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Homosexuality and Lutheranism

Topic: Religion

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Lutheran viewpoints concerning homosexuality are diverse because there is no one worldwide body which represents all Lutherans. The Lutheran World Federation, a worldwide 'communion of churches' and the largest global body of Lutherans, contains member churches on both sides of the issue. However, other Lutherans, including the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference and International Lutheran Council, completely reject homosexuality.[1][2]

Luther's view

Martin Luther, who had spent time in Rome,[3] claimed that Pope Leo X had vetoed a measure that cardinals should restrict the number of boys they kept for their pleasure, "otherwise it would have been spread throughout the world how openly and shamelessly the pope and the cardinals in Rome practice sodomy" and encouraged Germans not to spend time fighting fellow countrymen in defense of the papacy.[4]

Luther also noted:

I for my part do not enjoy dealing with this passage [Genesis 19:4-5], because so far the ears of the Germans are innocent of and uncontaminated by this monstrous depravity; for even though disgrace, like other sins, has crept in through an ungodly soldier and a lewd merchant, still the rest of the people are unaware of what is being done in secret. The Carthusian monks deserve to be hated because they were the first to bring this terrible pollution into Germany from the monasteries of Italy.[5]

Synods allowing homosexual relationships

In North America

In 1970, Strommen, et al. surveyed 4,745 Lutheran adults between the ages of 15 and 65. They were members of the American Lutheran Church, Lutheran Church in America, and Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. 1% stated that they frequently had homosexual intercourse during the past year and 3% stated that they did so occasionally. 90% said that they never had homosexual intercourse during the past year, and 7% did not respond.[6]

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran church body in the United States, allows for LGBTQ+ marriage and ordination of LGBTQ+ clergy. ELCA policy states that LGBTQ+ individuals are welcome and encouraged to become members and to participate in the life of the congregation. The ELCA has provided supplemental resources for the rite of marriage in Evangelical Lutheran Worship which use inclusive language and are suitable for use in LGBTQ+ marriage ceremonies.[7] The group ReconcilingWorks supports the full inclusion of LGBTQ+ members in Lutheran churches in the ELCA, and provides resources to assist ELCA congregations in becoming more welcoming communities for LGBTQ+ persons. ReconcilingWorks recognizes ELCA congregations that have committed to embracing LGBTQ+ persons as Reconciling in Christ congregations.[8]

The current policy on LGBTQ+ inclusion in the ELCA developed over a period of several years.

In 2001, a Social Statement on Sexuality was requested by the Churchwide Assembly and entrusted to a Task Force. In light of the ongoing work of that task force, the 2007 Churchwide Assembly passed a resolution asking bishops to exercise restraint in discipline of those congregations and pastors in violation of 'Vision and Expectations.'[9]

Prior to August 2009, the ELCA expected "ordained ministers who are homosexual in their self-understanding" to "abstain from homosexual sexual relationships".

The 2009 ELCA Churchwide Assembly in Minneapolis passed "Human Sexuality, Gift and Trust",[10] which approved more positive assessments of same-gender partnerships in the church. On 21 August 2009, the same body passed four ministry policy resolutions that opened the way for congregations to recognize and support such partnerships and for those in committed same-gender partnerships to be rostered leaders within the ELCA.[11][12] A separate motion at the same assembly recommended that a rite of blessing for same-sex unions be provided.

In 2013, Guy Erwin, who has lived in a gay partnership for 19 years, was installed in California as Bishop of the ELCA's Southwest California Synod, becoming the first openly gay person to serve as a Bishop in the ELCA.[13]

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada

In July 2011 Churchwide Assembly of Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada passed a new sexuality statement, permitting clergy in committed same-gender partnerships and allowing the blessing of same-sex unions.[14]

In Europe

In many European Lutheran churches, open LGBT people can work as Lutheran pastors. In the United Kingdom, the Lutheran Church in Great Britain allows the ordination of LGBT people and permits same-sex marriage.[15][16]

EKD in Germany

Ecumenical worship service at the Emmaus Church in Berlin, Germany .
Churches in the German EKD, where blessings of same-sex marriages were allowed in 2020 (dark purple); churches with blessings of same-sex unions (in light purple).

In the year 2000, the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) passed the resolution Verantwortung und Verlässlichkeit stärken, in which same-gender partnerships are supported.[17] In November 2010, EKD passed a new right for LGBT ordination of homosexual ministers, who live in civil unions.[18] All churches within the EKD allowed blessing of same-sex marriages.[19]

  1. Evangelical Church in Baden (Evangelische Landeskirche in Baden), a united church body in Baden[20][21]
  2. Evangelical Church Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (Evangelische Kirche in Berlin-Brandenburg-schlesische Oberlausitz), a united church body in Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia merged in 2004 from:
    • Evangelische Kirche in Berlin-Brandenburg[22][23][24]
    • Evangelische Kirche der schlesischen Oberlausitz
  3. Evangelical Church of Bremen (Bremische Evangelische Kirche), a united church body in Bremen[25]
  4. Protestant Lutheran State Church of Brunswick (Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche in Braunschweig), a Lutheran church body in Brunswick[26]
  5. Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover (Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers), a Lutheran church body in the former Province of Hanover[27]
  6. Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau (Evangelische Kirche in Hessen und Nassau), a united church body in the former People's State of Hesse and Nassau[28][29]
  7. Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck (Evangelische Kirche von Kurhessen-Waldeck), a united church body in former Hesse-Cassel and Waldeck[30][31][32]
  8. Church of Lippe (Lippische Landeskirche), a Reformed church body of Lippe[33][34]
  9. Evangelical Church in Central Germany (Evangelische Kirche in Mitteldeutschland),[35][36] a united church body that was created in 2009 from the merger of:
    • Evangelical Church of the Church Province of Saxony (Evangelische Kirche der Kirchenprovinz Sachsen) (Province of Saxony)
    • Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Thuringia (Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Thüringen) (Thuringia)
  10. Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany (Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Norddeutschland)[37][38] a Lutheran church body that was created in 2012 from the merger of:
    • North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church (Nordelbische Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche), a Lutheran church body in Northern Germany
    • Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg (Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Mecklenburgs), a Lutheran church body in Mecklenburg
    • Pomeranian Evangelical Church (Pommersche Evangelische Kirche), a united church body in Pomerania
  11. Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg (Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Oldenburg), a Lutheran church body in Oldenburg[39][40]
  12. Evangelical Church of the Palatinate (Evangelische Kirche der Pfalz) or Protestantische Landeskirche, a united church body in Palatinate[41]
  13. Evangelical Church in the Rhineland (Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland), a united church body in the Rhineland[42][43][44]
  14. Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony (Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Sachsens), a Lutheran church body in Saxony[45]
  15. Evangelical Church of Westphalia (Evangelische Kirche von Westfalen), a united church body in Westphalia[46]
  16. Evangelical Reformed Church (Regional Church) Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche (Landeskirche), a Reformed church body, covering the territories of No. 3, 5, 7, 12, 16, 17, and 19 [47][48]
  17. Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria (Evangelische-Lutherische Landeskirche in Bayern), a Lutheran church body in Bavaria[49]
  18. Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg, a Lutheran church body in Württemberg[50]
  19. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe, a Lutheran church body in Lower Saxony[51]
  20. Evangelical Church of Anhalt, a United church body in Saxony-Anhalt[52]

Nordic countries

The Church of Iceland allows same-sex marriage.[53] The Church of Sweden has permitted the blessing of same-sex unions and the ordination of partnered gays and lesbians since 2006. Starting in November 2009, the church officiates same-sex marriage, after the Riksdag allowed same-sex marriage starting 1 May 2009 – however, individual priests can choose not to perform marriages for couples of the same gender. The Church of Denmark also provides for such blessings, as does the Church of Norway, which also ordains gays and lesbians.[54]

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is the largest Lutheran church in Europe that does not permit blessing of same-sex unions – despite ongoing controversy. As of October 2010 the Church of Finland allows priests to pray for same-sex couples: For registered partnerships, the church says that "the [same-sex] couple may organise prayers with a priest or other church workers and invited guests".[55] Additionally, Archbishop Kari Mäkinen expressed his support for the new law permitting same-gender marriages.[56] In 2016, although the bishops in Finland did not agree to perform same-sex marriages, "bishops have taken the position that it is possible to hold prayer services to bless same-sex couples".[57] Tens of thousands of Finns have resigned from the church during the 2010s due to comments made by church officials either supporting or condemning same sex marriages and relations.[58][59] in 2018 59 members of church's synod voted against homosexual marriage and 49 supported it.[60]

South America

Argentina and Uruguay

The Evangelical Church of the River Plate, which includes Lutherans and Waldensians, and the United Lutheran Church have supported civil unions and same-sex marriages.[61]

Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil

In 2011, the church released a pastoral letter accepting the Supreme Court's decision to allow same-sex marriage in Brazil, and supported the families of same-sex couples.[62]

Denominations against homosexual activity

In North America

  • The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod[63]
  • The Lutheran Church-Canada
  • The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod[64]
  • The Association of Free Lutheran Congregations
  • The Evangelical Lutheran Synod[65]
  • The North American Lutheran Church
  • Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ
  • Church of the Lutheran Brethren of America[66]
  • Church of the Lutheran Confession

In Europe

  • The Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession condemns homosexual behavior as sin.[67]
  • The Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany) views homosexuality as hurting the natural order.[68]
  • The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church, Germany
  • The Evangelical Lutheran Church of England (ELCE)
  • The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Lithuania
  • The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
  • The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia

In South America

  • Argentinian Evangelical Lutheran Church[69]
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil[70]
  • Confessional Lutheran Church of Chile[71]

In South-East Asia

  • Lutheran Church in Malaysia holds that same sex activities constitutes a decisive choice and is clearly prohibited according to the Scripture[72]

See also

  • Homosexuality and Christianity
  • 2009 ELCA Churchwide Assembly

References

  1. ↑ "Ninety-Five Theses for the 21st Century For Confessional Lutherans Arranged in the Order of Luther's Small Catechism As Approved at Grimma, Germany on June 29, 2017". Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference. June 29, 2017. http://celc.info/download/95_theses/95-Theses-Approved-at-Grimma.pdf. "#23 – God's Word says that homosexuality is contrary to God's intention for males and females. People with homosexual tendencies can find forgiveness in Christ and strength to live in harmony with God's will." 
  2. ↑ "A Statement from the International Lutheran Council". International Lutheran Council. August 31, 2009. https://ilc-online.org/ilc-news/ilc-statements/. "Rooted in the Bible's witness and in keeping with Christian teaching through 2000 years, we continue to believe that the practice of homosexuality—in any and all situations—violates the will of the Creator God and must be recognized as sin." 
  3. ↑ Mullett 2015, p. 281.
  4. ↑ Wilson 2007, p. 282; This allegation (made in the pamphlet Warnunge D. Martini Luther/ An seine lieben Deudschen, Wittenberg, 1531) is in stark contrast to Luther's earlier praise of Leo's "blameless life" in a conciliatory letter of his to the pope dated 6 September 1520 and published as a preface to his Freedom of a Christian. See on this, Hillerbrand 2007, p. 53.
  5. ↑ Luther's Works, Vol. 3, 251-252
  6. ↑ See Merton P. Strommen et al., A Study of Generations (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing, 1972), p. 372.
  7. ↑ Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. "Supplemental Resources for use within the Evangelical Lutheran Worship Service of Marriage". Evangelical Lutheran Worship. http://download.elca.org/ELCA%20Resource%20Repository/Supplemental_Marriage_Resources.pdf. 
  8. ↑ ReconcilingWorks (24 August 2015). "Reconciling in Christ". https://www.reconcilingworks.org/ric/. 
  9. ↑ Derose, Jason (August 11, 2007). "Evangelical Lutherans Urged Not to Discipline Gay Clergy". https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12716157. 
  10. ↑ "Legislative summary 4 & 5". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. August 19, 2009. http://www.elca.org/~/media/Files/Who%20We%20Are/Office%20of%20the%20Secretary/Assembly/081909_LegisUpdate.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "Legislative summary 8 & 9". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. August 21, 2009. http://www.elca.org/~/media/Files/Who%20We%20Are/Office%20of%20the%20Secretary/Assembly/082109_LegisUpdate.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Strickler, Jeff (August 20, 2009). "ELCA validates 'chaste' same-sex relationships". http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/faith/53738512.html. 
  13. ↑ "The Rev. Dr. R. Guy Erwin Elected Bishop" (Press release). Southwest California Synod, ELCA. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada votes to bless same-sex marriage and is cheered on by the Anglican Church of Canada". 19 July 2011. http://www.anglicansamizdat.net/wordpress/anglican-church-of-canada/evangelical-lutheran-church-in-canada-votes-to-bless-same-sex-marriage-and-is-cheered-on-by-the-anglican-church-of-canada/. 
  15. ↑ Human-sexuality-some-reflections-by-Bishop-Martin-Lind.pdf (lutheranchurch.co.uk)
  16. ↑ LCIGB-Sexual-Orientation-statement.pdf (lutheranchurch.co.uk)
  17. ↑ "Verantwortung und Verlässlichkeit stärken" (in German). http://www.ekd.de/homosexualitaet/774.html. 
  18. ↑ "EKD-Synode beschließt neues Pfarrdienstgesetz" (in German). November 10, 2010. http://www.ekd.de/synode2010/presse/pm288_synode_pfarrdienstgesetz.html. 
  19. ↑ Bechtold, Markus; Kampf, Anne; Sussmann, Johannes (November 23, 2020). "Segnung homosexueller: Bunt wie ein Regenbogen" (in German). https://www.evangelisch.de/inhalte/111225/20-11-2014/segnung-homosexueller-bunt-wie-ein-regenbogen. 
  20. ↑ "Landessynode genehmigt Homo-Trauungen" (in German). April 23, 2016. http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.baden-landessynode-genehmigt-homo-trauungen.68792f38-1969-4e7f-845f-914d23024742.html. 
  21. ↑ "Landeskirche genehmigt gleichgeschlechtliche Trauungen" (in German). April 23, 2016. http://www.badische-zeitung.de/suedwest-1/landeskirche-genehmigt-gleichgeschlechtliche-trauungen--121184022.html. 
  22. ↑ "SYNODE ERMÖGLICHT FÜRBITT- UND SEGENSANDACHTEN FÜR MENSCHEN IN GLEICHGESCHLECHTLICHEN LEBENSPARTNERSCHAFTEN" (in german). November 16, 2011. http://www.ekbo.de/7517_11723.php?liste=ja&seiten_id=11482&nav_id=. 
  23. ↑ Tagesspiegel.de: Trauung in der Kirche ab 2016 möglich (german)
  24. ↑ Berliner Zeitung: Ab 1. Juli können gleichgeschlechtliche Paare heiraten wie Mann und Fra (german)
  25. ↑ Protestant Church of Bremen
  26. ↑ Protestant Lutheran State Church of Brunswick
  27. ↑ Evangelisch.de: Hannoversche Landeskirche will gleichgeschlechtliche Paare segnen (German)
  28. ↑ "EKHN:Segnung gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (german)". http://www.ekhn.de/glaube/trauung/segnung-gleichgeschlechtlicher.html. 
  29. ↑ "Aus Segnung wird Trauung" (in German). May 28, 2018. http://www.evangelische-sonntagszeitung.de/eastrt/news/aus-segnung-wird-trauung.html. 
  30. ↑ Wiesbadener Tagblatt:Synode billigt Segnung homosexueller Paare (german) [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  31. ↑ "Synode für öffentliche Segnung von Paaren in eingetragenen Lebenspartnerschaft" (in German). November 24, 2011. http://www.osthessen-news.de/beitrag_A.php?id=1206449. 
  32. ↑ "Traugesetz gilt in Kurhessen-Waldeck künftig auch für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare" (in German). April 27, 2018. http://www.ekkw.de/synode/24611.htm. 
  33. ↑ "Synode in Lippe, Lippische Kirche erwägt Segnung von Homo-Paaren" (in German). October 28, 2014. http://www.unserekirche.de/kirche/lippe/lippische-kirche-erwaegt-segnung-von-homo-paaren_11626.html. 
  34. ↑ "Segnungsgottesdienste Landessynode beschließt: Segnung für Menschen in eingetragener Lebenspartnerschaft in öffentlichem Gottesdienst möglich" (in German). November 23, 2015. http://www.lippische-landeskirche.de/5400-0-1. 
  35. ↑ "Gleichgeschlechtliche Paare können Verbindung segnen lassen" (in German). November 24, 2012. http://www.mz-web.de/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=ksta/page&atype=ksArtikel&aid=1353757585626&openMenu=987490165154&calledPageId=987490165154&listid=994342720546. 
  36. ↑ "Churches" (in German). http://www.evangelisch.de/themen/religion/mitteldeutsche-kirche-%C3%B6ffnet-pfarrh%C3%A4user-f%C3%BCr-homosexuelle31227. 
  37. ↑ "Homepage" (in German). http://nordelbien.de/glaube/kirchenabc/abc.lexikon/abc.search/one.abc/index.html?entry=page.abc.589. 
  38. ↑ "Segnung gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare ist "Trauung"" (in German). September 20, 2019. https://www.nordkirche.de/nachrichten/nachrichten-detail/nachricht/segnung-gleichgeschlechtlicher-paare-ist-trauung/. 
  39. ↑ Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg
  40. ↑ NDR.de: Oldenburgische Kirche beschließt Trauuung für alle (German)
  41. ↑ Protestant Church of the Palatinate (German)
  42. ↑ EKVW
  43. ↑ Spiegel.de: Synodenbeschluss: Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland will Homosexuelle trauen (german)
  44. ↑ Zeit.de: Rheinische Landeskirche traut Homosexuelle (German)
  45. ↑ Evlks.de:"Segnung von Paaren in Eingetragener Lebenspartnerschaft" in Sachsen möglich (German) , 18 October 2016
  46. ↑ "EKvW von a bis Z: Gleichgeschlechtliche Lebenspartnerschaften". http://www.ekvw.de/Gleichgeschlechtliche.491.0.html. 
  47. ↑ Grafschafter Nachrichten:Die Kirche hat ein Zeichen gesetzt
  48. ↑ "Reformiert.de: Trauung auch für homosexuelle Paare (German)". http://www.reformiert.de/nachricht/items/trauordnung-auch-fuer-homosexuelle-paare.html. 
  49. ↑ Bayrischer Rundfunk: Landessynode beschließt Segnung von homosexuellen Paaren (German)
  50. ↑ Stuttgarter Nachrichten: Landessynode erlaubt Segnungsgottesdienste für homosexuelle Paare (German), March 23, 2019
  51. ↑ NDR.de: Landeskirche Schaumburg-Lippe segnet nun homosexuelle Paare (German), November 21, 2020
  52. ↑ Huk.org:Segnungs- und Traugottesdienste in den evangelischen Landeskirchen (German)
  53. ↑ "Island: Parlament einstimmig für Ehe-Öffnung". 11 June 2010. https://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=12303. 
  54. ↑ Pritchard, Gemma (1 October 2007). "Church of Norway votes to allow gay pastors". http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-5626.html. 
  55. ↑ "Registered partnerships". Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. http://notes.evl.fi/EVLen.nsf/Documents/58821FD65B63B14DC2257C2A00478B57?OpenDocument&lang=EN. 
  56. ↑ Duffy, Nick (2014-11-29). "Finland: Church head welcomes same-sex marriage vote". Pink News. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/11/29/finland-church-head-welcomes-same-sex-marriage-vote/. 
  57. ↑ "Bishops divided over same-sex marriage" (in en). http://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/bishops_divided_over_same-sex_marriage/9206052. 
  58. ↑ "Tasa-arvoinen avioliitto - äänetys sai konservatiivit eroamaan kirkosta". 2014. https://www.eroakirkosta.fi/dynamic/index.php/media/none/tiedote_16_2014.html?year=2014. 
  59. ↑ "Yli 56000 eronnut tänä vuonna — Homoillan jälkeen 30000 eroamista". 2010. https://www.eroakirkosta.fi/dynamic/index.php/media/none/tiedote_19_2010.html?year=2010. 
  60. ↑ "Evankelis-luterilainen kirkko ei ala vihkiä samaa sukupuolta olevia pareja" (in fi). 2018-05-18. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10212107. 
  61. ↑ "Evangélicos, política y sexualidad". Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2009. http://www.aacademica.org/000-089/156. 
  62. ↑ "IECLB publica carta pastoral sobre homossexualidade" (in pt-BR). http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/noticias/44757-ieclb-publica-carta-pastoral-sobre-homossexualidade. 
  63. ↑ For an example of a classic Missourian doctrinal text mentioning homosexuality, see Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 79ff. http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/cosmology.txt. Retrieved 2009-03-16.  "The Law condemns every one who carnally knows himself, or a brute, or another person of the same sex, or a person of the other sex with whom he is not or, because of a prohibited degree of consanguinity or affinity, or because of an existing marriage of either party with a third person, cannot be joined in lawful wedlock, or who, without a sufficient cause, refuses to live with or to love and honor his lawful spouse, or who annuls a valid betrothal, or who, by any manner of lewdness or indecency in deed word, or desire, defiles his body or soul."
  64. ↑ WELS Statement on homosexuality http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/social-issues
  65. ↑ Press Release: ELS Disagrees with ELCA on Homosexuality "Press Release: eLS Disagrees with ELCA on Homosexuality — eLS". http://www.evangelicallutheransynod.org/President/news/announcements/elca-homosexuality-pr-20080821. 
  66. ↑ CLBA Statement on Sexuality http://www.clba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Statement_on_Sexuality.pdf
  67. ↑ Stanovisko Slezské církve evangelické a.v. k lidem s homosexuální orientací (2003); Stanovisko Slezské církve evangelické a.v. k otázce homosexuality (2006)
  68. ↑ "Ist Homosexualität Sünde?" (in German). January 12, 2013. http://elfk.de.dd21408.kasserver.com/html/main/2013/01/unsere-stellung-zum-thema-homosexualitat/. 
  69. ↑ "Homepage" (in Spanish). http://www.iela.org.ar. 
  70. ↑ "IELB condena o homossexualismo e rejeita a discriminação" (in pt-br). https://www.ihu.unisinos.br/noticias/43385-ielb-condena-o-homossexualismo-e-rejeita-a-discriminacao. 
  71. ↑ "Homepage" (in Spanish). http://www.soyluterano.cl. 
  72. ↑ Position Paper on Same-Sex Relations. Malaysia: Lutheran Church in Malaysia. 2015. 

Bibliography

  • Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim (2007). The Division of Christendom. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 53. 
  • Mullett, Michael A. (2015). Martin Luther. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p. 281. 
  • Wilson, Derek (2007). The life and legacy of Martin Luther. Random House. p. 282. 



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