minister and
Vice President since 2006
The UAE is an authoritarian federal monarchy.[111][112][113][114] According to The New York Times , the UAE is "an autocracy with the sheen of a progressive, modern state".[115] The UAE has been described as a "tribal autocracy" where the seven constituent monarchies are led by tribal rulers in an autocratic fashion.[116] There are no democratically elected institutions, and there is no formal commitment to free speech.[117] According to human rights organizations, there are systematic human rights violations, including the torture and forced disappearance of government critics.[117] The UAE ranks poorly in freedom indices measuring civil liberties and political rights. The UAE is annually ranked as "Not Free" in Freedom House's annual Freedom in the World report, which measures civil liberties and political rights.[118] The UAE also ranks poorly in the annual Reporters without Borders' Press Freedom Index. Bertelsmann transformation Index describes the UAE as a "moderate monarchy". The country got ranked 91 out of 137 states and is far below the average scoring for development towards a democracy.[119]
Government
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federal constitutional monarchy made up from a federation of seven hereditary tribal monarchy-styled political system called Sheikhdoms. It is governed by a Federal Supreme Council made up of the ruling Sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al-Quwain. All responsibilities not granted to the national government are reserved to the individual emirate.[120] A percentage of revenues from each emirate is allocated to the UAE's central budget.[121] The United Arab Emirates uses the title Sheikh instead of Emir to refer to the rulers of individual emirates. The title is used due to the sheikhdom styled governing system in adherence to the culture of tribes of Arabia, where Sheikh means leader, elder, or the tribal chief of the clan who partakes in shared decision making with his followers.
The President and Vice President are elected by the Federal Supreme Council. Usually, a sheikh from Abu Dhabi holds the presidency and a sheikh from Dubai the prime ministership. All prime ministers but one have served concurrently as vice president. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is the UAE founding father and widely credited for unifying the seven emirates into one country. He was the UAE's first president from the nation's founding until his death on 2 November 2004. On the following day the Federal Supreme Council elected his son, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, to the post.[122]
The federal government is composed of three branches:
- Legislative: A unicameral Federal Supreme Council and the advisory Federal National Council (FNC).
- Executive: The President, who is also commander-in-chief of the military, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
- Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts.
The UAE e-Government is the extension of the UAE federal government in its electronic form.[123] The UAE's Council of Ministers (Arabic: مجلس الوزراء) is the chief executive branch of the government presided over by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister, who is appointed by the Federal Supreme Council, appoints the ministers. The Council of Ministers is made up of 22 members and manages all internal and foreign affairs of the federation under its constitutional and federal law.[124] In December 2019,[125] the UAE became the only Arab country, and one of only five countries in the world, to attain gender parity in a national legislative body, with its lower house 50 per cent women.[126][127]
The UAE is the only country in the world that has a Ministry of Tolerance,[128] a Ministry of Happiness,[129] and a Ministry of Artificial Intelligence.[130] The UAE also has a virtual ministry called the Ministry of Possibilities, designed to find solutions to challenges and improve quality of life.[131][132] The UAE also has a National Youth Council, which is represented in the UAE cabinet by the Minister of Youth.[133][134]
The UAE legislative is the Federal National Council which convenes nationwide elections every 4 years. The FNC consists of 40 members drawn from all the emirates. Each emirate is allocated specific seats to ensure full representation. Half are appointed by the rulers of the constituent emirates, and the other half are elected. By law, the council members have to be equally divided between males and females. The FNC is restricted to a largely consultative role.[135][136][137]
Foreign relations
.jpg)
The UAE has broad diplomatic and commercial relations with most countries and members of the United Nations. It plays a significant role in OPEC, and is one of the founding members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The UAE is a member of the United Nations and several of its specialized agencies (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO), as well as the World Bank, IMF, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Also, it is an observer in the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Most countries have diplomatic missions in the capital Abu Dhabi with most consulates being in UAE's largest city, Dubai.
Emirati foreign relations are motivated to a large extent by identity and relationship to the Arab world.[138] The United Arab Emirates has strong ties with Bahrain,[139] China,[140] Egypt,[141] France,[142] India,[143] Jordan,[144] Pakistan,[145] Russia,[146] Saudi Arabia[147] and the United States.[148]
Following the British withdrawal from the UAE in 1971 and the establishment of the UAE as a state, the UAE disputed rights to three islands in the Persian Gulf against Iran, namely Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb. The UAE tried to bring the matter to the International Court of Justice, but Iran dismissed the notion.[149] Pakistan was the first country to formally recognize the UAE upon its formation.[150] The UAE alongside multiple Middle Eastern and African countries cut diplomatic ties with Qatar in June 2017 due to allegations of Qatar being a state sponsor of terrorism, resulting in the Qatar diplomatic crisis. Ties were restored in January 2021.[151] The UAE recognized Israel in August 2020, reaching a historic Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement and leading towards full normalization of relations between the two countries.[152][153][154]
Military
The United Arab Emirates military force was formed in 1971 from the historical Trucial Oman Scouts, long a symbol of public order in Eastern Arabia and commanded by British officers. The Trucial Oman Scouts were turned over to the United Arab Emirates, as the nucleus of its defence forces in 1971, with the formation of the UAE, and was absorbed into the Union Defence Force.
Although initially small in number, the UAE armed forces have grown significantly over the years and are presently equipped with some of the most modern weapon systems, purchased from a variety of western military advanced countries, mainly France, the US and the UK. Most officers are graduates of the United Kingdom's Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, with others having attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, the Royal Military College, Duntroon in Australia, and St Cyr, the military academy of France. France and the United States have played the most strategically significant roles with defence cooperation agreements and military material provision.[155]
Some of the UAE military deployments include an infantry battalion to the United Nations UNOSOM II force in Somalia in 1993, the 35th Mechanised Infantry Battalion to Kosovo, a regiment to Kuwait during the Iraq War, demining operations in Lebanon, Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, American-led intervention in Libya, American-led intervention in Syria, and the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen. The active and effective military role, despite its small active personnel, has led the UAE military to be nicknamed as "Little Sparta" by United States Armed Forces Generals and former US defense secretary James Mattis.[156]
The UAE intervened in the Libyan Civil War in support of General Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army in its conflict with the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA).[157][158][159]
Examples of the military assets deployed include the enforcement of the no-fly-zone over Libya by sending six UAEAF F-16 and six Mirage 2000 multi-role fighter aircraft,[160] ground troop deployment in Afghanistan,[161] 30 UAEAF F-16s and ground troops deployment in Southern Yemen,[162] and helping the US launch its first airstrikes against ISIL targets in Syria.[163]
The UAE has begun production of a greater amount of military equipment, in a bid to reduce foreign dependence and help with national industrialisation. Example of national military development include the Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding company (ADSB), which produces a range of ships and is a prime contractor in the Baynunah Programme, a programme to design, develop and produce corvettes customised for operation in the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf. The UAE is also producing weapons and ammunition through Caracal International, military transport vehicles through Nimr LLC and unmanned aerial vehicles collectively through Emirates Defence Industries Company. The UAE operates the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon F-16E Block 60 unique variant unofficially called "Desert Falcon", developed by General Dynamics with collaboration of the UAE and specifically for the United Arab Emirates Air Force .[164] The United Arab Emirates Army operates a customized Leclerc tank and is the only other operator of the tank aside from the French Army.[165] The largest defence exhibition and conference in the Middle East, International Defence Exhibition, takes place biennially in Abu Dhabi.
The UAE introduced a mandatory military service for adult males, since 2014, for 16 months to expand its reserve force.[166] The highest loss of life in the history of UAE military occurred on Friday 4 September 2015, in which 52 soldiers were killed in Marib area of central Yemen by a Tochka missile which targeted a weapons cache and caused a large explosion.[167]
Administrative divisions
The United Arab Emirates comprises seven emirates. Dubai is the most populous emirate with 35.6% of the UAE population. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi has 31.2%, meaning that over two-thirds of the UAE population lives in either Abu Dhabi or Dubai.
Abu Dhabi has an area of 67,340 square kilometres (26,000 square miles), which is 86.7% of the country's total area, excluding the islands. It has a coastline extending for more than 400 km (250 mi) and is divided for administrative purposes into three major regions. The Emirate of Dubai extends along the Persian Gulf coast of the UAE for approximately 72 km (45 mi). Dubai has an area of 3,885 square kilometres (1,500 square miles), which is equivalent to 5% of the country's total area, excluding the islands. The Emirate of Sharjah extends along approximately 16 km (10 mi) of the UAE's Persian Gulf coastline and for more than 80 km (50 mi) into the interior. The northern emirates which include Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm al-Qaiwain all have a total area of 3,881 square kilometres (1,498 square miles). There are two areas under joint control. One is jointly controlled by Oman and Ajman, the other by Fujairah and Sharjah.
There is an Omani exclave surrounded by UAE territory, known as Wadi Madha. It is located halfway between the Musandam peninsula and the rest of Oman in the Emirate of Sharjah. It covers approximately 75 square kilometres (29 square miles) and the boundary was settled in 1969. The north-east corner of Madha is closest to the Khor Fakkan-Fujairah road, barely 10 metres (33 feet) away. Within the Omani exclave of Madha, is a UAE exclave called Nahwa, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. It is about eight kilometres (5.0 miles) on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha. It consists of about forty houses with its own clinic and telephone exchange.
| Flag | Emirate | Capital | Population | Area | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | % | (km2) | (mi2) | % | |||
|
Abu Dhabi | Abu Dhabi | 2,784,490 | 29.0% | 67,340 | 26,000 | 86.7% |
|
Ajman | Ajman | 372,922 | 3.9% | 259 | 100 | 0.3% |
|
Dubai | Dubai | 4,177,059 | 42.8% | 3,885 | 1,500 | 5.0% |
.svg){kind=small}
|
Fujairah | Fujairah | 152,000 | 1.6% | 1,165 | 450 | 1.5% |
|
Ras al-Khaimah | Ras al-Khaimah | 416,600 | 4.3% | 2,486 | 950 | 3.2% |
|
|
Sharjah | Sharjah | 2,374,132 | 24.7% | 2,590 | 1,000 | 3.3% |
|
Umm al-Quwain | Umm al-Quwain | 72,000 | 0.8% | 777 | 300 | 1% |
|
|
UAE | Abu Dhabi | 9,599,353 | 100% | 77,700 | 30,000 | 100% |
Law
The UAE has a federal court system. There are three main branches within the court structure: civil, criminal and Sharia law. The UAE's judicial system is derived from the civil law system and Sharia law. The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts. UAE's criminal and civil courts apply elements of Sharia law, codified into its criminal code and family law.
Corporal and capital punishment
- Since September 2020, corporal punishment is no longer a legal form of punishment under UAE federal law, under the decree, the legal forms of punishment are retribution and blood money punishments, capital punishment, life imprisonment, temporary imprisonment incarceration, detention and fines.[168]
.jpg)
Flogging, stoning, amputation, crucifixion were legal punishments for criminal offences such as adultery, premarital sex and drug or alcohol use.[27][169] As of November 2020, alcohol consumption for Muslims and non-Muslims is legal, but the law gives emirates the right to regulate alcohol sale and consumption; the emirate of Sharjah is still a dry emirate.[170] In the past, many Muslims have been sentenced to 80 or 40 lashes for alcohol consumption.[171][172] Consentual extra-marital sex was sometimes penalized by up to 100 lashes, but the law was changed to consider extra-marital sex a crime carrying a minimum sentence of 6 months imprisonment, but the law does not apply "except on the basis of a complaint from the husband or legal guardian", but the penalty may be suspended if the complaint is waived.[173][174][175] Eighty lashes was the standard number for anyone sentenced to flogging in several emirates.[176] Driving under the influence is strictly illegal and could previously be punishable by 80 lashes; current federal law states that drunk driving carries a penalty of imprisonment, a minimum fine of AED 20,000 (US$ 5,445) or both.[177][178][179]
Article 1 of the Federal Penal Code was amended in 2020 to state that Islamic Law applies only to retribution and blood money punishments; previously the article stated that "provisions of the Islamic Law shall apply to the crimes of doctrinal punishment, punitive punishment and blood money."[168][180] The Federal Penal Code repealed only those provisions within the penal codes of individual emirates which are contradictory to the Federal Penal Code. Hence, both are enforceable simultaneously.[181][failed verification]
In recent history, the UAE has declared its intention to move towards a more tolerant legal code, and to phase out corporal punishment altogether in favor of private punishment.[182] With alcohol and cohabitation laws being loosened in advance of the 2020 World Expo, Emirati laws have become increasingly acceptable to visitors from non-Muslim countries.[183]
Sharia courts and family law
 | This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (June 2023) |
_(cropped).jpg)
Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction over Muslim family law matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody[184] Non-Muslim expatriates were liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce and child custody, however the federal law was changed to introduce non-Sharia personal status law for non-Muslims.[184][185] Recently, the emirate of Abu Dhabi opened a civil law family court for non-Muslims and Dubai has announced that non-Muslims can opt for civil marriages.[186][187]
Muslim women must receive permission from a male guardian to marry and remarry.[188] This requirement is derived from Sharia law, and has been federal law since 2005.[188] It is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims and is punishable by law, since it is considered a form of "fornication".[189] The UAE Marriage Fund reported in 2012 that a majority of women over 30 were unmarried; this had tripled from 1995, when only one-fifth of women over 30 were unmarried.[190]
Kissing in certain public places is illegal and could result in deportation.[191] Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public; and in Abu Dhabi a drunk man was sentenced to 80 lashes for kissing in public in 2013.[192][193] A new federal law in the UAE prohibits swearing on social media and penalises swearing by a fine up to AED 250,000, imprisonment or both and some expatriates are penalised by deportation.[194][195] In July 2015, an Australian expatriate was deported for swearing on Facebook.[196]
Homosexuality is illegal and is a capital offence in the UAE.[197][198] In 2013, an Emirati man was on trial for being accused of a "gay handshake".[198] Article 80 of the Abu Dhabi Penal Code makes sodomy punishable with imprisonment of up to 14 years, while article 177 of the Penal Code of Dubai imposes imprisonment of up to 10 years on consensual sodomy.[199]
In November 2020, UAE announced that it decriminalised alcohol, lifted ban on unmarried couples living together and ended lenient punishment on honor killing. Foreigners living in the Emirates were allowed to follow their native country's laws on divorce and inheritance.[200]
Blasphemy law
Apostasy is a technically capital crime in the UAE, however there are no documented cases of apostates being executed.[201][202] Blasphemy is illegal; expatriates involved in insulting Islam are liable for deportation.[203][204][205]
Rape
In several cases, the courts of the UAE have jailed women who have reported rape.[206][207][78][208][209][210] For example, a British woman, after she reported being gang raped by three men, was charged with the crime of "alcohol consumption".[78][209] Another British woman was charged with "public intoxication and extramarital sex" after she reported being raped,[207] while an Australian woman was similarly sentenced to jail after she reported gang rape in the UAE.[207][78] In another case, an 18-year Emirati girl withdrew her complaint of gang rape by six men when the prosecution threatened her with a long jail term and flogging.[211] The woman still had to serve one year in jail.[212] In July 2013, a Norwegian woman, Marte Dalelv, reported rape to the police and received a prison sentence for "illicit sex and alcohol consumption".[207]
Human rights
 | This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|
The annual Freedom House report on Freedom in the World has listed the United Arab Emirates as "Not Free" every year since 1999, the first year for which records are available on their website.[118]
The UAE has escaped the Arab Spring; however, more than 100 Emirati activists were jailed and tortured because they sought reforms.[80][213][214] Since 2011, the UAE government has increasingly carried out forced disappearances.[215][216][217][218][219][220] Many foreign nationals and Emirati citizens have been arrested and abducted by the state. The UAE government denies these people are being held (to conceal their whereabouts), placing these people outside the protection of the law.[214][216][221] According to Human Rights Watch, the reports of forced disappearance and torture in the UAE are of grave concern.[217]
The Arab Organization for Human Rights has obtained testimonies from many defendants, for its report on "Forced Disappearance and Torture in the UAE", who reported that they had been kidnapped, tortured and abused in detention centres.[216][221] The report included 16 different methods of torture including severe beatings, threats with electrocution and denying access to medical care.[216][221]
In 2013, 94 Emirati activists were held in secret detention centres and put on trial for allegedly attempting to overthrow the government.[222] Human rights organizations have spoken out against the secrecy of the trial. An Emirati, whose father is among the defendants, was arrested for tweeting about the trial. In April 2013, he was sentenced to 10 months in jail.[223] The latest forced disappearance involves three sisters from Abu Dhabi.[224]
Repressive measures were also used against non-Emiratis in order to justify the UAE government's claim that there is an "international plot" in which UAE citizens and foreigners were working together to destabilize the country.[221] Foreign nationals were also subjected to a campaign of deportations.[221] There are many documented cases of Egyptians and other foreign nationals who had spent years working in the UAE and were then given only a few days to leave the country.[221]
Foreign nationals subjected to forced disappearance include two Libyans[225] and two Qataris.[221][226] Amnesty International reported that the Qatari men have been abducted by the UAE government and the UAE government has withheld information about the men's fate from their families.[221][226] Amongst the foreign nationals detained, imprisoned and expelled is Iyad El-Baghdadi, a popular blogger and Twitter personality.[221] He was arrested by UAE authorities, detained, imprisoned and then expelled from the country.[221] Despite his lifetime residence in the UAE, as a Palestinian citizen, El-Baghdadi had no recourse to contest this order.[221] He could not be deported back to the Palestinian territories, therefore he was deported to Malaysia.[221]
In recent years, many Shia Muslim expatriates have been deported from the UAE.[227][228][229] Lebanese Shia families in particular have been deported for their alleged sympathy for Hezbollah.[230][231][232][233][234][235] According to some organizations, more than 4,000 Shia expatriates have been deported from the UAE in recent years.[236][237]
The issue of sexual abuse among female domestic workers is another area of concern, particularly given that domestic servants are not covered by the UAE labour law of 1980 or the draft labour law of 2007.[238] Worker protests have been suppressed and protesters imprisoned without due process.[239] In its 2013 Annual Report, Amnesty International drew attention to the United Arab Emirates' poor record on a number of human rights issues. They highlighted the government's restrictive approach to freedom of speech and assembly, their use of arbitrary arrest and torture, and UAE's use of the death penalty.[240]
The state security apparatus in the UAE has been accused of a series of atrocities and human rights abuses including enforced disappearance, arbitrary arrests and torture.[241]
Freedom of association is also severely curtailed. All associations and NGOs have to register through the Ministry of Social Affairs and are therefore under de facto State control. About twenty non-political groups operate on the territory without registration. All associations have to be submitted to censorship guidelines and all publications have first to be approved by the government.[242]
Migrant workers
Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions or go on strike. Those who strike may risk prison and deportation,[243][244] as seen in 2014 when dozens of workers were deported for striking.[245] The International Trade Union Confederation has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are treated as slave labour.[246]
In 2019, an investigation performed by The Guardian revealed that thousands of migrant construction workers employed on infrastructure and building projects for the UAE's Expo 2020 exhibition were working in an unsafe environment. Some were even exposed to potentially fatal situations due to cardiovascular issues. Long hours in the sun made them vulnerable to heat strokes.[247]
A report in January 2020 highlighted that the employers in the United Arab Emirates have been exploiting the Indian labor and hiring them on tourist visas, which is easier and cheaper than work permits. These migrant workers are left open to labor abuse, where they also fear reporting exploitation due to their illegal status. Besides, the issue remains unknown as the visit visa data is not maintained in both the UAE and Indian migration and employment records.[248]
In a 22 July 2020 news piece, Reuters reported human rights groups as saying conditions had deteriorated because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many migrant workers racked up debt and depended on the help of charities. The report cited salary delays and layoffs as a major risk, in addition to overcrowded living conditions, lack of support and problems linked with healthcare and sick pay. Reuters reported at least 200,000 workers, mostly from India but also from Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Nepal, had been repatriated, according to their diplomatic missions.[249]
On 2 May 2020, the Consul General of India in Dubai, Vipul, confirmed that more than 150,000 Indians in the United Arab Emirates registered to be repatriated through the e-registration option provided by Indian consulates in the UAE. According to the figures, 25% applicants lost their jobs and nearly 15% were stranded in the country due to lockdown. Besides, 50% of the total applicants were from the state of Kerala, India.[250]
On 9 October 2020, The Telegraph reported that many migrant workers were left abandoned, as they lost their jobs amidst the tightening economy due to COVID-19. With no jobs and expired visas, many hived in parks under the city's glistening skyscrapers, appealing for repatriation flights home. White collar job workers were also threatened by the pandemic in the Emirates, as many United Kingdom expats returned home since the beginning of coronavirus.[251]
Various human rights organisations have raised serious concerns about the alleged abuse of migrant workers by major contractors organising Expo 2020. UAE's business solution provider German Pavilion is also held accountable for abusing migrant workers.[252]
Miscellaneous
Dancing in public is illegal in the UAE.[253][254][255]
Media
.jpg)
The UAE's media is annually classified as "not free" in the Freedom of the Press report by Freedom House.[256] The UAE ranks poorly in the annual Press Freedom Index by Reporters without Borders. Dubai Media City and twofour54 are the UAE's main media zones. The UAE is home to some pan-Arab broadcasters, including the Middle East Broadcasting Centre and Orbit Showtime Network. In 2007, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum decreed that journalists can no longer be prosecuted or imprisoned for reasons relating to their work.[257] At the same time, the UAE has made it illegal to disseminate online material that can threaten "public order",[258] and hands down prison terms for those who "deride or damage" the reputation of the state and "display contempt" for religion. Journalists who are arrested for violating this law are often brutally beaten by the police.[259]
Print media
According to UAE Year Book 2013, there are seven Arabic newspapers and eight English language newspapers, as well as a Tagalog newspaper produced and published in the UAE.
Social media
New media, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram are used widely in the UAE by the government entities and by the public as well.[260] The UAE government avails official social media accounts to communicate with public and hear their needs.[260]
Economy
The UAE has developed from a juxtaposition of Bedouin tribes to one of the world's most wealthy states in only about 50 years. It is the 6th wealthiest country in the Middle East after Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Turkey and Egypt. Economic growth has been impressive and steady throughout the history of this young confederation of emirates with brief periods of recessions only, e.g. in the global financial and economic crisis years 2008–09, and a couple of more mixed years starting in 2015 and persisting until 2019. Between 2000 and 2018, average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was at close to 4%.[261] It is the second largest economy in the GCC (after Saudi Arabia),[262] with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of US$414.2 billion, and a real GDP of 392.8 billion constant 2010 USD in 2018.[261] Since its independence in 1971, the UAE's economy has grown by nearly 231 times to 1.45 trillion AED in 2013. The non-oil trade has grown to 1.2 trillion AED, a growth by around 28 times from 1981 to 2012.[262] Supported by the world's seventh-largest oil reserves and aided by prudent investments coupled with a resolute commitment to economic liberalism and strong governmental oversight, the UAE has witnessed its real GDP increase by more than three times over the past four decades. Presently, the UAE is among the wealthiest countries globally, with GDP per capita nearly 80% higher than the OECD average..[261]
As impressive as economic growth has been in the UAE, the total population has increased from just around 550,000 in 1975 to close to 10 million in 2018. This growth is mainly due to the influx of foreign workers into the country, making the national population a minority. The UAE features a unique labour market system, in which residence in the UAE is conditional on stringent visa rules. This system is a major advantage in terms of macroeconomic stability, as labour supply adjusts quickly to demand throughout economic business cycles. This allows the government to keep unemployment in the country on a very low level of less than 3%, and it also gives the government more leeway in terms of macroeconomic policies – where other governments often need to make trade-offs between fighting unemployment and fighting inflation.[261]
Between 2014 and 2018, the accommodation and food, education, information and communication, arts and recreation, and real estate sectors overperformed in terms of growth, whereas the construction, logistics, professional services, public, and oil and gas sectors underperformed.[261]
Business and finance
The UAE offers businesses a strong enabling environment: stable political and macroeconomic conditions, a future-oriented government, good general infrastructure and ICT infrastructure. Moreover, the country has made continuous and convincing improvements to its regulatory environment[261] and is ranked as the 26th best nation in the world for doing business by the Doing Business 2017 Report published by the World Bank Group.[263] The UAE are in the top ranks of several other global indices, such as the World Economic Forum's (WEF) Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), the World Happiness Report (WHR) and 31st in the Global Innovation Index in 2022.[264][265] The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), for example, assigns the UAE rank two regionally in terms of business environment and 22 worldwide. From the 2018 Arab Youth Survey the UAE emerges as the top Arab country in areas such as living, safety and security, economic opportunities, and starting a business, and as an example for other states to emulate.[261]
The weaker points remain the level of education across the UAE population, limitations in the financial and labour markets, barriers to trade and some regulations that hinder business dynamism. The major challenge for the country, though, remains translating investments and strong enabling conditions into knowledge, innovation and creative outputs.[261]
.svg)
UAE law does not allow trade unions to exist.[266] The right to collective bargaining and the right to strike are not recognised, and the Ministry of Labour has the power to force workers to go back to work. Migrant workers who participate in a strike can have their work permits cancelled and be deported.[266] Consequently, there are very few anti-discrimination laws in relation to labour issues, with Emiratis – and other GCC Arabs – getting preference in public sector jobs despite lesser credentials than competitors and lower motivation. In fact, just over eighty percent of Emirati workers hold government posts, with many of the rest taking part in state-owned enterprises such as Emirates airlines and Dubai Properties.[267] Western nations, including the UK, were also warned by the Emirati Trade Minister, Dr Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi to keep politics separate from trade and the economy, as it dilutes the agreements’ main objectives. In 2023, Al Zeyoudi indicated that these countries should “tone down” the human and workers’ rights provisions in the trade deals, in order to gain greater market access and business opportunities.[268]
The UAE's monetary policy stresses stability and predictability, as the Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE) keeps a peg to the US Dollar (USD) and moves interest rates close to the Federal Funds Rate. This policy makes sense in the current situation of global and regional economic and geopolitical uncertainty. Also considering the fact that exports have become the main driver of the UAE's economic growth (the contribution of international trade to GDP grew from 31% in 2017 to 33.5% in 2018, outpacing overall GDP growth for the period), and the fact that the AED is currently undervalued, a departure from this policy – and particularly the peg – would negatively affect this important part of the UAE economy in the short term. In the mid- to long term, however, the peg will become less important, as the UAE transitions to a knowledge-based economy – and becomes yet more independent from the oil and gas sector (oil is currently still being traded not in AED, but in USD). On the contrary, it will become more and more important for the government to have monetary policy at its free disposal to target inflation, shun too heavy reliance on taxes, and avoid situations where decisions on exchange rates and interest rates contradict fiscal policy measures – as has been the case in recent years, where monetary policy has limited fiscal policy effects on economic expansion.[261]
According to Fitch Ratings, the decline in property sector follows risks of progressively worsening the quality of assets in possession with UAE banks, leading the economy to rougher times ahead. Even though as compared to retail and property, UAE banks fared well. The higher US interest rates followed since 2016 – which the UAE currency complies to – have boosted profitability. However, the likelihood of plunging interest rates and increasing provisioning costs on bad loans, point to difficult times ahead for the economy.[269]
Since 2015, economic growth has been more mixed due to a number of factors impacting both demand and supply. In 2017 and 2018 growth has been positive but on a low level of 0.8 and 1.4%, respectively. To support the economy the government is currently following an expansionary fiscal policy. However, the effects of this policy are partially offset by monetary policy, which has been contractionary. If not for the fiscal stimulus in 2018, the UAE economy would probably have contracted in that year. One of the factors responsible for slower growth has been a credit crunch, which is due to, among other factors, higher interest rates. Government debt has remained on a low level, despite high deficits in a few recent years. Risks related to government debt remain low. Inflation has been picking up in 2017 and 18. Contributing factors were the introduction of a value added tax (VAT) of 5%[270] in 2018 as well as higher commodity prices. Despite the government's expansionary fiscal policy and a growing economy in 2018 and at the beginning of 2019, prices have been dropping in late 2018 and 2019 owing to oversupply in some sectors of importance to consumer prices.[261]
The UAE has an attractive tax system for companies and wealthy individuals, making it a preferred destination for companies seeking tax avoidance. The NGO Tax Justice Network places them in 2021 in the group of the ten largest tax havens.[271]
VAT
The UAE government implemented value added tax (VAT) in the country from January 1, 2018 at a standard rate of 5%.[272]
Oil and gas
The UAE leadership initiated economic diversification efforts even before the oil price crash in the 1980s, resulting in the UAE having the most diversified economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at present. Although the oil and gas sector continues to be significant to the UAE economy, these efforts have yielded great resilience during periods of oil price fluctuations and economic turbulence. Barring any escalation of global economic disruptions or regional tensions, we[who?] anticipate that growth will resume in the UAE in 2020-21, buoyed by expansionary fiscal policy interventions and new laws that are favorable to investors.
In 2018, the oil and gas sector contributed 26% to overall GDP. The introduction of the VAT has provided the government with an additional source of income – approximately 6% of the total revenue in 2018, or 27 billion United Arab Emirates Dirham (AED) – affording its fiscal policy more independence from oil- and gas-related revenue, which constitutes about 36% of the total government revenue. While the government may still adjust the exact arrangement of the VAT, it is not likely that any new taxes will be introduced in the foreseeable future. Additional taxes would destroy one of the UAE's main enticements for businesses to operate in the country and put a heavy burden on the economy.[261] The UAE's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are high, ranking sixth among countries globally.[273] The Barakah nuclear power plant is the first on the Arabian peninsula and expected to reduce the carbon footprint of the country.[274]
Tourism
Tourism acts as a growth sector for the entire UAE economy. Dubai is the top tourism destination in the Middle East.[208] According to the annual MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai is the fifth most popular tourism destination in the world.[275] Dubai holds up to 66% share of the UAE's tourism economy, with Abu Dhabi having 16% and Sharjah 10%. Dubai welcomed 10 million tourists in 2013.
The UAE has the most advanced and developed infrastructure in the region.[276] Since the 1980s, the UAE has been spending billions of dollars on infrastructure. These developments are particularly evident in the larger emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The northern emirates are rapidly following suit, providing major incentives for developers of residential and commercial property.[277][278]
The inbound tourism expenditure in the UAE for 2019 accounted for 118.6 percent share of the outbound tourism expenditure.[278] Since 6 January 2020, tourist visas to the United Arab Emirates are valid for five years.[279] It has been projected that the travel and tourism industry will contribute about 280.6 billion United Arab Emirati dirham to the UAE's GDP by 2028.[278]
Transport
Air
_departs_London_Heathrow_11April2015.jpg)
Dubai International Airport became the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic in 2014, overtaking London Heathrow.[280]
Highways
Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, and Ras Al Khaimah are connected by the E11 highway, which is the longest road in the UAE. In Dubai, in addition to the Dubai Metro, The Dubai Tram and Palm Jumeirah Monorail also connect specific parts of the city. There is also a bus, taxi, abra and water taxi network run by RTA. T1, a double-decker tram system in Downtown Dubai, were operational from 2015 to 2019.
Salik, meaning "open" or "clear", is Dubai's electronic toll collection system that was launched in July 2007 and is part of Dubai's traffic congestion management system. Each time one passes through a Salik tolling point, a toll is deducted from the drivers' prepaid toll account using advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. There are four Salik tolling points placed in strategic locations in Dubai: at Al Maktoum Bridge, Al Garhoud Bridge, and along Sheikh Zayed Road at Al Safa and Al Barsha.[281]
Eligibility to drive
Individual customers, citizens and residents, who are above the legal age and medically fit, are eligible to get a driving learning permit and apply for a new driving licence. The minimum age requirement to obtain a driving licence depends on the vehicle, for which you are obtaining the licence. The minimum age requirement is as follows:[282]
- 17 years for motorcycles and for vehicles for people with special needs
- 18 years for cars and light vehicles
- 20 years for heavy vehicles and tractors
- 21 years for buses.
Rail
A 1,200 km (750 mi) country-wide railway is under construction which will connect all the major cities and ports.[283] The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula.[284]
Sea
The major ports of the United Arab Emirates are Khalifa Port, Zayed Port, Port Jebel Ali, Port Rashid, Port Khalid, Port Saeed, and Port Khor Fakkan.[285] The Emirates are increasingly developing their logistics and ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China or Africa. For this purpose, ports are being rapidly expanded and investments are being made in their technology.
The Emirates have historically been and currently still are part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region and the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the North Sea.[286][287]
Telecommunications
The UAE is served by two telecommunications operators, Etisalat and Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ("du"). Etisalat operated a monopoly until du launched mobile services in February 2007.[288] Internet subscribers were expected to increase from 0.904 million in 2007 to 2.66 million in 2012.[289] The regulator, the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, mandates filtering websites for religious, political and sexual content.[290]
5G wireless services were installed nationwide in 2019 through a partnership with Huawei.[291]
Culture
Emirati culture is based on Arabian culture and has been influenced by the cultures of Persia, India , and East Africa.[292] Arabian and Arabian inspired architecture is part of the expression of the local Emirati identity.[293] Arabian influence on Emirati culture is noticeably visible in traditional Emirati architecture and folk arts.[292] For example, the distinctive wind tower which tops traditional Emirati buildings, the barjeel has become an identifying mark of Emirati architecture and is attributed to Arabian influence.[292] This influence is derived both from traders who fled the tax regime in Persia in the early 19th century and from Emirati ownership of ports on the Arabian coast, for instance the Al Qassimi port of Lingeh.[294]
The United Arab Emirates has a diverse society.[295] Dubai's economy depends more on international trade and tourism, and is more open to visitors, while Abu Dhabi society is more domestic as the city's economy is focused on fossil fuel extraction.[296]
Major holidays in the United Arab Emirates include Eid al Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan, and National Day (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates.[297] Emirati males prefer to wear a kandura, an ankle-length white tunic woven from wool or cotton, and Emirati women wear an abaya, a black over-garment that covers most parts of the body.[298]
Ancient Emirati poetry was strongly influenced by the eighth-century Arab scholar Al Khalil bin Ahmed. The earliest known poet in the UAE is Ibn Majid, born between 1432 and 1437 in Ras Al-Khaimah. The most famous Emirati writers were Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880–1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887–1959) and Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905–1976). Three other poets from Sharjah, known as the Hirah group, are observed to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and Romantic poets.[299] The Sharjah International Book Fair is the oldest and largest in the country.
The list of museums in the United Arab Emirates includes some of regional repute, most famously Sharjah with its Heritage District containing 17 museums,[300] which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab World.[301] In Dubai, the area of Al Quoz has attracted a number of art galleries as well as museums such as the Salsali Private Museum.[302] Abu Dhabi has established a culture district on Saadiyat Island. Six grand projects are planned, including the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi and the Louvre Abu Dhabi.[303] Dubai also plans to build a Kunsthal museum and a district for galleries and artists.[304]
Emirati culture is a part of the culture of Eastern Arabia. Liwa is a type of music and dance performed locally, mainly in communities that contain descendants of Bantu peoples from the African Great Lakes region.[299] The Dubai Desert Rock Festival is also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists.[305] The cinema of the United Arab Emirates is minimal but expanding.
Cuisine
The traditional food of the Emirates has always been rice, fish and meat. The people of the United Arab Emirates have adopted most of their foods from other West and South Asian countries including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, India and Oman. Seafood has been the mainstay of the Emirati diet for centuries. Meat and rice are other staple foods, with lamb and mutton preferred to goat and beef. Popular beverages are coffee and tea, which can be complemented with cardamom, saffron, or mint to give them a distinctive flavour.[306]
Popular cultural Emirati dishes include threed, machboos, khubisa, khameer and chabab bread among others while lugaimat is a famous Emirati dessert.[307]
With the influence of western culture, fast food has become very popular among young people, to the extent that campaigns have been held to highlight the dangers of fast food excesses.[308] Alcohol is allowed to be served only in hotel restaurants and bars. All nightclubs are permitted to sell alcohol. Specific supermarkets may sell alcohol, but these products are sold in separate sections. Likewise, pork, which is haram (not permitted for Muslims), is sold in separate sections in all major supermarkets. Although alcohol may be consumed, it is illegal to be intoxicated in public or drive a motor vehicle with any trace of alcohol in the blood.[309]
Sports
.jpg)
Formula One is particularly popular in the United Arab Emirates, and a Grand Prix is annually held at the Yas Marina Circuit in Yas Island in Abu Dhabi. The race takes place in the evening, and was the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish at night.[310] Other popular sports include camel racing, falconry, endurance riding, and tennis.[311] The emirate of Dubai is also home to two major golf courses: the Dubai Golf Club and Emirates Golf Club.
In the past, child camel jockeys were used, leading to widespread criticism. Eventually, the UAE passed laws banning the use of children for the sport, leading to the prompt removal of almost all child jockeys.[312] Recently robot jockeys have been introduced to overcome the problem of child camel jockeys which was an issue of human rights violations. Ansar Burney is often praised for the work he has done in this area.[313]
Football
Football is a popular sport in the UAE. Al Nasr, Al Ain, Al Wasl, Sharjah, Al Wahda, and Shabab Al Ahli are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions.[314] The United Arab Emirates Football Association was established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organising youth programmes and improving the abilities of not only its players, but also the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams. The UAE qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1990, along with Egypt. It was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying, after Kuwait and Algeria in 1982, and Iraq and Algeria again in 1986. The UAE has won the Gulf Cup Championship twice: the first cup won in January 2007 held in Abu Dhabi and the second in January 2013, held in Bahrain.[315] The country hosted the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. The UAE team went all the way to the semi-finals, where they were defeated by the eventual champions, Qatar.
Cricket
Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely because of the expatriate population from the SAARC countries, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The headquarters of the International Cricket Council (ICC) have been located in the Dubai Sports City complex since 2005, including the ICC Academy which was established in 2009.[316] There are a number of international cricket venues in the UAE, which are frequently used for international tournaments and "neutral" bilateral series due to the local climate and Dubai's status as a transport hub. Notable international tournaments hosted by the UAE have included the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup, the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, and three editions of the Asia Cup (1984, 1995 and 2018). Notable grounds include the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Sharjah,[317] Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi, and Dubai International Cricket Stadium in Dubai.[318]
The Emirates Cricket Board (ECB) became a member of the ICC in 1990. The UAE national cricket team has qualified for the Cricket World Cup on two occasions (1996 and 2015)[319][320] and the ICC Men's T20 World Cup on one occasion (2014). The national women's team is similarly one of the strongest associate teams in Asia, notably participating in the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier.
Following the 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team, the UAE served as the de facto home of the Pakistan national cricket team for nearly a decade, as well as hosting the Pakistan Super League.[321][322] The UAE has also hosted one full edition of Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2020 and two partial editions of the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2014 and 2021.[323]
Education
.jpg)
The education system through secondary level is monitored by the Ministry of Education in all emirates except Abu Dhabi, where it falls under the authority of the Abu Dhabi Education Council. It consists of primary schools, middle schools and high schools. The public schools are government-funded and the curriculum is created to match the United Arab Emirates' development goals. The medium of instruction in the public school is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language. There are also many private schools which are internationally accredited. Public schools in the country are free for citizens of the UAE, while the fees for private schools vary.
The higher education system is monitored by the Ministry of Higher Education. The ministry also is responsible for admitting students to its undergraduate institutions.[324] The adult literacy rate in 2015 was 93.8%.[325]
The UAE has shown a strong interest in improving education and research. Enterprises include the establishment of the CERT Research Centres and the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology and Institute for Enterprise Development.[326] According to the QS Rankings, the top-ranking universities in the country are the United Arab Emirates University (421–430th worldwide), Khalifa University[327] (441–450th worldwide), the American University of Sharjah (431–440th) and University of Sharjah (551–600th worldwide).[328] United Arab Emirates was ranked 33rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, up from 36th in 2019.[265][329][330][331]
Demographics
According to an estimate by the World Bank, the UAE's population in 2020 was 9,890,400. Immigrants accounted for 88.52% while Emiratis made up the remaining 11.48%.[332] This unique imbalance is due to the country's exceptionally high net migration rate of 21.71, the world's highest.[333] UAE citizenship is very difficult to obtain other than by filiation and only granted under very special circumstances.[334]
The UAE is ethnically diverse. The five most populous nationalities in the emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, and Ajman are Indian (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), and Filipino (5%).[335] Immigrants from Europe, Australia, North America and Latin America make up 500,000 of the population.[336][337] More than 100,000 British nationals live in the country.[338] The rest of the population are from other Arab states.[5][339]
About 88% of the population of the United Arab Emirates is urban.[340] The average life expectancy was 76.7 in 2012, higher than for any other Arab country.[341][342] With a male/female sex ratio of 2.2 males for each female in the total population and 2.75 to 1 for the 15–65 age group, the UAE's gender imbalance is second highest in the world after Qatar.[343]
Religion
Islam is the largest and the official state religion of the UAE. The government follows a policy of tolerance toward other religions and rarely interferes in the religious activities of non-Muslims.[344]
There are more Sunni than Shia Muslims in the United Arab Emirates,[345] and 85% of the Emirati population are Sunni Muslims. The vast majority of the remainder 15% are Shia Muslims, who are concentrated in the Emirates of Dubai and Sharjah. Although no official statistics are available for the breakdown between Sunni and Shia Muslims among noncitizen residents, media estimates suggest less than 20% of the noncitizen Muslim population are Shia.[346] Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi is the largest mosque in the country and a major tourist attraction. Ibadi is common among Omanis in the UAE, while Sufi influences exist as well.[347]
Christians account for 19.7% of the total population of the United Arab Emirates, according to a ministry report, which collected census data.[348][349] Roman Catholics and Protestants form significant proportions of the Christian minority. The country has at least 45 churches.[350] Many Christians in the United Arab Emirates are of Asian, African, and European origin, along with fellow Middle Eastern countries such as Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt.[351] The United Arab Emirates forms part of the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia and the Vicar Apostolic Bishop Paul Hinder is based in Abu Dhabi.[352]
There is a small Jewish community in the United Arab Emirates. There is only one known synagogue, in Dubai, which has been open since 2008. The synagogue also welcomes visitors.[353] As of 2019, according to Rabbi Marc Schneier of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding, it is estimated that there are about 150 families to 3,000 Jews who live and worship freely in the UAE.[354]
South Asians in the United Arab Emirates constitute the largest ethnic group in the country.[357] Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the southern states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Coastal Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) are estimated to be living in the UAE.[358] There are currently three Hindu temples in the country. Other religions also exist in the United Arab Emirates, including Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Judaism, Baháʼís and Druze.[189]
The UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation, Abdullah bin Zayed, announced in 2019 the design and construction plan of the Abrahamic Family House, which will serve as an interfaith complex that houses a synagogue, mosque, and a church on Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi.[359]
Languages
Arabic is the national language of the United Arab Emirates. The Gulf dialect of Arabic is spoken natively by Emirati people.[360] The area was under the control of the British as the Trucial States until 1971, and with many expatriate residents today, English is the primary lingua franca in the UAE. Consequently, a knowledge of English is a requirement when applying for most local jobs.
Health
The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 76.96 years.[361] Cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in the UAE, constituting 28% of total deaths; other major causes are accidents and injuries, malignancies, and congenital anomalies.[362] According to World Health Organisation data from 2016, 34.5% of adults in the UAE are clinically obese, with a body mass index (BMI) score of 30 or more.[363]
In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which fall under its purview and which, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not have separate healthcare authorities. The strategy focuses on unifying healthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at reasonable cost, at the same time reducing dependence on overseas treatment. The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14, and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86. Nine were scheduled to open in 2008.[364]
The introduction of mandatory health insurance in Abu Dhabi for expatriates and their dependents was a major driver in reform of healthcare policy. Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme from 1 June 2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees. Eventually, under federal law, every Emirati and expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory scheme.[365] The country has benefited from medical tourists from all over the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. The UAE attracts medical tourists seeking cosmetic surgery and advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.[366]
Largest cities
Largest cities or towns in the United Arab Emirates
2021 Calculation | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Emirate | Pop. | |||||||
.jpg) Dubai  Abu Dhabi |
1 | Dubai | Dubai | 3,386,941 |  Sharjah  Al Ain | ||||
| 2 | Abu Dhabi | Abu Dhabi | 1,807,000 | ||||||
| 3 | Sharjah | Sharjah | 1,274,749 | ||||||
| 4 | Al Ain | Abu Dhabi | 846,747 | ||||||
| 5 | Ajman | Ajman | 490,035 | ||||||
| 6 | Ras Al Khaimah | Ras al Khaimah | 115,949 | ||||||
| 7 | Fujairah | Fujairah | 97,226 | ||||||
| 8 | Umm Al Quwain | Umm Al Quwain | 61,700 | ||||||
| 9 | Dibba Al-Fujairah | Fujairah | 41,017 | ||||||
| 10 | Khor Fakkan | Sharjah | 39,151 | ||||||
See also
- List of United Arab Emirates–related topics
- Outline of the United Arab Emirates
Notes
References
- ↑ "Fact sheet". U.ae. https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet.
- ↑ Siemund, Peter; Al‐Issa, Ahmad; Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. (June 2021). "Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates" (in en). World Englishes 40 (2): 191–204. doi:10.1111/weng.12507. ISSN 0883-2919. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/weng.12507. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ↑ "What Languages are Spoken in Dubai? | Visit Dubai" (in en). Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism. https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option..
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "United Arab Emirates". CIA World Factbook. 10 May 2022. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/.
- ↑ Stewart, Dona J. (2013). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge. p. 155. ISBN 978-0415782432.
- ↑ Day, Alan John (1996). Political Parties of The World. Stockton. p. 599. ISBN 1561591440.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates Constitution". UAE Ministry of Justice. https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates Population (2020)". https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet/.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "United Arab Emirates". International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report.
- ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – United Arab Emirates". World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE.
- ↑ "Human Development Report 2021-22" (in en). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2021. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2021-22.pdf.
- ↑ "The Federal Boundaries of the United Arab Emirates". http://people.exeter.ac.uk/nsaa201/UAE%20Federal%20Boundaries.pdf.
- ↑ "His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (MBZ)". https://www.cpc.gov.ae/en-us/thecrownprince/pages/default.aspx.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates's Constitution of 1971 with Amendments through 2004". https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_Arab_Emirates_2004.pdf.
- ↑ Habboush, Mahmoud. (10 October 2013) Call to naturalise some expats stirs anxiety in the UAE. Uk.reuters.com. Retrieved 10 October 2015
- ↑ "Labor Migration in the United Arab Emirates: Challenges and Responses". migrationpolicy.org. 18 September 2013. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-migration-united-arab-emirates-challenges-and-responses.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates country profile". BBC News. 28 September 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703998.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates Population (2022)". http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/united-arab-emirates-population/.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 thedigitalphilatelist (8 January 2021). "United Arab Emirates" (in en-AU). https://thedigitalphilatelist.com/united-arab-emirates/.
- ↑ "Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016" (CVS download). U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=vvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016.
- ↑ U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, accessed 17 January 2019.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 "United Arab Emirates profile". BBC News. 14 November 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703998.
- ↑ "IMF Data Mapper". Imf.org. http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/index.php.
- ↑ Augustine, Babu Das (1 January 2018). "New era in UAE as VAT takes effect". GulfNews. https://gulfnews.com/business/economy/vat/new-era-in-uae-as-vat-takes-effect-1.2149627.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates Archives" (in en). https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/united-arab-emirates/report-united-arab-emirates/.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 "2013 Human Rights Reports: United Arab Emirates". US Department of State. https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/nea/220380.htm. "Sharia (Islamic law) courts, which adjudicate criminal and family law, have the option of imposing flogging as punishment for adultery, prostitution, consensual premarital sex, pregnancy outside marriage, defamation of character, and drug or alcohol abuse."
- ↑ "Report on the situation of journalists in the UAE Input for the Secretary General Report on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity" (in en). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Journalists/GA72/InternationalCentreJusticeHumanRights.pdf.
- ↑ United Arab Emirates : a new perspective. Abed, Ibrahim., Hellyer, Peter.. London: Trident Press. 2001. pp. 80. ISBN 1900724472. OCLC 47140175. https://archive.org/details/unitedarabemirat00vine.
- ↑ Heard-Bey, Frauke (2004). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates. Motivate. p. 370. ISBN 978-1860631672.
- ↑ Pennington, Roberta (5 February 2014). "UAE archaeologist discovers the Swiss Army knife from 130,000 years ago". The National. http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-archaeologist-discovers-the-swiss-army-knife-from-130-000-years-ago.
- ↑ "Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey (ADIAS)". Adias-uae.com. http://www.adias-uae.com/.
- ↑ Woolley, Leonard (1963). The Early History of Civilisation. UNESCO. p. 611.
- ↑ Bey, Frauke (1996). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates. UK. p. 127. ISBN 978-0582277281.
- ↑ Bey, Frauke (1996). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates. UK. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0582277281.
- ↑ Ibrahim Abed; Peter Hellyer (2001). United Arab Emirates, a New Perspective. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-1-900724-47-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA83.
- ↑ Bey, Frauke (1996). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates. UK. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0582277281.
- ↑ Thomas, Jen (12 December 2012). "Ancient secrets of Sir Bani Yas unveiled". The National. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/ancient-secrets-of-sir-bani-yas-island-unveiled.
- ↑ Hawley, Donald (1971). The Trucial States. UK. pp. 48–51. ISBN 978-0049530058.
- ↑ Lorimer, John (1908). The Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Bombay. pp. 1432–1436.
- ↑ Bey, Frauke (1996). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates. UK. p. 43. ISBN 978-0582277281.
- ↑ 'Kashf Al Gumma' "Annals of Oman from Early times to the year 1728 AD" – Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1874
- ↑ Ibn Ruzaiq, translated by GP Badger, "History of the Imams and Sayids of Oman", London 1871
- ↑ Bey, Frauke (1996). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates. UK. p. 282. ISBN 978-0582277281.
- ↑ Baker, Randall (1979), King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz, The Oleander Press, Great Britain
- ↑ Biral, Bilal Emre (2009). The British Threat to the Ottoman Presence in the Persian Gulf during the Era of Abdülhamid II and the Responses toward it. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
- ↑ "November 3, 2008 – The UAE is the old Pirate Coast. Not much has changed.". Wayne Madsen Report. http://www.waynemadsenreport.com/articles/20081102_3.
- ↑ Al Qasimi, Sultan (1986). The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf. UK. ISBN 978-0709921066.
- ↑ "British Era". http://www.na.ae/en/education/historicalperiods/britishprince.aspx.
- ↑ United Arab Emirates – The Economy. Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
- ↑ Morton, Michael Quentin (2016). Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-1780235806. http://www.reaktionbooks.co.uk/display.asp?ISB=9781780235806. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
- ↑ Carter, Robert (2005). "The History and Prehistory of Pearling in the Persian Gulf". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48 (2): 139–209. doi:10.1163/1568520054127149. ISSN 0022-4995. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165089.
- ↑ "UAE History & Traditions: Pearls & pearling". UAEinteract. http://www.uaeinteract.com/history/trad/trd08.asp.
- ↑ Heard, David (2013). From Pearls to Oil. UAE. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1860633119.
- ↑ "Al Khaleej News Paper". http://nasibbitar.net/adi_sr/DocumentsArticle4.jpg.
- ↑ "Trucial States Council until 1971 (United Arab Emirates)". Flags of the World. https://www.fotw.info/flags/ae_tsc.html.
- ↑ Cousteau, Jacques (August 1955). "Calypso explores for underwater oil". National Geographic Magazine CVIII (2). https://www.librarything.com/work/18080895. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
- ↑ Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2015). "Calypso in the Arabian Gulf: Jacques Cousteau's Undersea Survey of 1954". Liwa 7 (13): 3–28. https://www.academia.edu/13056568. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ↑ Butt, Gerald. "Oil and Gas in the UAE". https://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/11.pdf.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates (06/07)". State.gov. https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5444.htm.
- ↑ Gray, Matthew (2014). Global Security Watch – Saudi Arabia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-313-38699-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=dxvFBAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ↑ "Historic UAE-Oman accord involves 272km of border". Gulf News. 22 July 2008. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/historic-uae-oman-accord-involves-272km-of-border-1.119592.
- ↑ Heard, David (2013). From Pearls to Oil. UAE. pp. 413–416. ISBN 978-1860633119.
- ↑ "Middle East | Country profile: United Arab Emirates". BBC News. 11 March 2009. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703998.
- ↑ Gornall, Jonathan (2 December 2011). "Sun sets on British Empire as UAE raises its flag". The National. Abu Dhabi. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag#page5.
- ↑ "History the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – TEN Guide". Guide.theemiratesnetwork.com. 11 February 1972. http://guide.theemiratesnetwork.com/basics/history_of_the_emirates.php.
- ↑ Mirfendereski, Guive (25 September 2012). "Tonb Islands (Greater and Lesser), two tiny islands of arguable strategic importance in the eastern Persian Gulf, south of the western tip of Qešm island". http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tonb.
- ↑ Krane, Jim (2009). City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism. pp. 81–84.
- ↑ "Bahrain – Independence". Country-data.com. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1021.html.
- ↑ Smith, Simon C. (2004). Britain's Revival and Fall in the Gulf: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States, 1950–71. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-415-33192-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=w_qCeBV9IW0C&pg=PA64.
- ↑ "Trucial Oman or Trucial States – Origin of Trucial Oman or Trucial States | Encyclopedia.com: Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names". Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-TrucialOmanorTrucialStats.html.
- ↑ De Butts, Freddie (1995). Now the Dust Has Settled. Tabb House. p. 228. ISBN 978-1873951132.
- ↑ "International Relations Abdullah Mohamed Al Maainah". Czech Gulf Business Council. 12 March 2018. http://www.cgbc.cz/news/international-relations-abdullah-mohamed-al-maainah.
- ↑ Prados, Alfred B. (2002). "Iraqi Challenges and U.S. Responses: March 1991 through October 2002". Library of Congress. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl31641.pdf.
- ↑ Foley, Sean (March 1999). "The UAE: Political Issues and Security Dilemmas". Middle East Review of International Affairs 3 (1). http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/1999/03/foley.pdf. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates profile – Timeline". BBC News. 14 November 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14704414.
- ↑ "Veteran Gulf ruler Zayed dies". BBC News. 2 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3975737.stm.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Bakr, Amena (21 July 2013). "Woman jailed in Dubai after reporting rape hopes to warn others". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-courts-norway-idUSBRE96K0AK20130721.
- ↑ "Brotherhood 'sought Islamist state in UAE'". 21 September 2012. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/brotherhood-sought-islamist-state-in-uae.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 "United Arab Emirates: Silencing dissent in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)". Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde25/0018/2014/en/.
- ↑ Hammond, Ashley; Chaudhary, Suchitra Bajpai; Hilotin, Jay (10 February 2020). "Watch: How the first coronavirus case in UAE was cured". Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/watch-how-the-first-coronavirus-case-in-uae-was-cured-1.1581323524356.
- ↑ "Coronavirus: UAE shuts malls for two weeks". https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/coronavirus-uae-shuts-malls-for-two-weeks-1.1584914600541.
- ↑ "Why UAE school closures are an important opportunity to fight coronavirus" (in en). 11 March 2020. https://www.thenational.ae/opinion/editorial/why-uae-school-closures-are-an-important-opportunity-to-fight-coronavirus-1.989345.
- ↑ "Coronavirus: Prayers at mosques and all other places of worship in UAE suspended" (in en). https://gulfnews.com/uae/coronavirus-prayers-at-mosques-and-all-other-places-of-worship-in-uae-suspended-1.1584375441713.
- ↑ "Coronavirus: UAE imposes night curfew as it carries out disinfection campaign". http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/coronavirus-uae-imposes-overnight-curfew-disinfection-campaign.
- ↑ "Dubai's Emirates cuts passenger flights to 13 destinations". 22 March 2020. https://apnews.com/10aa229f979a05241ede3c349f5e4d2d.
- ↑ Kerr, Simeon (5 July 2020). "UAE merges ministries in ambitious government restructuring". https://www.ft.com/content/b2d8b670-8fd3-41e7-850b-e0c74302805e.
- ↑ "Israel and UAE strike historic deal to normalise relations". BBC News. 13 August 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53770859.
- ↑ "Who is MBZ, the UAE's new president?" (in en). www.aljazeera.com. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/14/who-is-sheikh-mohammed-bin-zayed-al-nahyan-mbz-uaes-new-president.
- ↑ "UAE Oil and Gas". Uae.gov.ae. 19 June 1999. http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/oil_gas.htm.
- ↑ "Saudi-UAE Disputes". Arabmediawatch.com. 21 August 1974. http://www.arabmediawatch.com/amw/CountryBackgrounds/SaudiArabia/SaudiUAEdisputes/tabid/174/Default.aspx.
- ↑ "UAE official calls for international action to end "Iranian occupation" of disputed islands" (in en). https://www.mei.edu/publications/uae-official-calls-international-action-end-iranian-occupation-disputed-islands.
- ↑ "UAE Disputes, International UAE Disputes, UAE Boundary Dispute, UAE National Disputes, UAE Emirate Disputes, Claims Three Islands, Abu Musa Island, Greater & Lesser Tumb, The History of Islands, Human Resources UAE, Arab Emirates.". http://www.uaeprison.com/uae_disputes.htm.
- ↑ Oxford Business Group (2016). The Report: Abu Dhabi 2015. Oxford Business Group. p. 17. ISBN 978-1910068250.
- ↑ Brinkmann, Robert; Garren, Sandra J. (2018). The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability: Case Studies and Practical Solutions. Springer. p. 806. ISBN 978-3319713892.
- ↑ D'Avanzo, Carolyn (2008). Mosby's Pocket Guide to Cultural Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 751. ISBN 978-0323086042.
- ↑ Taylor & Francis Group (2003). The Middle East and North Africa 2004. Psychology Press. p. 1175. ISBN 1857431847.
- ↑ Schulz, Stephan; Horovitz, Marcel; Rausch, Randolf; Michelsen, Nils; Mallast, Ulf; Köhne, Maximilian; Siebert, Christian; Schüth, Christoph et al. (1 December 2015). "Groundwater evaporation from salt pans: Examples from the eastern Arabian Peninsula" (in en). Journal of Hydrology 531: 792–801. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.10.048. ISSN 0022-1694. Bibcode: 2015JHyd..531..792S.
- ↑ iContainers (4 April 2020). "Top 5 Ports in United Arab Emirates" (in en). https://www.icontainers.com/us/2020/03/30/top-five-ports-united-arab-emirates/.
- ↑ Lancaster, William; Lancaster, Fidelity (2011) (in en). Honour is in Contentment: Life Before Oil in Ras Al-Khaimah (UAE) and Some Neighbouring Regions. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022339-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Le0Ryxzh7cQC&q=musandam.
- ↑ "Empty Quarter" (in en). 31 August 2008. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/9054/empty-quarter.
- ↑ "The accidental lake: Birdwatcher's oasis or ecological disaster?". CNN. 14 March 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/14/world/meast/desert-lake-zakher-emirates/index.html?hpt=hp_t2.
- ↑ Dinerstein, Eric et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMID 28608869.
- ↑ "UAE Climate". Manmm.net. http://www.manmm.net/eng/?page_id=35.
- ↑ "Weather in Abu Dhabi". Abudhabi.ms. 8 March 2007. http://www.abudhabi.ms/weather.html.
- ↑ "In Pictures | Flooding in the UAE". BBC News. 15 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7189929.stm.
- ↑ Middle East | Cold snap brings Gulf rare snow. BBC News (30 December 2004). Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ↑ Global warming or wonder! Hail the snow in Abu Dhabi : World, News – India Today. Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ↑ Middle East snow, extreme heatwaves and UAE fog: what's going on with the weather? | The National. Thenational.ae (29 January 2013). Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ↑ Nazzal,gando (24 January 2009). "Heavy snowfall on Ras Al Khaimah's Jebel Jais mountain cluster". Gulf News. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/heavy-snowfall-on-ras-al-khaimah-s-jebel-jais-mountain-cluster-1.46663.
- ↑ Herb, Michael (2009). "A Nation of Bureaucrats: Political Participation and Economic Diversification in Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates" (in en). International Journal of Middle East Studies 41 (3): 375–395. doi:10.1017/S0020743809091119. ISSN 1471-6380. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/nation-of-bureaucrats-political-participation-and-economic-diversification-in-kuwait-and-the-united-arab-emirates/E3527822940D0E8A2BCD98A320002C3E.
- ↑ Ledstrup, Martin (2019) (in en-gb). Nationalism and Nationhood in the United Arab Emirates. Palgrave. p. 10. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8. ISBN 978-3-319-91652-1. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8.
- ↑ "Hypocrisy of Dubai's World Tolerance Summit" (in en). 14 November 2018. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/14/hypocrisy-dubais-world-tolerance-summit.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates says it will offer citizenship to some". Associated Press. 30 January 2021. https://apnews.com/article/dubai-united-arab-emirates-abu-dhabi-coronavirus-pandemic-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-708c588985bad97230b458b435cbfbc2.
- ↑ Mazzetti, Mark and Hager, Emily B. (14 May 2011). "Secret Desert Force Set Up by Blackwater's Founder". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/world/middleeast/15prince.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&. "The United Arab Emirates – an autocracy with the sheen of a progressive, modern state – are closely allied with the United States, and American officials indicated that the battalion program had some support in Washington."
- ↑ Krane, Jim (15 September 2009) (in en). City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4299-1899-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=mJWrVWZuUJEC.
- ↑ 117.0 117.1 Stack, Liam (30 April 2017). "Dubai Introduces Its Own Font, Lauding Free Expression It Does Not Permit" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/30/world/middleeast/dubai-introduces-its-own-font-lauding-free-expression-it-does-not-permit.html.
- ↑ 118.0 118.1 "United Arab Emirates Reports". Freedom House. 22 August 2014. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/united-arab-emirates.
- ↑ "BTI 2022: United Arab Emirates" (in en). https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-dashboard?isocode=ARE&cHash=98c3237aa3b3bd62d4a082e9b709a514.
- ↑ "UAE Government: Political system". UAEinteract. http://www.uaeinteract.com/government/political_system.asp#B.
- ↑ "UAE Government: Political system". UAEinteract. http://www.uaeinteract.com/government/political_system.asp.
- ↑ "UAE". Arabruleoflaw.org. http://www.arabruleoflaw.org/countryprofiles/uae.html.
- ↑ UAE federal eGovernment. "Service Channels – The UAE Government Official Portal". http://government.ae/en/web/guest/service-channels.
- ↑ "دليل أعمال نظام مجلس الوزراء". United Arab Emirates Cabinet. January 2010. https://www.uaecabinet.ae/source/PMO%20Moca%20Manual%202010.pdf.
- ↑ "Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments". Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Union. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=12&year=2019.
- ↑ "Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments". Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Union. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=1&year=2022.
- ↑ "Proportion of women parliamentarians worldwide reaches 'all-time high'". United Nations. 5 March 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1086582.
- ↑ "UAE's tolerance model has 'potential to become a global movement for good': Sheikh Nahyan". Emirates News Agency. 4 February 2019. http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302752575.
- ↑ "This Country Just Appointed a Minister Of Happiness". Fortune.com. 10 February 2016. http://fortune.com/2016/02/10/uae-minister-happiness/.
- ↑ "An Inside Look at the First Nation With a State Minister for Artificial Intelligence". Futurism.com. 11 December 2017. https://futurism.com/uae-minister-artificial-intelligence.
- ↑ "Ministry of Possibilities". U.AE. 24 September 2019. https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/ministry-of-possibilities.
- ↑ "Mohammed bin Rashid Launches 'Ministry of Possibilities' to Develop Radical Solutions for Government's Key Challenges". UAE Cabinet. 2020. https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/mohammed-bin-rashid-launches-ministry-of-possibilities-to-develop-radical-solutions-for-governments-key-challenges.
- ↑ "Women shining in new UAE Cabinet – Khaleej Times". http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today.
- ↑ "Why Ministries for Happiness, Tolerance, Youth and the Future?". United Arab Emirates Cabinet. https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/why-ministers-for-happiness-tolerance-youth-and-the-future.
- ↑ "The Federal National Council". U.AE. 3 February 2020. https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/the-federal-national-council-.
- ↑ "UAE Federal e-Government Portal". Government.ae. http://www.government.ae/gov/en/gov/federal/politics.jsp.
- ↑ Sheikh Khalifa: UAE's Federal National Council to be 50 per cent women The National, 8 December 2018
- ↑ "The evolution of Emirati foreign policy (1971–2020): The unexpected rise of a small state with boundless ambitions". SciencesPo. 2020. https://www.sciencespo.fr/kuwait-program/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Shahrour-Karam-The-evolution-of-Emirati-foreign-policy-1971-2020.pdf.
- ↑ "King Hamad hails strong Bahrain-UAE ties in meeting with Abu Dhabi crown prince". Saudi Gazette. 3 August 2021. https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/609429/World/Mena/King-Hamad-hails-strong-Bahrain-UAE-ties-in-meeting-with-Abu-Dhabi-crown-prince.
- ↑ "Strong bilateral relations serve the strategic interests of both China and the UAE". The National. https://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/strong-bilateral-relations-serve-the-strategic-interests-of-both-china-and-the-uae-1.749584.
- ↑ "Egypt and U.A.E. Relations". Egypt State Information Service Sis.gov.eg. http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Foreign/EArab/U.A.E/040306030000000002.htm.
- ↑ "France strengthens its bond with UAE". The National. 19 December 2008. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/france-strengthens-its-bond-with-uae-1.543500.
- ↑ "India-UAE Relations: Poised to Climb to New Heights". Middle East Institute. 23 March 2021. https://www.mei.edu/publications/india-uae-relations-poised-climb-new-heights.
- ↑ "Jordan-UAE ties a 'strong guarantor' for security, peace — ambassador". The Jordan Times. 12 April 2021. https://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-uae-ties-%E2%80%98strong-guarantor%E2%80%99-security-peace-%E2%80%94-ambassador.
- ↑ "UAE FM terms ties with Pakistan "unique case in Arab-Asian relations"". Tribune. 20 December 2020. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2276704/uae-fm-terms-ties-with-pakistan-unique-case-in-arab-asian-relations.
- ↑ "Why the Relationship Between Russia and the United Arab Emirates is Strengthening". Responsible Statecraft. 24 January 2020. https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2020/01/24/why-the-relationship-between-russia-and-the-united-arab-emirates-is-strengthening/.
- ↑ The New Yorker (2 April 2018). "A Saudi Prince's Quest to Remake the Middle East". https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/04/09/a-saudi-princes-quest-to-remake-the-middle-east.
- ↑ "US states play 'critical' role in widening bilateral ties with the UAE". Arabian Business. 16 May 2021. https://www.arabianbusiness.com/politics-economics/463351-us-states-playing-critical-role-in-widening-uae-bilateral-ties.
- ↑ "Konfliktbarometer 2001". http://www.hiik.de/konfliktbarometer/pdf/Konfliktbarometer_2001.pdf.. Heidelberger Institut für Internationale Konfliktforschung
- ↑ "Relations with UAE get wider, deeper". Pakistan Observer. 26 November 2008. http://pakobserver.net/200811/26/Editorial01.asp.
- ↑ "UAE to restore Qatar trade and travel links 'within a week' after row ends". BBC. 7 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55579014.
- ↑ "Israel and UAE strike historic deal" (in en-GB). BBC News. 13 August 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53770859.
- ↑ "With President Trump's help, Israel and the United Arab Emirates reach historic deal to normalize relations" (in en). Reuters. 13 August 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-emirates-trump-idUSKCN25926W.
- ↑ Staff, Toi (16 September 2020). "Full text of the Abraham Accords signed by Israel, the UAE and Bahrain". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-the-abraham-accords-signed-by-israel-the-uae-and-bahrain/.
- ↑ "UAE confirms discussions with France on purchase of Rafale aircraft". Emirates News Agency. 5 June 2008. http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1200074664706&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews.
- ↑ "In the UAE, the United States has a quiet, potent ally nicknamed 'Little Sparta'". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-the-uae-the-united-states-has-a-quiet-potent-ally-nicknamed-little-sparta/2014/11/08/3fc6a50c-643a-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html.
- ↑ "UAE and Egypt behind bombing raids against Libyan militias, say US officials". The Guardian. 26 August 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/united-arab-emirates-bombing-raids-libyan-militias.
- ↑ "Libya migrant attack: UN investigators suspect foreign jet bombed centre". BBC News. 6 November 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50302602.
- ↑ "UAE implicated in lethal drone strike in Libya". BBC News. 27 August 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53917791.
- ↑ "Libya no-fly zone: Coalition firepower". BBC News. 21 October 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12806112.
- ↑ The National (12 July 2018). "Nato officially initiates UAE into Afghan mission". https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/nato-officially-initiates-uae-into-afghan-mission-1.749833.
- ↑ "Saudi warplanes bomb Houthi positions in Yemen". Al Arabiya. 25 March 2015. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/03/26/GCC-states-to-repel-Houthi-aggression-in-Yemen-statement-.html.
- ↑ Winch, Jessica (24 September 2014). "US launches air strikes against Isil in Syria". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11114991/US-launches-air-strikes-against-Isil-in-Syria-live.html.
- ↑ "Dubai 2007: UAE shows off its most advanced Falcons". 11 November 2007. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html.
- ↑ "One Tough Tank: Why France's Leclerc Is One of the Best on the Planet". nationalinterest.org. 19 February 2019. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/one-tough-tank-why-frances-leclerc-one-best-planet-44577.
- ↑ "UAE extends compulsory military service to 16 months". Reuters. 8 July 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-military/uae-extends-compulsory-military-service-to-16-months-idUSKBN1JY093.
- ↑ "UAE, Bahrain say 50 soldiers killed in Yemen attack". Reuters. 4 September 2015. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-yemen-security-idUKKCN0R40V120150904.
- ↑ 168.0 168.1 "Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020". 27 September 2020. Pages 1, Article 1 "The provisions of the Islamic Shari’a shall apply to the retribution and blood money crimes. Other crimes and their respective punishments shall be provided for in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other applicable penal codes".. https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx.
- ↑ "U.N. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice: United Arab Emirates". Human Rights Voices. http://www.humanrightsvoices.org/EYEontheUN/un_101/figures/?p=2484.
- ↑ Duncan, Gillian (2020-11-08). "UAE legal reforms: new alcohol laws explained" (in en). https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/courts/uae-legal-reforms-new-alcohol-laws-explained-1.1107842.
- ↑ "Emirati man to be lashed, executed, for murder and drinking alcohol". Gulf News. May 2012. http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/crime/emirati-man-to-be-lashed-executed-for-murder-and-drinking-alcohol-1.1028979.
- ↑ Man appeals 80 lashes for drinking alcohol in Abu Dhabi. Thenational.ae (9 August 2012). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ Mehta, Ashish. "New UAE laws: Is it illegal to be romantically involved with a married woman?" (in en). https://www.khaleejtimes.com/legal/new-uae-laws-is-it-illegal-to-be-romantically-involved-with-a-married-woman.
- ↑ "UAE: Greater Progress Needed on Women's Rights" (in en). 2021-03-04. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/04/uae-greater-progress-needed-womens-rights.
- ↑ Girl to receive 60 lashes for illicit sex. GulfNews.com (20 June 2007). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ "Motorist sentenced to 80 lashes for drink driving". 7days.ae. 26 November 2012. http://7days.ae/news-13088/17027.
- ↑ "UAE warns of jail, fine of up to Dh20,000 for drink driving" (in en). 2021-11-14. https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/uae-warns-of-jail-fine-of-up-to-dh20000-for-drink-driving-1.82089979.
- ↑ "Drink-drive student to get 80 lashes". Khaleej Times. 27 March 2013. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20130327/ARTICLE/303279988/1011.
- ↑ 4 years and 80 lashes for drug addict . Emirates247.com (1 November 2011). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ "Federal Law No (3) of 1987 on Issuance of the Penal Code". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=6385&country=UAE.
- ↑ "Measures Against Corruptibility, Gifts and Gratification – Bribery in the Middle East". Arab Law Quarterly. http://www.mafhoum.com/press2/brib76.pdf.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates | Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children" (in en-GB). https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/united-arab-emirates/.
- ↑ "The United Arab Emirates relaxes laws on alcohol – Drinks International – The global choice for drinks buyers". https://drinksint.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/9215/The_United_Arab_Emirates_relaxes_laws_on_alcohol.html.
- ↑ 184.0 184.1 Britons 'liable to Sharia divorces' in UAE. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ Husain, Zainab (2022-12-27). "New UAE law for non-Muslims – 5 criteria for civil marriage" (in en). https://gulfnews.com/living-in-uae/ask-us/new-uae-law-for-non-muslims--5-criteria-for-civil-marriage-1.1672143291028.
- ↑ Abdulla, Nasreen. "New UAE law: Dubai residents can now get marriage licences in 24 hours" (in en). https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/new-uae-law-dubai-residents-can-now-get-marriage-licences-in-24-hours.
- ↑ Sebugwaawo, Ismail. "New Abu Dhabi marriage law: 4-step guide for tourists, expats to tie the knot" (in en). https://www.khaleejtimes.com/legal/explainer-how-expats-tourists-can-get-married-under-abu-dhabis-new-family-law.
- ↑ 188.0 188.1 "Divorcees, widows concerned about receiving 'permission' before remarrying". The National. 6 August 2014. http://www.thenational.ae/uae/courts/divorcees-widows-concerned-about-receiving-permission-before-remarrying#ixzz3F1sb6IYa.
- ↑ 189.0 189.1 "United Arab Emirates International Religious Freedom Report, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2009)". U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127360.htm.
- ↑ Agence France Presse (5 July 2012). "Single female, over 30 and 'too old' to marry in UAE". https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/single-female-over-30-and-too-old-to-marry-in-uae-491154.
- ↑ Public kissing can lead to deportation | The National. Thenational.ae (7 July 2008). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ London man tells of 'shock' jailing in Dubai over kiss. Bbc.com. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ "Couple deny kissing on Abu Dhabi Corniche". 10 January 2013. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/couple-deny-kissing-on-abu-dhabi-corniche?fb_action_ids=. "A man jailed and sentenced to 80 lashes for drunkenly kissing his girlfriend on the Corniche"
- ↑ "Swearing on WhatsApp 'will result in £40,000 fine and deportation, UAE rules'". The Independent. 16 June 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/swearing-on-whatsapp-will-result-in-40000-fine-and-deportation-uae-rules-10324188.html.
- ↑ "British Expats Face Being Deported From UAE For Swearing on WhatsApp". Yahoo News. 16 June 2015. https://uk.news.yahoo.com/british-expats-face-being-deported-from-uae-for-swearing-on-whatsapp-161318056.html#GTeWLi4.
- ↑ "Australian expat deported following Facebook post". Gulf News. 15 July 2015. http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/crime/australian-expat-deported-following-facebook-post-1.1550807.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates". http://arc-international.net/global-advocacy/universal-periodic-review/u/united-arab-emirates. "Facts as drug trafficking, homosexual behaviour, and apostasy are liable to capital punishment."
- ↑ 198.0 198.1 "Man Accused of 'Gay Handshake' Stands Trial in Dubai". http://www.care2.com/causes/man-accused-of-gay-handshake-stands-trial-in-dubai.html.
- ↑ "Federal criminal statute in UAE". Sodomylaws.Org. http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/uae/united_arab_emirates.htm.
- ↑ "UAE decriminalises alcohol and lifts ban on unmarried couples living together". 9 November 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/07/united-arab-emirates-to-relax-islamic-laws-on-personal-freedoms.
- ↑ Evans, Robert. (9 December 2013) Atheists face death in 13 countries, global discrimination: study. Reuters. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ "The International Briefing: Persecution of Atheists and Apostates". http://beaveronline.co.uk/the-international-briefing-persecution-of-atheists-and-apostates/.
- ↑ "UAE to deport expats abusing religions". Emirates 247. 22 July 2015. http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619.
- ↑ Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al-Muhairi (1996). "The Islamisation of Laws in the UAE: The Case of the Penal Code". Arab Law Quarterly 11 (4): 350–371. doi:10.2307/3381546.
- ↑ Al-Muhairi (1997), Conclusion to the Series of Articles on the UAE Penal Law. Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4
- ↑ Topping, Alexandra (26 October 2015). "UAE imprisoning rape victims under extramarital sex laws – investigation". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/26/hundreds-of-women-prosecuted-for-extramarital-sex-in-uae-finds-bbc.
- ↑ 207.0 207.1 207.2 207.3 "Dubai ruler pardons Norwegian woman convicted after she reported rape". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/22/world/meast/uae-norway-rape-controversy/index.html.
- ↑ 208.0 208.1 "Dubai's Progressive Charade". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/07/30/dubai-s-progressive-charade.html.
- ↑ 209.0 209.1 "Gang-rape victim in Dubai arrested for drinking alcohol: report". New York Daily News. 6 December 2012. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/dubai-rape-vic-arrested-drinking-article-1.1214682.
- ↑ "Dubai: Victim of gang rape sentenced to one year in prison". 17 June 2010. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/06/the-court-in-abu-dhabi-ruled-today-that-the-18-year-old-emirati-woman-who-accused-six-men-of-gang-rape-will-serve-a-one-year.html.
- ↑ Alkhalisi, Zahraa; Meyer, Henry (7 June 2010). "U.A.E. Woman Withdraws Gang-Rape Claim to Avoid Lashes, Prison". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-06-07/u-a-e-woman-withdraws-gang-rape-claim-to-avoid-lashes-prison-sentence.
- ↑ "Court jails Emirati woman in gang rape case". Arabian Business. 14 June 2010. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/court-jails-emirati-woman-in-gang-rape-case-290257.html.
- ↑ "UAE: Ruthless crackdown on dissent exposes 'ugly reality' beneath façade of glitz and glamour". 18 November 2014. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/11/uae-ruthless-crackdown-dissent-exposes-ugly-reality-beneath-fa-ade-glitz-and-glamour/.
- ↑ 214.0 214.1 "Silencing dissent in the UAE". Amnesty International. http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/mde_250182014.pdf.
- ↑ "Silencing dissent in the UAE". Amnesty International. pp. 16–29, 35–45. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde25/018/2014/en/.
- ↑ 216.0 216.1 216.2 216.3 "Forced Disappearances and Torture in the United Arab Emirates". Arab Organisation for Human Rights. November 2014. http://aohr.org.uk/images/releases/forced-disappearance-torture-in-UAE.pdf.
- ↑ 217.0 217.1 UAE: Enforced Disappearance and Torture|Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ Human Rights in the United – UAE: Enforced disappearances continue . Ic4jhr.net. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ Emirati victim of enforced disappearance seen in state security prison » Emirates Centre for Human Rights. Echr.org.uk (14 March 2014). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ UAE must reveal whereabouts of 'disappeared' Libyans and Emiratis: HRW. Middle East Eye (6 October 2014). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ 221.00 221.01 221.02 221.03 221.04 221.05 221.06 221.07 221.08 221.09 221.10 221.11 UAE's crackdown on democracy short-sighted . Middleeastmonitor.com. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ Hearst, David (2013). "The UAE's bizarre, political trial of 94 activists". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/06/uae-trial-94-activists.
- ↑ Brumfield, Ben; Faraj, Caroline; Abedine, Saad (11 April 2013). "Man faces 10 months jail for tweets about trial in UAE". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/world/meast/uae-twitter-jail/.
- ↑ UAE Three women held in secret detention over tweets|Amnesty International. Amnesty.org (27 February 2015). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ UAE: Reveal Whereabouts of ‘Disappeared’ Libyans | Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ 226.0 226.1 "Urgent Action: Enforced Disappearance of Qatari Nationals". Amnesty International. http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf.
- ↑ "Shiites deported from Gulf lament injustice". Daily Star. 4 July 2013. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2013/Jul-04/222502-shiites-deported-from-gulf-lament-injustice.ashx. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ "Concern over deportations from Gulf Arab states". RTÉ.ie. 5 July 2013. http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0705/460684-syria-hezbollah/.
- ↑ Wigglesworth, Robin (19 July 2010). "UAE urged to allow appeal on deportations". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/37f1883c-934d-11df-bb9a-00144feab49a.html.
- ↑ "UAE deportations raise questions in Lebanon". Global Post. July 2013. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/lebanon/091030/uae-iran-shiites-lebanon.
- ↑ "Lebanese Shiites Ousted from Gulf over Hizbullah Ties". naharnet.com. July 2013. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/90286.
- ↑ "Lebanese Living in UAE Fear Deportation". Al Monitor. 2013. http://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/01/lebanese-uae-fears-deportation.html.
- ↑ "UAE Deports 125 Lebanese Citizens". Al Monitor. 2013. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/02/uae-deports-lebanese-expatriates.html.
- ↑ "UAE/Lebanon: Allow Lebanese/Palestinian Deportees to Appeal". Human Rights Watch. 2010. https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/19/uaelebanon-allow-lebanesegazan-deportees-appeal.
- ↑ "Lebanese Families in UAE Face Deportations on Short Notice". Al Monitor. 2012. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/06/no-lebanese-ambassador-in-abu-dh.html.
- ↑ Luca, Ana Maria (5 June 2013) Hezbollah and the Gulf. mmedia.me
- ↑ Thousands of Shias Coercively deported from UAE – Majlis-e-Ulama-e-Shia Europe . Majlis.org.uk. Retrieved on 21 August 2018.
- ↑ Whitson, Sarah Leah (24 March 2007). "UAE: Draft Labor Law Violates International Standards". Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/03/24/uae-draft-labor-law-violates-international-standards.
- ↑ "Indian workers jailed in Dubai over violent protest". Reuters. 24 February 2008. http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-32118620080224.
- ↑ "Annual Report 2013". Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/uae/report-2013.
- ↑ "Human Rights in The UAE". https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/uae.
- ↑ Fanack. "Stifling Dissent in the UAE". https://chronicle.fanack.com/united-arab-emirates/administration-politics/human-rights-uae-modern-facade-bleak-reality/stifling-dissent/.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates". International Trade Union Confederation. http://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?lang=en#tabs-3.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates". International Trade Union Confederation. http://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?lang=en#tabs-2.
- ↑ Conditions for Abu Dhabi's migrant workers 'shame the west' | World news. The Guardian (22 December 2013). Retrieved on 21 August 2018.
- ↑ Batty, David (13 September 2014). "Call for UN to investigate plight of migrant workers in the UAE". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/sep/13/migrant-workers-uae-gulf-states-un-ituc.
- ↑ "Workers at Dubai's Expo 2020 likely to have suffered dangerous heat stress". The Guardian. 3 October 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/oct/03/workers-at-dubai-expo-2020-heat-stress.
- ↑ "Tourist visa scam traps Indian workers in abusive jobs in UAE". 15 January 2020. https://weeklyreviewer.com/tourist-visa-scam-traps-indian-workers-in-abusive-jobs-in-uae-news/.
- ↑ "UAE's migrant workers fret over future in coronavirus economy". 22 July 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-emirates-jobs/uaes-migrant-workers-fret-over-future-in-coronavirus-economy-idUSKCN24N0Q7.
- ↑ "150,000 Indians in UAE register to fly home during coronavirus pandemic". 2 May 2020. https://gulfnews.com/uae/150000-indians-in-uae-register-to-fly-home-during-coronavirus-pandemic-1.71297349.
- ↑ Stewart, Ashleigh (9 October 2020). "Homeless migrants sleep rough beneath Dubai's skyscrapers as Covid employment crisis bites". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/09/homeless-migrants-sleep-rough-beneath-dubais-skyscrapers-covid/.
- ↑ "German company using UAE firm with record of migrant worker abuse, rights group says". Middle East Monitor. 7 May 2021. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210507-german-company-using-uae-firm-with-record-of-migrant-worker-abuse-rights-group-says/.
- ↑ "Criminal Law of Dubai". lawyersuae.com. 23 October 2012. http://www.lawyersuae.com/court-cases/criminal-law-of-dubai.
- ↑ "المشارق". al-shorfa.com. http://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/features/2009/03/20/feature-03.
- ↑ No dancing in public: Dubai. Arab News (15 March 2009). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ "Publication Archives". https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archives.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates". Carnegie Endowment. p. 10. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/UAE_APS.doc. "UAE Prime Minister Sheikh Muhammad bin Rashid al-Maktum decreed on September 25, 2007 that journalists can no longer be imprisoned for reasons relating to their work, setting a first for the decriminalization of media offences in the region."
- ↑ "Federal Decree-Law no.5". http://ejustice.gov.ae/downloads/latest_laws/cybercrimes_5_2012_en.pdf.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates – Media". BBC News. 15 June 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14704229.
- ↑ 260.0 260.1 "Types of media – The Official Portal of the UAE Government" (in en). https://u.ae/en/media/media-in-the-uae/types-of-media.
- ↑ 261.00 261.01 261.02 261.03 261.04 261.05 261.06 261.07 261.08 261.09 261.10 "United Arab Emirates – Economic, Social, and Institutional Analysis – Empyrean Advisors". https://www.empyrean-advisors.com/united-arab-emirates-country-analysis/.
- ↑ 262.0 262.1 "UAE's economy growth momentum set to pick up". Khaleej Times. 27 December 2013. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?section=editorschoice&xfile=/data/editorschoice/2013/December/editorschoice_December12.xml.
- ↑ "Ranking of Economies". World Bank Group. http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings.
- ↑ Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (2022) (in en). Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition. Global Innovation Index. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 9789280534320. https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
- ↑ 265.0 265.1 "Global Innovation Index 2021" (in en). World Intellectual Property Organization. United Nations. https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/.
- ↑ 266.0 266.1 "United Arab Emirates". ITUC. http://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?edition=336.
- ↑ Krane, Jim (2009). City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 267–270. ISBN 978-0-312-53574-2. https://archive.org/details/cityofgolddubaid0000kran/page/267.
- ↑ Boscia, Stefan; Whale, Sebastian (2023-03-12). "Stay silent on human rights to strike deals, Gulf states tell UK" (in en). Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-trade-deal-human-rights-uae-minister-thani-bin-ahmed-al-zeyoudi-gulf-cooperation-council/.
- ↑ Kerr, Simeon (18 October 2019). "UAE banks prepare for rough ride ahead". https://www.ft.com/content/3d537bae-cf30-11e9-b018-ca4456540ea6.
- ↑ "UAE VAT calculator - Tax Calculator" (in en). https://vat201.com/.
- ↑ "Les Emirats arabes unis dans le top 10 des paradis fiscaux, selon une ONG". 9 March 2021. https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1254738/les-emirats-arabes-unis-dans-le-top-10-des-paradis-fiscaux-selon-une-ong.html.
- ↑ "Value Added Tax (VAT) - The Official Portal of the UAE Government" (in en). https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/finance-and-investment/taxation/valueaddedtaxvat#:~:text=The%20rate%20of%20VAT%20is,provide%20high-quality%20public%20services..
- ↑ "EDGAR – The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research". https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table.
- ↑ Reuters. (19 January 2022). "Unit 2 of UAE’s Barakah nuclear plant to start operations within months: ENEC CEO". Al Arabiya website Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ↑ "Dubai Ranks Fifth Among Top Global Destinations For Travellers". Gulf Business. 10 July 2014. http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/07/dubai-ranks-fifth-among-top-global-destinations-travellers/.
- ↑ "Infrastructure in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)". The Prospect Group. http://www.theprospectgroup.com/infrastructure-in-the-united-arab-emirates-uae-81876/.
- ↑ "UAE yearbook 2009". Slideshare.net. 13 April 2009. http://www.slideshare.net/arunkodiyeri/uae-yearbook-2009.
- ↑ 278.0 278.1 278.2 "Topic: Tourism industry of the UAE" (in en). https://www.statista.com/topics/4643/tourism-industry-of-the-uae/.
- ↑ "UAE Offers 5-Year Tourist Visa as Neighbors Vie for Visitors". 7 January 2020. https://www.businessliveme.com/uae/uae-offers-5-year-tourist-visa-as-neighbors-vie-for-visitors/.
- ↑ Anderson, Elizabeth (27 January 2015). "Dubai Overtakes Heathrow To Become World's Busiest". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11372616/Dubai-overtakes-Heathrow-to-become-worlds-busiest-airport.html.
- ↑ Salik. "Home" (in en). https://www.salik.rta.ae/en.
- ↑ "Getting a driving licence – The Official Portal of the UAE Government" (in en). https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/transportation/get-a-driving-licence.
- ↑ "From sand to sea". International Railway Journal. 21 March 2012. http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/freight/from-sand-to-sea.html.
- ↑ "Will metro change Dubai car culture?". BBC News. 11 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8247330.stm.
- ↑ "UAE Ports". Uae.gov.ae. http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/ports.htm.
- ↑ Shepard, Wade. "Next Up On China's Maritime Silk Road: Abu Dhabi". https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/08/02/next-up-abu-dhabi-chinas-maritime-silk-road-breaks-into-the-middle-east/.
- ↑ "China flags up UAE as Silk Road mega-hub with $300m port deal". 10 December 2018. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1418636/business-economy.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates". OpenNet Interactive. http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/united_arab_emirates.pdf.
- ↑ "UAE telecom market grows with competition | Mobile telecomms report". Ameinfo.com. http://emiratesseo.com/uae-telecom-market-grows-competition/.
- ↑ "UAE reports high website censorship". The National Newspaper. 12 June 2009. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-reports-high-website-censorship.
- ↑ Khaleej Times (17 February 2019). "UAE ready for fast lane with 5G in 2019". https://www.khaleejtimes.com/technology/uae-ready-for-fast-lane-with-5g---.
- ↑ 292.0 292.1 292.2 Hurriez, Sayyid Hamid (2013). Folklore and Folklife in the United Arab Emirates. p. 167. ISBN 978-1136849077. https://books.google.com/books?id=UMldAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167.
- ↑ Sandıkcı, Özlem; Rice, Gillian (2011). Handbook of Islamic Marketing. p. 430. ISBN 978-0857936028. https://books.google.com/books?id=SkCtS-n7GEEC&pg=PA430. "Arabian and Persian inspired architecture is part of the expression of a 'local' identity"
- ↑ Hellyer, Peter (2001). United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective. Trident. p. 181. ISBN 978-1900724470.
- ↑ "Migration Information Source". https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/migration-information-source.
- ↑ "Rivals Dubai and Abu Dhabi tackle coronavirus in very different ways". 2020-07-13. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/coronavirus-united-arab-emirates-dubai-abu-dhabi/2020/07/12/23fbfef2-bf89-11ea-8908-68a2b9eae9e0_story.html.
- ↑ "Official holidays in UAE". Gowealthy.com. http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/entertainment/events-and-festivals/Official-holidays-in-UAE-kvOQ0zrKKl.html.
- ↑ "UAE National Clothing". Grapeshisha.com. http://www.grapeshisha.com/about-uae/uae-clothing.html.
- ↑ 299.0 299.1 "Literature and poetry". Visitabudhabi.ae. 1 July 2009. http://www.visitabudhabi.ae/en/what.to.do/art.and.culture/literature.and.poetry.aspx.
- ↑ Sharjah Museums Department . sharjahmuseums.ae
- ↑ "About Sharjah – Sharjah Commerce Tourism Development Authority". Sharjahtourism.ae. 18 October 2009. http://www.sharjahtourism.ae/en/category/about-sharjah/.
- ↑ Dubai FAQs. "Art Galleries Dubai". Dubaifaqs.com. http://www.dubaifaqs.com/art-galleries-in-dubai.php.
- ↑ "Saadiyat Island – Island of Happiness". Saadiyat.ae. 19 March 2009. http://www.saadiyat.ae/en/cultural.html.
- ↑ Irish, John and Walid, Tamara (11 June 2009). "Dubai eyeing new fashion, design district". ArabianBusiness.com. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-eyeing-new-fashion-design-district-17269.html.
- ↑ "Festival Info". DesertRockFestival.com. http://www.desertrockfestival.com/?page_id=6.
- ↑ "UAE Travel& Tourism: Food & Drink". UAEinteract. http://www.uaeinteract.com/travel/food.asp.
- ↑ Samtani, Kumar (8 January 2018). "7 Traditional Emirati Dishes to Try in Dubai" (in en-US). https://eatyourworld.com/blog/7-traditional-emirati-dishes-to-try-in-dubai/.
- ↑ The UAE's big fat problem. Gulf News. (19 July 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ↑ "Alcohol and Pork Licenses". Alloexpat.com. 30 May 2009. http://www.alloexpat.com/abu_dhabi_expat_forum/alcohol-and-pork-licenses-t6912.html.
- ↑ "Abu Dhabi confirms 5pm race start". Autosport. 28 August 2009. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78061.
- ↑ "UAE Sports". Uae.gov.ae. http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/sports.htm.
- ↑ Middle East | Help for Gulf child camel jockeys. BBC News (2 December 2004). Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ↑ "Ansar Burney – a true champion of human rights". https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/308742-ansar-burney-%E2%80%94-a-true-champion-of-human-rights.
- ↑ "Clubs, Sports Clubs UAE United Arab Emirates". Indexuae.com. http://www.indexuae.com/Top/Recreation_and_Sports/Clubs.
- ↑ "Gulf Cup 2007". Gulf News. http://www.gulfnews.com/indepth/gulfcup2007/index.html.
- ↑ "ICC headquarters to stay in Dubai". Hindustan Times. 14 October 2010. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/icc-headquarters-to-stay-in-dubai/story-QDVppxrQuTZBM6hBHABuIP.html.
- ↑ "UAE Cricket Timeline". Cricketeurope4.net. http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/GENERAL/TIMELINES/uae.shtml.
- ↑ "Cricinfo – Grounds – United Arab Emirates". Content-uk.cricinfo.com. 17 June 2008. http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/other/content/ground/country.html?country=27.
- ↑ Nayar, K.R. (6 September 2008). "Not stumped by UAE cricket issues – Khan". Gulf News. http://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/not-stumped-by-uae-cricket-issues-khan-1.130154.
- ↑ "Qualification – Cricket World Cup 2015 Qualifier | ICC". http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/qualification/qualification-overview.
- ↑ "Pakistan not to play home matches in UAE anymore: PCB CEO". 24 September 2019. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pakistan-not-to-play-home-matches-in-uae-anymore-pcb-ceo/story-tYo1UuA3czorquuVluZzxL.html.
- ↑ "UAE to host matches for Pakistan Super League next year" (in en). 15 December 2018. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1421216/sport.
- ↑ "IPL 2020 to be held from September 19 to November 10" (in en). 2 August 2020. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-to-be-held-in-uae-from-september-19-to-november-10/story-GeHbVaf1f4zv07p3V8RGwO.html.
- ↑ "American University in Dubai. Undergraduate : Admission". Aud.edu. http://aud.edu/Admissions/undergraduate_req.asp.
- ↑ "Middle East :: United Arab Emirates – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/.
- ↑ "MASDAR | Profile". Web.archive.org. 31 July 2008. http://www.masdar.ac.ae/institute/index.aspx?mi=mi.
- ↑ Khalifa University | Undergraduate. Top Universities. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ↑ American University of Sharjah Rankings. Top Universities. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ↑ "Global Innovation Index 2019" (in en). https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html.
- ↑ "RTD – Item". https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898.
- ↑ "Global Innovation Index" (in en). 28 October 2013. https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930.
- ↑ "UAE Population Statistics". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=AE.
- ↑ "Net migration rate". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2112rank.html?countryName=India&countryCode=in®ionCode=sas&rank=85#in.
- ↑ "UAE nationality". https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/passports-and-traveling/uae-nationality.
- ↑ "Indians, Pakistanis make up 23% of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman population". 6 August 2015. http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/indians-pakistanis-make-up-37-of-dubai-sharjah-ajman-population-1.1562336.
- ↑ Sambidge, Andy (7 October 2009). "UAE population hits 6m, Emiratis make up 16.5%". ArabianBusiness.com. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/uae-population-hits-6m-emiratis-make-up-16-5--12137.html.
- ↑ Mcintosh, Lindsay (16 June 2008). "Terror red alert for 100,000 British expats in Dubai". The Scotsman. http://www.scotsman.com/news/terror_red_alert_for_100_000_british_expats_in_dubai_1_1173062.
- ↑ Whittell, Giles (15 March 2010). "British pair face jail for kissing in Dubai restaurant". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7061449.ece.
- ↑ "Editorial: The Ideal Prince". Arabnews.com. 3 November 2004. http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7§ion=0&article=53888&d=3&m=11&y=2004.
- ↑ "Table 3.10 Urbanization". World Development Indicators. http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdipdfs/table3_10.pdf.
- ↑ "Life expectancy at birth". The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=United%20Arab%20Emirates&countryCode=ae®ionCode=mde&rank=71#ae.
- ↑ "Average life expectancy in UAE rises to 75 years". Uaeinteract.com. http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Average_life_expectancy_in_UAE_rises_to_75_years/7752.htm.
- ↑ "Sex ratio". The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html.
- ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 – United Arab Emirates". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208416.
- ↑ "The World Factbook". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates 2017 International Religious Freedom Report". US Department of Justice. 2017. p. 2. https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1079186/download.
- ↑ "The Return of Sufism to the UAE" (in en-US). 16 April 2018. https://mesbar.org/the-return-of-sufism-to-the-uae/.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates: International Religious Freedom Report 2007". U.S. Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2007-09-14. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates: International Religious Freedom Report 2006". U.S. Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2006-09-15. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71434.htm.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates". State.gov. https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127360.htm.
- ↑ "Groeiende en vitale kerk in Arabische Golf – Nieuws – Reformatorisch Dagblad". Refdag.nl. http://www.refdag.nl/nieuws/groeiende_en_vitale_kerk_in_arabische_golf_1_494237.
- ↑ "New Apostolic Vicar for Arabia Appointed". Zenit News Agency. 21 March 2005. http://www.zenit.org/article-12565?l=english.
- ↑ Herschlag, Miriam. "For the first time, Dubai's Jewish community steps hesitantly out of the shadows" (in en-US). https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-the-first-time-dubais-jewish-community-steps-hesitantly-out-of-the-shadows/.
- ↑ "The Jews of Dubai are on the map". ynetnews.com. 5 February 2019. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5458305,00.html.
- ↑ = 2010 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: United Arab Emirates. Pew Research Center. 2010.
- ↑ United Arab Emirates. International Religious Freedom Report 2007. State.gov. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ↑ "UAE´s population – by nationality". bq magazine. 12 April 2015. http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/socioeconomics/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality.
- ↑ "India is a top source and destination for world's migrants" (in en-US). https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/.
- ↑ "First images of Abu Dhabi's Abrahamic Family House under construction released". 15 June 2021. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/first-images-of-abu-dhabi-s-abrahamic-family-house-under-construction-released-1.1241661.
- ↑ Christensen, Shane (2010). Frommer's Dubai. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-470-71178-1.
- ↑ Gazetteer – The World – Life Expectancy – Top 100+ By Country (2018). Geoba.se (28 April 2016). Retrieved on 21 August 2018.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates country profile". Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UAE.pdf.
- ↑ "Prevalence of obesity, ages 18+, 2010–2014". World Health Organisation. http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/ncd/risk_factors/obesity/atlas.html.
- ↑ "UAE Health". Uae.gov.ae. http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/health.htm.
- ↑ El Shammaa, Dina (3 January 2009). "Health cover is mandatory". Gulf News. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/health/health-cover-is-mandatory-1.43089.
- ↑ Detrie, Megan (15 November 2009). "Dubai has eye on medical tourism". The National Newspaper. http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091116/NATIONAL/711159830/1010.
Further reading
- Abu Libdeh, A. (1994). ‘English on Khalifa Street’. The Journal of the College of Education. UAE University 10, 25–51.
- Bianco, C. (2020a). The GCC monarchies: Perceptions of the Iranian threat amid shifting geopolitics. The International Spectator, 55(2), 92–107.
- Bianco, C. (2020b). A Gulf apart: How Europe can gain influence with the Gulf Cooperation Council. European Council on Foreign Relations, February 2020. Available at https://ecfr.eu/archive/page/-/a_gulf_apart_how_europe_can_gain_influence_with_gulf_cooperation_council.pdf.
- Bianco, C. (2021). Can Europe Choreograph a Saudi-Iranian Détente? European University Institute, Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, Middle East Directions. Available at: https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70351/PB_2021_10-MED.pdf?sequence=1.
- Bianco, C., & Stansfield, G. (2018). The intra-GCC crises: Mapping GCC fragmentation after 2011. International Affairs, 94(3), 613–635.
- Miniaoui, Héla, ed. Economic Development in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: From Rentier States to Diversified Economies. Vol. 1. Springer Nature, 2020.
- Guzansky, Y., & Even, S. (2020). The economic crisis in the Gulf States: A challenge to the “contract” between rulers and ruled. INSS Insight No. 1327, 1 June 2020. Available at https://www.INSS.org.il/publication/gulf-states-economy/?offset=7&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky.
- Guzansky, Y., & Marshall, Z. A. (2020). The Abraham accords: Immediate significance and long-term implications. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 1–11.
- Guzansky, Y., & Segal, E. (2020). All in the family: Leadership changes in the Gulf. INSS Insight No. 1378, 30 August 2020. Available at: https://www.INSS.org.il/publication/gulf-royal-families/?offset=1&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky
- Guzansky, Y., & Winter, O. (2020). Apolitical Normalization: A New Approach to Jews in Arab States. INSS Insight No. 1332, 8 June 2020. Available at: https://www.INSS.org.il/publication/judaism-in-the-arab-world/?offset=5&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky.
- Swan, M. (26 April 2012). "Arabic school aims to boost the popularity of the language". The National, p. 6.
- Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (2015). The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world (1st ed.). New York: Nova Science. ISBN 978-1-62948-899-8. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290349218_The_political_algebra_of_global_value_change_General_models_and_implications_for_the_Muslim_world
- Tausch, Arno (2021). The Future of the Gulf Region: Value Change and Global Cycles. Gulf Studies, Volume 2, edited by Prof. Mizanur Rahman, Qatar University (1st ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-78298-6.
- "Towards A Foreign Language, Teaching Policy for the Arab World: U.A.E Perspective." United Arab Emirates University (1996).
- Woertz, Eckart. "Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19." Food Security 12.4 (2020): 757–760.
- Zweiri, Mahjoob, Md Mizanur Rahman, and Arwa Kamal, eds. The 2017 Gulf Crisis: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Vol. 3. Springer Nature, 2020.
External links
- Government portal of the United Arab Emirates , (U.AE)
- The World Government Summit – UAE
- The 2020 World Exposition in UAE
- United Arab Emirates. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- United Arab Emirates at Curlie
- United Arab Emirates profile from the BBC News.
- World Bank Summary Trade Statistics United Arab Emirates
- Timeline of the United Arab Emirates History from Bronze Age to present day
 |
EncycloReader
is supported by the 
KSF