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Epithets of Zeus

Topic: Religion

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Short description: Titles of the Greek god Zeus

The numerous epithets of Zeus (titles which are applied to his name) indicate the diversity of the god's functions and roles. A number of these epithets, called epicleses, were used in cult, while others appear only in literature.

Olympic Pantheon

Roman marble colossal head of Zeus, 2nd century AD (British Museum)[1]

Zeus played a dominant role, presiding over the Greek Olympian pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes and was featured in many of their local cults. Though the Homeric "cloud collector" was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near-Eastern counterparts, he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity. Homer in Iliad calls him “the father of gods and men” (πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε)[2][3]

Popular conceptions of Zeus differed widely from place to place. Local varieties of Zeus often have little in common with each other except the name. They exercised different areas of authority and were worshiped in different ways; for example, some local cults conceived of Zeus as a chthonic earth-god rather than a god of the sky. These local divinities were gradually consolidated, via conquest and religious syncretism, with the Homeric conception of Zeus. Local or idiosyncratic versions of Zeus were given epithets — surnames or titles which distinguish different conceptions of the god.[4]

Epithets

These epithets or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide-ranging authority:

  • Zeus Aegiduchos (Αἰγιδούχος) or Aegiochos (Αἰγίοχος): Usually taken as Zeus as the bearer of the Aegis, the divine shield with the head of Medusa across it,[5] although others derive it from "goat" (αἴξ) and okhē (οχή) in reference to Zeus's nurse, the divine goat Amalthea.[6][7]
  • Zeus Agoraeus (Ἀγοραῖος): Zeus as patron of the marketplace (agora) and punisher of dishonest traders.
  • Zeus Areius (Αρειος): either "warlike" or "the atoning one".
  • Zeus Eleutherios (Ἐλευθέριος): "Zeus the freedom giver" a cult worshiped in Athens[8]
  • Zeus Horkios (Ὅρκιος): Zeus as keeper of oaths. Pausanias writes that at Olympia, in the Council Chamber (Bouleuterion), there was a statue of Zeus Horkios (Oath) which was the most fearsome to wrongdoers, holding thunderbolts in both hands. Athletes, along with their families and trainers, swore oaths on slices of boar’s flesh to compete fairly and adhere to training rules. Officials who judged the races also swore to be honest and keep all information confidential. A bronze plate inscribed with warning verses stood before the statue, intended to intimidate anyone who might break their oath.[9]
  • Zeus Olympios (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as king of the gods and patron of the Panhellenic Games at Olympia
  • Zeus Panhellenios ("Zeus of All the Greeks"): worshipped at Aeacus's temple on Aegina
  • Zeus Xenios (Ξένιος), Philoxenon, or Hospites: Zeus as the patron of hospitality (xenia) and guests, avenger of wrongs done to strangers
A bust of Zeus.

Additional titles

Additional names and epithets for Zeus are also: Template:Compact TOC

A

  • Abrettenus (Ἀβρεττηνός) or Abretanus: surname of Zeus in Mysia[10]
  • Achad: one of his names in Syria.
  • Acraeus (Ακραίος): his name at Smyrna. Acraea and Acraeus are also attributes given to various goddesses and gods whose temples were situated upon hills, such as Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Pallas, Artemis, and others
  • Acrettenus: his name in Mysia.
  • Adad: one of his names in Syria.
  • Adados: A Hellenization of the Canaanite Hadad and Assyrian Adad, particularly his solar cult at Heliopolis[11]
  • Adultus: from his being invoked by adults, on their marriage.
  • Aeneius (Αἰνήιος) or Aenesios ( Αἰνήσιος), was worshipped in Cephalonia, where he had a temple on Mount Ainos.[12][13]
  • Aethiops (Αἰθίοψ), meaning the glowing or the black. He was worshipped in Chios.[14]
  • Aetnaeus (Αἰτναῖος), due to the Mount Etna. There was a statue of Zeus and a festival was celebrated there.[15]
  • Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων), was worshipped at Sparta. Eustathius believes that the epithet is because of the resemblance between Zeus and Agamemnon, while others believe that it signifying the Eternal, from ἀγὰν and μένων.[16]
  • Agetor (Ἀγήτωρ), leader and ruler of men.[17]
  • Agonius (Ἀγώνιος), helper in struggles and contests.[18]
  • Agoreus (Ἀγοραίος), of the market/agora[19]
  • Aleios (Ἄλειος), from "Helios" and perhaps connected to water as well.[20]
  • Alexicacus (Ἀλεξίκακος), the averter of evil.[21]
  • Amboulios (Αμβουλιος, "Counsellor") or Latinized Ambulius[22]
  • Apemius (Apemios, Απημιος): Zeus as the averter of ills
  • Apesantius (Ἀπεσάντιος): of mount Apesas.[23]
  • Apomyius (Απομυιος): Zeus as one who dispels flies
  • Aphesios (Αφεσιος; "Releasing (Rain)")
  • Argikeravnos (ἀργικέραυνος; "of the flashing bolt").[24]
  • Asbamaeus (Ἀσβαμαῖος): Zeus as a god of oaths
  • Astrapios (ἀστραπαῖός; "Lightninger"): Zeus as a weather god
  • Atabyrius (Ἀταβύριος): he was worshipped in Rhodes and took his name from the Mount Atabyrus on the island[25]
  • Athous (Αθώος), derived from Mount Athos, on which the god had a temple.[26]
  • Aithrios (Αἴθριος, "of the Clear Sky").[24]
  • Aitherios (Αἰθέριος, "of Aether").[24]

B

  • Basileus (Βασιλευς, "King, Chief, Ruler")
  • Belos (Βῆλος): Syncretization of Zeus with the Babylonian god Marduk mentioned in Herodotus’s Histories[27]. "Belos" comes from Marduk’s title of Bel meaning "lord" or "master" in Akkadian.
  • Bottiaeus/ Bottaios (Βοττιαίος, "of the Bottiaei"): Worshipped at Antioch[28] Libanius wrote that Alexander the Great founded the temple of Zeus Bottiaios, in the place where later the city of Antioch was built.[29][30]
  • Zeus Bouleus/ Boulaios (Βουλαίος, "of the Council"): Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Naos
  • Brontios and Brontaios (Βρονταῖος, "Thunderer"): Zeus as a weather god

C

  • Cenaean (Kenaios/ Kenaius, Κηναῖος): a surname of Zeus, derived from cape Cenaeum[31][22]
  • Chrysaoreus (Χρυσαορεύς, "Of the golden sword")[32][33]
  • Chthonios (Χθόνιος, "of the earth or underworld")[24]
  • Cronides (Κρονίδης, "son of Cronus")[34][3]

D

  • Diktaios (Δικταιος): Zeus as lord of the Dikte mountain range, worshipped from Mycenaean times on Crete[35]
  • Dodonian/ Dodonaios (Δωδωναῖος): meaning of Dodona[36]
  • Dylsios (Δύλσιος)[37]

E

  • Eilapinastes (Εἰλαπιναστής, "Feaster"). He was worshipped in Cyprus.[38][39]
  • Ephestios (Ἐφέστιος, "of the domestic hearth").[3]
  • Epikarpios (ἐπικάρπιος, "of the fruits").[24]
  • Eleutherios (Ἐλευθέριος, "of freedom"). At Athens after the Battle of Plataea, Athenians built the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios.[40] Some writers said that was called "of freedom" because free men built the portico near his shrine, while others because Athenians escaped subjection to the power of Persia and they were free.[41]
  • Epidôtês/ Epidotes (Επιδωτης; "Giver of Good"): an epithet of Zeus at Mantineia and Sparta
  • Euênemos/ Euanemos (Ευηνεμος; "of Fair Winds", "Giver of Favourable Wind") or Latinized Evenemus/ Evanemus[22]
  • Euryopa (Εὐρύοπα; "Far-seeing").[42]

G

  • Genetaeus (Γενηταίος), derived from Cape Genetus on the Euxine.[43]
  • Genethlios (Γενέθλιός; "of birth").[24]
  • Zeus Georgos (Ζεὺς Γεωργός, "Zeus the Farmer"): Zeus as god of crops and the harvest, worshipped in Athens

H

Statuette of Zeus from late Hellenistic period, Camirus, Rhodes.
  • Hecalesius, a festival named Hecalesia (Εκαλήσια) was celebrated at Athens in honour of Zeus Hecalesius and Hecale.[44]
  • Zeus Helioupolites ("Heliopolite" or "Heliopolitan Zeus"): A Hellenization of the Canaanite Baʿal (probably Hadad) worshipped as a sun god at Heliopolis (modern Baalbek)[11] in Lebanon
  • Herkeios (Ἑρκεῖος, "of the Household") or Latinized Herceius[3]
  • Hetareios (Ἑταιρεῖος, "of fellowship"): According to the Suda, Zeus was called this among the Cretans.[45]
  • Hikesios (Ἱκεσιος; "of Suppliants") or Latinized Hicesius
  • Homagyrius (Ὁμαγύριος; "Assembler"), he had a sanctuary at Aegium. According to tradition, he was given this surname because Agamemnon assembled the most eminent men of Greece there to consult on how to wage the Trojan War.[46]
  • Horios (Ὅριος; "of the borders").[47]
  • Homognios (ὁμόγνιος; "of kindred")[24]
  • Hyetios (Ὑετιος; "of the Rain")
  • Hypatos (Ὑπατος, "Supreme, Most High"),[22] was an epithet and surname of Zeus. There was an altar dedicated to him in Athens, in front of the Erechtheium, where it was forbidden to sacrifice anything alive or pour libations, offerings were limited to cakes. He was also worshipped in Sparta and near Glisas in Boeotia.[48]
  • Hyperdexios (Ὑπερδέξιος), from the village Hyperdexion.[49]
  • Hypsibremetes (Ὑψιβρεμέτης, "High-thundering").[42]
  • Hypsistos (Ὕψιστος, "Supreme, Most High")

I

  • Idaeus or Idaios (Ἰδαῖος), of mount Ida. Either Mount Ida in Crete or Mount Ida in the ancient Troad[50]
  • Ikmaios (Ικμαιος; "of Moisture") or Latinized Icmaeus
  • Ithomatas (Ιθωμάτας), an annual festival celebrated at Ithome for Zeus Ithomatas.[22][51]

K

  • Zeus Kasios ("Zeus of Mount Kasios" the modern Jebel Aqra) or Latinized Casius: a surname of Zeus, the name may have derived from either sources, one derived from Casion, near Pelusium in Egypt. Another derived from Mount Kasios (Casius), which is the modern Jebel Aqra, is worshipped at a site on the Syrian–Turkish border, a Hellenization of the Canaanite mountain and weather god Baal Zephon
  • Kataibates (Καταιβάτης, "descending") or Latinized Cataebates, because he was sending-down thunderbolts or because he was descending to earth due to his love of women.[52]
  • Katharsios (Καθάρσιος, "purifying").[24]
  • Keraunios (Κεραυνιος; "of the Thunderbolt") or Latinized Ceraunius
  • Klarios (Κλαριος; "of the Lots") or Latinized Clarius[22]
  • Konios (Κονιος; "of the Dust") or Latinized Conius[22]
  • Koryphaios (Κορυφαιος, "Chief, Leader") or Latinized Coryphaeus[22]
  • Kosmêtês (Κοσμητης; "Orderer") or Latinized Cosmetes
  • Kronios (Κρόνιος; "son of Cronus")[53]
  • Ktesios (Κτησιος; "of the House, Property") or Latinized Ctesius[22]
  • Ktistes (Κτίστης; “Founder”)[54]

L

  • Zeus Labrandos (Λαβρανδευς; "Furious, Raging", "Zeus of Labraunda"): Worshiped at Caria, depicted with a double-edged axe (labrys), a Hellenization of the Hurrian weather god Teshub
  • Laphystius (Λαφύστιος; "of Laphystium"), Laphystium was a mountain in Boeotia on which there was a temple to Zeus.[55][56][57]
  • Laoetas or Laoitas (Λαοίτας; "of the People").[58]
  • Limenoskopos (Λιμενοσκοπος; "Watcher of Sea-Havens") or Latinized Limenoscopus occurs as a surname of several deities, Zeus, Artemis, Aphrodite, Priapus and Pan
  • Lepsinos, there is a temple of Zeus Lepsinos at Euromus.[59]
  • Leukaios (Λευκαῖος Ζεύς; "Zeus of the white poplar")[60]
  • Lykaios or Lycean (Λύκαιος), there was a temple of Zeus Lykaios ("Wolf") on Mount Lykaion in Arcadia, where according to sources[61] a lycanthropic cult was performed, sometimes including human sacrifices.

M

  • Maimaktês (Μαιμάκτης; "Boisterous", "the Stormy") or Latinized Maemactes, a surname of Zeus, from which the name of the Attic calendar month 'Maimakterion' (Μαιμακτηριών, Latinized Maemacterion) was derived and which that month the Maimakteria was celebrated at Athens.[62]
  • Zeus Meilichios/ Meilikhios (Μειλίχιος; "Zeus the Easily-Entreated")[22] There was a sanctuary south of the Ilissos river at Athens.[63]
  • Mêkhaneus (Μηχανευς; "Contriver") or Latinized Mechaneus[22]
  • Metieta (Μητίετα; "the counsellor").[42]
  • Moiragetes (Μοιραγέτης; "Leader of the Fates", "Guide or Leade of Fate"): Pausanias wrote that this was a surname of Zeus and Apollo at Delphi, because Zeus knew the affairs of men, all that the Fates give them and all that is not destined for them.[64]

N

  • Zeus Naos: Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Bouleus
  • Nemeian or Nemean or Nemeus: There was a sanctuary of Nemean Zeus at Argos, and an upright bronze statue of the god made by Lysippus.[65][66][67]
  • Nephelegereta (Νεφεληγερέτα; "cloud-gatherer").[42]
  • Nikephoros (Νικηφόρος; "Bringer of Victory").[68][69]

O

  • Ombrios (Ομβριος; "of the Rain", "Rain-Giver")[22]
  • Ouranios (Οὐράνιος, "Heavenly").[24]
  • Ourios (Οὐριος, "of Favourable Wind"). Ancient writers wrote about a sanctuary at the opening of the Black Sea dedicated to the Zeus Ourios (ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Οὐρίου).[70] In addition, on the island of Delos a dedication to Zeus Ourios was found. The dedication was made by a citizen of Ascalon, named Damon son of Demetrius, who escaped from pirates.[71]
  • Osogoa (Ὀσογῶα), the Carian name of Zeus at Mylasa. There was a sanctuary of him in the city.[72][73][74]

P

  • Palaimnios (Παλαμναῖος; "of Vengeance")[24]
  • Panamaros (Πανάμαρος; "of the city of Panamara"): there was an important sanctuary of Zeus Panamaros at the city of Panamara in Caria[75][76]
  • Panhellenius (Πανελλήνιος, "of all the Greeks/Common to all Greeks")[77][78]
  • Pankrates (Πανκρατής; "the almighty")[79]
  • Patrios (Πάτριος; "paternal")[24]
  • Pelorios (Πελώριος), sacrifices were offered to Zeus Pelorios, during the Thessalian festival of Peloria.[80]
  • Phratrios (Φράτριος), as patron of a phratry[81]
  • Philios (Φιλιος; "of Friendship") or Latinized Philius
  • Phyxios (Φυξιος; "of Refuge") or Latinized Phyxius[22]
  • Plousios (Πλουσιος; "of Wealth") or Latinized Plusius
  • Polieus (Πολιεὺς; "from cities (poleis").[24]

S

  • Skotitas (Σκοτιτας; "Dark, Murky") or Latinized Scotitas
  • Sêmaleos (Σημαλεος; "Giver of Signs") or Latinized Semaleus:
  • Sosipolis (Σωσίπολις; "City saviour"): There was a temple of Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia on the Maeander[82]
  • Soter (Σωτήρ; "Saviour")[54]
  • Splanchnotomus ("Entrails cutter"), he was worshipped in Cyprus.[38]
  • Stratios (Στράτιος; "Of armies").[24]

T

  • Zeus Tallaios ("Solar Zeus"): Worshipped on Crete
  • Teleios (Τελειος; "of Marriage Rites") or Latinized Teleus
  • Terpikeraunos (Τερπικέραυνος; "who delights in thunder").[42]
  • Theos Agathos (Θεος Αγαθος; "the Good God") or Latinized Theus Agathus
  • Tropaioukhos/ Tropaiuchos (τροπαιοῦχος, "Guardian of Trophies"):[24] after the Battle of the 300 Champions, Othryades, dedicated the trophy to "Zeus, Guardian of Trophies" .[83]

X

  • Xenios (Ξενιος; "of Hospitality, Strangers") or Latinized Xenius[22]

Z

  • Zygius (Ζυγίος): As the presider over marriage. His wife Hera had also the epithet Zygia (Ζυγία). These epithets describing them as presiding over marriage.[84]

References

  1. ↑ The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a niche, was found at Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli and donated to the British Museum by John Thomas Barber Beaumont in 1836. BM 1516. (British Museum, A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 1904).
  2. ↑ Homer, Iliad, 20.54
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zeus
  4. ↑ Hewitt, Joseph William (1908). "The Propitiation of Zeus". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 19: 61–120. doi:10.2307/310320. https://www.jstor.org/stable/310320. 
  5. ↑ Homer, Iliad 1.202, 2.157, 2.375; Pindar, Isthmian Odes 4.99; Hyginus, De astronomia 2.13.7.
  6. ↑ Spanh. ad Callim. hymn. in Jov, 49
  7. ↑ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Aegiduchos". in Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. I. Boston. p. 26. http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html. Retrieved 19 October 2007. 
  8. ↑ Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007) (in en). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C. 
  9. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.24.9 - 5.24.11
  10. ↑ Strab. xii. p. 574
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 549 ff., http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0011 .
  12. ↑ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Aene'ius". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Daeneius-bio-1. 
  13. ↑ Markessinis, Andreas (March 2024). "All the mentions of the altar of Zeus Ainesios in books". https://andreasmarkessinis.pro/archaeology/mentions-altar-zeus-ainesios-kefalonia/. 
  14. ↑ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Aethiops". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daethiops-bio-2. 
  15. ↑ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Aetnaeus". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Daetnaeus-bio-1. 
  16. ↑ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Agamemnon". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Dagamemnon-bio-2. 
  17. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Agetor
  18. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Agonius
  19. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 9.25.4
  20. ↑ "Suda, alpha, 1155". https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/1155. 
  21. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Alexicacus
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 "Zeus Titles & Epithets - Ancient Greek Religion". Theoi Project. https://www.theoi.com/Cult/ZeusTitles.html. 
  23. ↑ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Apesas
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 "pseudo-Aristotle, De mundo, Aristotelis Opera, Volume 3, Oxford, Bekker, 1837". https://cts.perseids.org/read/greekLit/stoa0033a/tlg028/1st1K-grc1/7. 
  25. ↑ "Zeus". William J. Slater, Lexicon to Pindar. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3D*zeu%2Fs. 
  26. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Atho'us
  27. ↑ Book 1, chapter 181
  28. ↑ Libanius (2000). Antioch as a Centre of Hellenic Culture as Observed by Libanius. Translated with an introduction by A.F. Norman. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-85323-595-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=fscXhWwDbusC&pg=PA23. 
  29. ↑ "Capitains Nemo". http://cts.perseids.org/read/greekLit/tlg2200/tlg00411/opp-grc1/88. 
  30. ↑ Downey, Glanville (2015). "II The City of Seleucus the Conqueror". Ancient Antioch. Princeton University Press. pp. 27–44. Project MUSE chapter 1708741. ISBN 978-1-4008-7671-6. 
  31. ↑ "Suda, kappa, 1521". https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/kappa/1521. 
  32. ↑ Strabo, Geography, 14.2, note 2
  33. ↑ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Chrysaoreus
  34. ↑ https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0197:book=7:chapter=7 Strabo, Geography, 7.7
  35. ↑ Δικταῖος in Liddell and Scott.
  36. ↑ "Suda, delta, 1446". https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/delta/1446. 
  37. ↑ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Vinum". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=vinum-cn. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, 5.74
  39. ↑ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Eilapinastes
  40. ↑ "Agora Monument Stoa of Zeus - ASCSA.net". https://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/monument/stoa+of+zeus. 
  41. ↑ "ε 804". https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/804. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Homeric Formulae, Economy and Extension Revisited, Yearbook of Ancient Greek Epic Online, Margalit Finkelberg
  43. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Genetaeus
  44. ↑ Plutarch, Theseus, 14
  45. ↑ Suda "ε 3269". https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/3269. 
  46. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7.24.2
  47. ↑ https://topostext.org/work/407#39, Demosthenes, On the Halonnesus, 39
  48. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Hypatus
  49. ↑ topostext.org, Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, Y650.13
  50. ↑ Brill, Idaeus
  51. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Ithomaea
  52. ↑ "Suda, kappa, 887". https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/kappa/887. 
  53. ↑ Athanassakis, Apostolos N.; Wolkow, Benjamin M. (2013) (in en). The Orphic Hymns. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-1421408828. https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Dedication by a Brotherhood (2nd–3rd century CE) from Kyme
  55. ↑ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Laphystium
  56. ↑ Herodotus, The Histories, 7.197
  57. ↑ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, lafustios
  58. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.14
  59. ↑ The Temple of Zeus Lepsinos at Euromus
  60. ↑ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, leukaia
  61. ↑ Sidahmed, Mazin (2016-08-10). "Skeletal remains 'confirm ancient Greeks engaged in human sacrifice'" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/10/skeletal-remains-confirm-ancient-greeks-engaged-in-human-sacrifice. 
  62. ↑ Smith, s.v. Maemactes.
  63. ↑ Zeus Meilichios shrine (Athens)
  64. ↑ "Pausanias, Description of Greece, *)hliakw=n *a, chapter 15, section 5". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.15.5. 
  65. ↑ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Oeneon
  66. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.15.2
  67. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Lysippus
  68. ↑ Cleveland Museum of Art, Tetradrachm: Zeus Nikephoros
  69. ↑ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Nicephorius
  70. ↑ "ToposText". https://topostext.org/work/618#6. 
  71. ↑ "CGRN File". http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/171/. 
  72. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Ogoa
  73. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 8.10.4
  74. ↑ Strabo, Geography, 14.2
  75. ↑ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, PANAMARA (Bağyaka) Turkey
  76. ↑ Ancient Inscription about Zeus Panamaros
  77. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Panhellenius
  78. ↑ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Panhellenius
  79. ↑ Lesley A. Beaumont (2013). Childhood in Ancient Athens: Iconography and Social History. Routledge. p. 153. ISBN 978-0415248747. https://books.google.com/books?id=iXSmuBlH79QC. 
  80. ↑ Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, 14.45
  81. ↑ Lesley A. Beaumont (2013). Childhood in Ancient Athens: Iconography and Social History. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0415248747. https://books.google.com/books?id=iXSmuBlH79QC. 
  82. ↑ "Temple of Zeus Sosipolis from Magnesia on the Maeander". https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/temple-of-zeus-sosipolis-from-magnesia-on-the-maeander/wgEwmq0Figt1KA. 
  83. ↑ "Plutarch, Parallela minora, section 3". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg085.perseus-grc1:3. 
  84. ↑ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Zygia and Zygius



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