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Fixed prayer times

Topic: Religion

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 14 min
Short description: Religious practice

Fixed prayer times, praying at dedicated times during the day, are common practice in major world religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Judaism

Jews stop to pray Maariv (evening prayer) while at a Tel Aviv flea-market shop

Jewish law requires Jews to pray thrice a day; the morning prayer is known as Shacharit, the afternoon prayer is known as Mincha, and the evening prayer is known as Maariv.[1] According to Jewish tradition, the prophet Abraham introduced Shacharit, the prophet Isaac introduced Mincha, and the prophet Jacob introduced Maariv.[1] Jews historically prayed in the direction of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, where the "presence of the transcendent God (shekinah) [resided] in the Holy of Holies of the Temple".[2][3] In the Bible, it is written that when the prophet Daniel was in Babylon, he "went to his house where he had windows in his upper chamber open to Jerusalem; and he got down upon his knees three times a day and prayed and gave thanks before his God, as he had done previously" (cf. Daniel 6:10).[3] After its destruction, Jews continue to pray facing Jerusalem in hope for the coming of the Messiah whom they await.[3]

Christianity

The Agpeya and Shehimo are breviaries used in Oriental Orthodox Christianity to pray the canonical hours at seven fixed times of the day in the eastward direction.[4][5]

From the time of the early Church, the practice of seven fixed prayer times have been taught, which traces itself to the Prophet David in Psalm 119:164.[6] In Apostolic Tradition, Hippolytus instructed Christians to pray seven times a day, "on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight" and "the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion (i.e. 9 a.m., 12 p.m., 3 p.m.)."[7][8][9][10][11]

Christians attended two liturgies on the Lord's Day, worshipping communally in both a morning service and evening service, with the purpose of reading the Scriptures and celebrating the Eucharist.[12] Throughout the rest of the week, Christians assembled at the church every day for morning prayer (which became known as Lauds) and evening prayer (which became known as Vespers), while praying at the other fixed prayer times privately; monastics came to gather together to corporately pray all of the canonical hours communally.[13][14][15][16] This practice of seven fixed prayer times was done in the bodily positions of prostration and standing, which continues today in some denominations, especially those of Oriental Christianity.[11]

Oriental Orthodox Christians (such as Copts, Armenians, Syriacs and Indians), as well certain Oriental Protestant denominations (such as the Mar Thoma Syrian Church), use a breviary such as the Agpeya and Shehimo to pray the canonical hours seven times a day while facing ad orientem, in anticipation of the Second Coming of Jesus; this Christian practice has its roots in Psalm 119:164, in which the King David prays to God seven times a day.[4][17][6][18] In the Indian Christian and Syriac Christian tradition, these canonical hours are known as Vespers (Ramsho [6 pm]), Compline (Soutoro [9 pm]), Nocturns (Lilio [12 am]), Matins (Sapro [6 am]), third hour prayer (Tloth sho`in [9 am]), sixth hour prayer (Sheth sho`in [12 pm]), and ninth hour prayer (Tsha' sho`in [3 pm]).[19] In the Coptic Christian and Ethiopian Christian tradition, these seven canonical hours are known as the First Hour (Prime [6 am]), the Third Hour (Terce [9 am]), the Sixth Hour (Sext [12 pm]), the Ninth Hour (None [3 pm]), the Eleventh Hour (Vespers [6 pm]), the Twelfth Hour (Compline [9 pm]), and the Midnight office [12 am]; monastics pray an additional hour known as the Vigil.[20][21][22] Church bells are tolled at these hours to enjoin the faithful to prayer.[23] Those who are unable to pray the canonical hour of a certain fixed prayer time may recite the Qauma, in the Indian Orthodox tradition.[note 1][6]

In Western Christianity and Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the practice of praying the canonical hours at fixed prayer times became mainly observed by monastics and clergy,[24] though today, the Catholic Church encourages the laity to pray the Liturgy of the Hours and in the Lutheran Churches and Anglican Communion, breviaries such as The Brotherhood Prayer Book and the Anglican Breviary, respectively, are used to pray the Daily Office;[25][26][27] the Methodist tradition has emphasized the praying of the canonical hours as an "essential practice" in being a disciple of Jesus, with the Order of Saint Luke, a Methodist religious order, printing The Book of Offices and Services to serve this end.[28]

Some traditions have historically placed a cross the eastern wall of their houses, which they face during these seven fixed prayer times.[11][29][8][30] Before praying, Oriental Orthodox Christians and Oriental Protestant Christians wash their hands, face and feet in order to be clean before and present their best to God; shoes are removed in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.[31][17][4][32] In these Christian denominations, and in many others as well, it is customary for women to wear a headcovering when praying.[33][34][35] There exist watches that indicate the seven fixed prayer times.[36]

Mandaeism

Daily prayer in Mandaeism called brakha consists of a set prayers that are recited three times per day.[37] Mandaeans stand facing north while reciting daily prayers.[38] Unlike in Islam and Coptic Orthodox Christianity, prostration is not practiced.

Mandaean priests recite rahma prayers[39][40] three times every day, while laypeople also recite the Rushma (signing prayer) and Asiet Malkia ("Healing of Kings") daily.[37]

The three prayer times in Mandaeism are:[41][39]

  • dawn (sunrise)
  • noontime (the "seventh hour")
  • evening (sunset)

Islam

Main page: Religion:Salah times
A board with precalculated prayer times in a mosque. Stated in the local time, the Muslim prayer times differ by locations and change from day to day.

Muslims pray five times a day, with their prayers being known as Fajr (dawn), Dhuhr (after midday), Asr (afternoon), Maghrib (sunset), Isha (nighttime), facing towards Mecca.[42] The direction of prayer is called the qibla; the early Muslims initially prayed in the direction of Jerusalem before this was changed to Mecca in 624 CE, about a year after Muhammad's migration to Medina.[43][44]

The timing of the five prayers are fixed intervals defined by daily astronomical phenomena. For example, the Maghrib prayer can be performed at any time after sunset and before the disappearance of the red twilight from the west.[45] In a mosque, the muezzin broadcasts the call to prayer at the beginning of each interval. Because the start and end times for prayers are related to the solar diurnal motion, they vary throughout the year and depend on the local latitude and longitude when expressed in local time.[46][note 2] In modern times, various religious or scientific agencies in Muslim countries produce annual prayer timetables for each locality, and electronic clocks capable of calculating local prayer times have been created.[47] In the past, some mosques employed astronomers called the muwaqqits who were responsible for regulating the prayer time using mathematical astronomy.[46]

Baháʼí Faith

Followers of the Baháʼí Faith must choose either a short, medium, or long prayer each day to fulfill the requirement of the daily obligatory prayer. Reciting these prayers is considered one of the Baháʼí's most important obligations. The short prayer can only be said between noon and sunset, while the medium prayer must be said three times during the day: once between sunrise and noon, once between noon and sunset, and once in the two hours following sunset. [48] The long prayer is not bound by a fixed prayer time. The text of these prayers is taken from the writings of the religion's founder, Baháʼu'lláh.

Sikhism

Initiated Sikhs are obligated to perform five daily prayers at varying times during the day, from the collection of Nitnem prayers. In the morning, typically right after waking and bathing, the Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, and Tav Prasad Savaiye prayers are recited. In the evening, the Sodar Rahras Sahib is recited, and before bed the Kirtan Sohila is recited.[49]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In the tradition of the Indian Orthodox Church, an Oriental Orthodox denomination, the Qauma can be prayed for those whom are unable to recite the canonical hours contained in the Shehimo breviary; the Qauma is always recited at the start of each canonical hour in the Shehimo.[6]
  2. ↑ For the day-to-day variation of the prayer times, see, for example, a prayer timetable for Banyuasin, Indonesia, for the month of Ramadan in 2012.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mindel, Nissan (2020). "The Three Daily Prayers" (in en). Kehot Publication Society. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/682091/jewish/The-Three-Daily-Prayers.htm. 
  2. ↑ Peters, F. E. (2005) (in en). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God. Princeton University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-691-12373-8. "At first, the prayers were said facing Jerusalem, as the Jews did--Christians faced toward the East--but later the direction of prayer, the qibla, was changed toward the Kaaba at Mecca." 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lang, Uwe Michael (2009) (in en). Turning Towards the Lord: Orientation in Liturgical Prayer. Ignatius Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1-58617-341-8. "Jews in the Diaspora prayed towards Jerusalem, or, more precisely, towards the presence of the transcendent God (shekinah) in the Holy of Holies of the Temple. For instance, Daniel in Babylon 'went to his house where he had windows in his upper chamber open to Jerusalem; and he got down upon his knees three times a day and prayed and gave thanks before his God, as he had done previously' (Dan 6:10). Even after the destruction of the Temple, the prevailing custom of turning towards Jerusalem for prayer was kept in the liturgy of the synagogue. Thus Jews have expressed their eschatological hope for the coming of the Messiah, the rebuilding of the Temple, and the gathering of God's people from the Diaspora." 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mary Cecil (1906) (in en). A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Methuen. p. 399. "Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East." 
  5. ↑ (in en) Shehimo: Book of Common Prayer. Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. 2016. p. 5. "We pray standing upright while facing East as we collect our thoughts on God." 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Kurian, Jake. ""Seven Times a Day I Praise You" – The Shehimo Prayers". Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. http://www.ds-wa.org/seven-times-a-day-i-praise-you-the-sheema-prayers.html. 
  7. ↑ https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/jesus.html#:~:text=The%20third%20hour%20was%209,%2C%20after%20sunset%2C%20the%20next.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Danielou, Jean (2016) (in en). Origen. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4982-9023-4. "Peterson quotes a passage from the Acts of Hipparchus and Philotheus: "In Hipparchus's house there was a specially decorated room and a cross was painted on the east wall of it. There before the image of the cross, they used to pray seven times a day ... with their faces turned to the east." It is easy to see the importance of this passage when you compare it with what Origen says. The custom of turning towards the rising sun when praying had been replaced by the habit of turning towards the east wall. This we find in Origen. From the other passage we see that a cross had been painted on the wall to show which was the east. Hence the origin of the practice of hanging crucifixes on the walls of the private rooms in Christian houses. We know too that signs were put up in the Jewish synagogues to show the direction of Jerusalem, because the Jews turned that way when they said their prayers. The question of the proper way to face for prayer has always been of great importance in the East. It is worth remembering that Mohammedans pray with their faces turned towards Mecca and that one reason for the condemnation of Al Hallaj, the Mohammedan martyr, was that he refused to conform to this practice." 
  9. ↑ Henry Chadwick (1993) (in en). The Early Church. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-16042-8. "Hippolytus in the Apostolic Tradition directed that Christians should pray seven times a day - on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight, and also, if at home, at the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion. Prayers at the third, sixth, and ninth hours are similarly mentioned by Tertullian, Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen, and must have been very widely practised. These prayers were commonly associated with private Bible reading in the family." 
  10. ↑ Weitzman, M. P. (7 July 2005) (in en). The Syriac Version of the Old Testament. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01746-6. "Clement of Alexandria noted that "some fix hours for prayer, such as the third, sixth and ninth" (Stromata 7:7). Tertullian commends these hours, because of their importance (see below) in the New Testament and because their number recalls the Trinity (De Oratione 25). These hours indeed appear as designated for prayer from the earliest days of the church. Peter prayed at the sixth hour, i.e. at noon (Acts 10:9). The ninth hour is called the "hour of prayer" (Acts 3:1). This was the hour when Cornelius prayed even as a "God-fearer" attached to the Jewish community, i.e. before his conversion to Christianity. it was also the hour of Jesus' final prayer (Matt. 27:46, Mark 15:34, Luke 22:44-46)." 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lössl, Josef (17 February 2010) (in en). The Early Church: History and Memory. A&C Black. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-567-16561-9. "Not only the content of early Christian prayer was rooted in Jewish tradition; its daily structure too initially followed a Jewish pattern, with prayer times in the early morning, at noon and in the evening. Later (in the course of the second century), this pattern combined with another one; namely prayer times in the evening, at midnight and in the morning. As a result seven 'hours of prayer' emerged, which later became the monastic 'hours' and are still treated as 'standard' prayer times in many churches today. They are roughly equivalent to midnight, 6 a.m., 9 a.m., noon, 3 p.m., 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. Prayer positions included prostration, kneeling and standing ... Crosses made of wood or stone, or painted on walls or laid out as mosaics, were also in use, at first not directly as objections of veneration but in order to 'orientate' the direction of prayer (i.e. towards the east, Latin oriens)." 
  12. ↑ Bradshaw, Paul F. (1 October 2008) (in English). Daily Prayer in the Early Church: A Study of the Origin and Early Development of the Divine Office. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-60608-105-1. 
  13. ↑ González, Justo L. (30 June 2020) (in English). Teach Us to Pray: The Lord's Prayer in the Early Church and Today. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-5958-7. "These words make it clear that Hippolytus is dealing both with prayers that are to take place at home or during the day's business and with the prayers and times of study that take place in the community of the church. The prayers upon rising, on the third hour either at home or away from it, and before going to bed at night are sometimes held in private and sometimes in the company of other believers in the same household. But Hippolytus refers to other gatherings which offer, besides prayer, an opportunity for instruction and inspiration. Thus, we see here the beginning of the practice of setting aside certain times for private prayer as well as others for communal prayer." 
  14. ↑ Bercot, David W. (28 December 2021) (in English). Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs: A Reference Guide to More Than 700 Topics Discussed by the Early Church Fathers. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 978-1-61970-168-7. "Morning and Evening Prayer were liturgical services held each day at the local church, during which psalms were sung and prayers were offered to God." 
  15. ↑ Beckwith, Roger T. (2005) (in en). Calendar, Chronology And Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism And Early Christianity. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 978-90-04-14603-7. 
  16. ↑ "Why an Evening Worship Service?" (in en). Christ United Reformed Church. 8 December 2010. http://www.christurc.org/blog/2010/12/08/why-an-evening-worship-service. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Richards, William Joseph (1908) (in en). The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: Otherwise Called the Syrian Christians of Malabar: a Sketch of Their History and an Account of Their Present Condition as Well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas. Bemrose. p. 98. "We are commanded to pray standing, with faces towards the East, for at the last Messiah is manifested in the East. 2. All Christians, on rising from sleep early in the morning, should wash the face and pray. 3. We are commanded to pray seven times, thus..." 
  18. ↑ "Why We Pray Facing East" (in en). Orthodox Prayer. https://www.orthodoxprayer.org/Facing%20East.html. 
  19. ↑ "My Life in Heaven & on Earth" (in en). St. Thomas Malankara Orthodox Church. p. 31. http://www.stthomassouthflorida.com/uploads/3/7/7/1/37717427/grade12.pdf. 
  20. ↑ "Coptic Church Prayers" (in en). St. Abanoub Coptic Orthodox Church. 2013. https://www.stabanoub-dallas.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71:prayers&catid=43:general&Itemid=41. 
  21. ↑ The Agpeya. St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church. pp. 5, 33, 49, 65, 80, 91, 130. 
  22. ↑ "Prayers of the Church" (in en). Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. https://www.ethiopianorthodoxchurch.ca/prayers-church. 
  23. ↑ "What is the relationship between bells and the church? When and where did the tradition begin? Should bells ring in every church?" (in en). Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. 2020. https://www.suscopts.org/q&a/index.php?qid=1484&catid=386. 
  24. ↑ "About Fixed-Hour Prayer" (in en). Phylllis Tickle. 2015. https://www.phyllistickle.com/fixed-hour-prayer/. "For example, within Orthodox and Roman Christianity, the hours until very recently have been more often observed by monastics and clergy than by laity, a direct violation of their origin as an office of the people, just as they have been as often chanted as spoken, a rich custom that is none the less not a liturgical necessity." 
  25. ↑ "Liturgy of the Hours" (in en). Cornell Catholic Community. 2019. https://cornellcatholic.org/divine-office. 
  26. ↑ Mayes, Benjamin T. G. (5 September 2004). "Daily Prayer Books in the History of German and American Lutheranism" (in en). Lutheran Liturgical Prayer Brotherhood. http://llpb.us/PDFs/Breviaries%20article.pdf. 
  27. ↑ "The Divine Office—Its History and Development" (in en). Daniel Lula. 2017. https://www.anglicanbreviary.net/the-divine-office. 
  28. ↑ "Praying the Hours of the Day: Recovering Daily Prayer". General Board of Discipleship. 6 May 2007. https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/praying-the-hours-of-the-day-recovering-daily-prayer. 
  29. ↑ "Sign of the Cross" (in en). Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon. https://www.assyrianchurch.org.au/about-us/the-sacraments/sign-of-the-cross/. "Inside their homes, a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room. If one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures, it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the Church of the East." 
  30. ↑ Johnson, Maxwell E. (2016) (in en). Between Memory and Hope: Readings on the Liturgical Year. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-6282-3. "Because Christ was expected to come from the east, Christians at a very early date prayed facing that direction in order to show themselves ready for his appearing, and actually looking forward to the great event which would consummate the union with him already experienced in prayer. For the same reason the sign of the cross was frequently traced on the eastern wall of places of prayer, thereby indicating the direction of prayer, but also rendering the Lord's coming a present reality in the sign which heralds it. In other words, through the cross the anticipated eschatological appearance becomes parousia: presence. The joining of prayer with the eschatological presence of Christ, unseen to the eye but revealed in the cross, obviously underlies the widely attested practice of prostrating before the sacred wood while praying to him who hung upon it." 
  31. ↑ Smith, Bertha H. (1909). "The Bath as a Religious Rite among Mohammedans" (in en). Modern Sanitation (Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.) 7 (1). "The Copts, descendants of these ancient Egyptians, although Christians, have the custom of washing their hands and faces before prayer, and some also wash their feet.". 
  32. ↑ Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017). "Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?" (in en). Aleteia. https://aleteia.org/2017/10/16/did-you-know-muslims-pray-in-a-similar-way-to-some-christians/. 
  33. ↑ Russell, Thomas Arthur (2010) (in en). Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions. Universal-Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-59942-877-2. 
  34. ↑ Bercot, David. "Head Covering Through the Centuries". http://www.scrollpublishing.com/store/head-covering-history.html. 
  35. ↑ Duffner, Jordan Denari (13 February 2014). "Wait, I thought that was a Muslim thing?!" (in en). Commonweal. https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/wait-i-thought-was-muslim-thing. 
  36. ↑ Condon, Ed (December 16, 2022). "Moving money, getting a good lawyer, and prayer time" (in en). https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/moving-money-getting-a-good-lawyer-and-prayer-time. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-621-9. 
  38. ↑ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Drower, E. S. (1959). The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 
  40. ↑ Lidzbarski, Mark. 1920. Mandäische Liturgien. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse, NF 17.1. Berlin.
  41. ↑ Drower, Ethel Stefana. 1937. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press.
  42. ↑ Samovar, Larry A.; Porter, Richard E.; McDaniel, Edwin R. (2008) (in en). Intercultural Communication: A Reader: A Reader. Cengage Learning. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-495-55418-9. 
  43. ↑ Wensinck (1986). "Ḳibla: Ritual and Legal Aspects". in Bosworth, C. E.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=%E1%B8%B2ibla%3A+Ritual+and+Legal+Aspects&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&search-go=Search. 
  44. ↑ Heinz, Justin Paul (2008) (in en). The Origins of Muslim Prayer: Sixth and Seventh Century Religious Influences on the Salat Ritual. University of Missouri. p. 115, 123, 125, 133, 141-142. 
  45. ↑ Wensinck (1993). "Mīḳāt: Legal aspects". in Bosworth, C. E.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=M%C4%AB%E1%B8%B3%C4%81t%3A+Legal+aspects&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&search-go=Search. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 King, David A. (1996). "On the role of the muezzin and the muwaqqit in medieval Islamic society". Tradition, Transmission, Transformation. E.J. Brill. pp. 285–345. ISBN 90-04-10119-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl1COWj9ubAC&pg=PA285. 
  47. ↑ King (1993). "Mīḳāt: Astronomical aspects". in Bosworth, C. E.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 27–32. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=M%C4%AB%E1%B8%B3%C4%81t%3A+Astronomical+aspects&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&search-go=Search. 
  48. ↑ Smith, Peter (2000). A concise encyclopedia of the Baha'i faith. Oxford: Oneworld. ISBN 1-85168-184-1. OCLC 42912735. 
  49. ↑ "Nitnem: The five prayers". 2016-05-12. https://www.asianage.com/mystic-mantra/nitnem-five-prayers-431. 

Further reading

  • Shehimo: Book of Common Prayer. Ministry of Liturgical Resource Development - Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. 2016. ISBN 978-0-9972544-0-2. 
  • The Hours. Apostolic Faith Books. 2022. 

External links



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