Doumu

Qing dynasty porcelain statue of Doumu, dated between 1700–1800.

Dǒumǔ (Chinese: 斗母; literally: 'Mother of the Great Chariot / Big Dipper'), also known as Dǒumǔ Yuánjūn (斗母元君 "Lady Mother of the Chariot"), Dòulǎo Yuánjūn (斗姥元君 "Lady Ancestress of the Chariot") and Tàiyī Yuánjūn (太一元君 "Lady of the Great One"),^[1] is a goddess in Chinese religion and Taoism. She is also named through the honorific Tiānhòu (天后 "Queen of Heaven"), shared with other Chinese goddesses, especially Mazu, who are perhaps conceived as her aspects. Other names of her are Dàomǔ (道母 "Mother of the Way") and Tiānmǔ (天母 "Mother of Heaven").^[2]

She is the feminine aspect of the cosmic God of Heaven.^[1] The seven stars of the Big Dipper, in addition to two not visible to the naked eye, are conceived as her sons, the Jiǔhuángshén (九皇神 "Nine God-Kings"), themselves regarded as the ninefold manifestation of Jiǔhuángdàdì (九皇大帝, "Great Deity of the Nine Kings") or Dòufù (斗父 "Father of the Great Chariot"), another name of the God of Heaven. She is therefore both wife and mother of the God of Heaven.^[3][4] In certain Taoist accounts she is identified as the ambiguous goddess of life and death Xiwangmu.

In religious doctrines

Taoist esotericism

In the esoteric teachings of Taoism she is identified as the same as Jinling Shengmu, Jiutian Xuannü (九天玄女 "Mysterious Lady of the Nine Heavens") and Xiwangmu (西王母 "Queen Mother of the West"), representing the mother of the immortal "red infant" (赤子 chìzǐ) Dao enshrined at the centre of the human body.^[5] This links her directly to the myths about the birth and initiation of Laozi^[5] and the Yellow Emperor (whose mother Fubao became pregnant of him after she was aroused after she saw a lightning from, or turning around, the Big Dipper^[6]), as attested, among others, by Ge Hong (283-343).^[7]

Buddhist interpretation

In Vajrayana traditions of Chinese Buddhism (Tangmi), Doumu was conflated with Bodhisattva Marici at least by the Tang dynasty. Marici too is described as the mother of the Way and the Dipper, at the centre of Brahma's Heaven of primal energy. Marici's chariot is pulled by seven boars.^[1] The incantation used in the Taoist scripture dedicated to Doumu is the same as one of the longer Buddhist dharanis used for Marici, but with eight verses in Han Chinese added in the beginning to praise her.

Artistic depictions

• Doumu in art
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  Hall of Doumu at the Green Ram Temple in Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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  Doumu altar at a temple in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia

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  Statue of Doumu at the Green Ram Temple

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  Song dynasty statue of Doumu

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  Statue of Doumu in Kunming, China

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  Doumu behind another god at Huayang Taoist Temple in Jieyang, Guangdong, China

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  Statue of Doumu in Taiwan

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  Illustration of Doumu (1922)

See also

• Tai Sui
• Nine Emperor Gods Festival
• Chinese theology
• Big Dipper

Other goddesses identified with the Great Chariot

• Ungnyeo
• Ninlil
• Ninhursag

References

Citations

Sources

• Didier, John C. (2009). "In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200". Sino-Platonic Papers (Victor H. Mair) (192).  Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot, Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China, Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China.
• Fowler, Jeanine D. (2005). An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1845190866. https://books.google.com/books?id=9wi-ZDdmaqEC. 
• Pregadio, Fabrizio (2013). The Encyclopedia of Taoism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135796341. https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC.  Two volumes: 1) A-L; 2) L-Z.
• Wells, Marnix (2013). The Pheasant Cap Master and the End of History: Linking Religion to Philosophy in Early China. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1931483261. https://books.google.com/books?id=KWasBQAAQBAJ. 

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