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Innocence of Muslims

Topic: Religion

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 17 min
Short description: 2012 film by Nakoula Basseley Nakoula
Protestors holding signs as a response to Innocence of Muslims

Innocence of Muslims[1][2] is an anti-Islamic short film that was written and produced by Nakoula Basseley Nakoula.[3][4] Two versions of the 14-minute video were uploaded to YouTube in July 2012, under the titles "The Real Life of Muhammad" and "Muhammad Movie Trailer".[5] Videos dubbed in Arabic were uploaded during early September 2012.[6] Anti-Islamic content had been added in post-production by dubbing, without the actors' knowledge.[7]

What was perceived as denigration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad resulted in demonstrations and violent protests against the video to break out on September 11 in Egypt and spread to other Arab and Muslim nations as well as to some western countries. The protests led to hundreds of injuries and over 50 deaths.[8][9][10][11] Fatwas calling for the harm of the video's participants were issued and Pakistani government minister Ghulam Ahmad Bilour offered a bounty for the killing of Nakoula, the producer.[12][13][14] The film has sparked debates about freedom of speech and Internet censorship.[15]

Plot and description

The video titled "The Real Life of Muhammad", uploaded on July 1, 2012, has a running time of 13:03 in 480p format. The video "Muhammad Movie Trailer" was uploaded on July 2, 2012, with a running time of 13:51 in 1080p format. They are similar in content.

The trailer opens with a scene portraying the reportedly increasing persecution of Copts and poor human rights in Egypt around the time of the film's production, with increases in church burnings, religious intolerance and sectarian violence against the 10% population of Egypt that are Copts, as well as complaints that authorities have failed to protect this population.[16] The New York Times stated: "The trailer opens with scenes of Egyptian security forces standing idle as Muslims pillage and burn the homes of Egyptian Christians. Then it cuts to cartoonish scenes depicting the Prophet Muhammad as a child of uncertain parentage, a buffoon, a womanizer, a homosexual, a child molester, and a greedy, bloodthirsty thug."[17]

Most references to Islam were overdubbed over the original spoken lines after filming had been completed.[18] The film's 80 cast and crew members have disavowed the film: "The entire cast and crew are extremely upset and feel taken advantage of by the producer. ... We are deeply saddened by the tragedies that have occurred."[19]

The script was originally about life in Egypt 2,000 years ago and was titled Desert Warrior.[20] It was a story about a character called "Master George". Several actors were brought in to overdub lines. They were directed to say specific words, such as "Muhammad".[21] The trailer opens in a medical office, where a presumably Muslim police officer is bragging to Copts, including a doctor, about Muhammad's polygamous romantic life, and implying that Muhammad's marital and sexual practices are a model for all Muslim men. The Copts remain unimpressed, and one of them replies with sarcasm, thus irritating the police officer. The scene then cuts to anti-Coptic mob attacks taking place outside the clinic. As an Islamic call to prayer is sung from somewhere in the area, Muslims are shown committing arson and looting a business which appears to be the clinic, as police do nothing. A young woman wearing a cross is apparently murdered by the rioters. In the final shot of this segment, the police officer who had earlier been arguing in the clinic is seen standing passively in the street, holding some unidentified items presumably looted from the targeted businesses.

In the next scene, the doctor and his family, hiding from the anti-Coptic attacks, take shelter in their home, where the doctor informs two women, implied to be his wife and daughter, that the "angry mob in the city" is the "Islamic Egyptian Police". Presumably after the attack is over, he mentions that they had arrested 1,400 Christians, tortured them, and forced them to confess to "the killings". His daughter asks why they are doing this, to which her father responds "to protect Islamic crimes". The doctor then implies that a crackdown on the violence would save lives and taxpayers' money.

Following this exchange, the doctor takes up a marker and begins writing on a whiteboard: "Man + X = BT". "BT" is overdubbed as "Islamic terrorist". His daughter asks what "X" is. He tells her that she needs to discover that for herself. It is implied X is Muhammad, though the issue is never raised again.

The video continues with scenes set in pre-Islamic and early-Islamic Arabia. It starts with Muhammad supposedly being born 4 years after his father died. Some scenes depict the main character referred to in overdubbing as "Muhammad". In one scene, the "Muhammad" character's wife, "Khadija", suggests mixing parts of the Torah and the New Testament to create the Quran.[22] In another scene, Muhammad is seen speaking to the donkey known as Yaʽfūr in Islamic tradition.[23] It goes on to suggest that Muhammad was a rapist, pedophile, homosexual, and supported religious persecution, and that these actions were written into the Quran and contributed to the buildup of Islamist terrorist attacks.

Reviews

A Vanity Fair article described the video as "Exceptionally amateurish, with disjointed dialogue, jumpy editing, and performances that would have looked melodramatic even in a silent movie, the clip is clearly designed to offend Muslims, portraying Mohammed as a bloodthirsty murderer, Lothario and pedophile with omnidirectional sexual appetites."[24]

Reuters said "it portrays Mohammad as a fool, a philanderer and a religious fake and in one clip posted on YouTube, he was shown in an apparent sexual act with a woman. For many Muslims it is blasphemous even to show a depiction of the Prophet."[25]

Filmmaker and promoters

The movie was written and produced by Nakoula Basseley Nakoula, using the pseudonym of "Sam Bacile".[3][4][26] Nakoula claimed that he was creating an epic, two-hour film but no such film has come to light.[27]

The project was promoted by Morris Sadek by email and on the blog of the National American Coptic Assembly.[28]

According to a consultant on the project, the videos are "trailers" from a full-length film that was shown only once, to an audience of fewer than ten people, at a rented theater in Hollywood, California. Posters advertising the film used the title Innocence of Bin Laden.[29] The film's original working title was Desert Warrior, and it told the story of "tribal battles prompted by the arrival of a comet on Earth".[30] On September 27, 2012, U.S. federal authorities stated Nakoula was arrested in Los Angeles for allegedly violating terms of his probation. Prosecutors stated that some of the violations included making false statements regarding his role in the film and his use of the alias "Sam Bacile".[31] On November 7, 2012, Nakoula pleaded guilty to four of the charges against him and was sentenced to one year in prison and four years of supervised release.[32][33]

Production

In July 2011, Nakoula started casting actors for Desert Warrior, the working title at that time.[20] The independent film was directed by a person first identified in casting calls[34] as Alan Roberts, whose original cut and filmed dialog and script did not include references to Muhammad or Islam.[35] According to the casting.backstage.com announcement, it was to be "an HD 24P historical Arabian Desert adventure film" with "Sam Bassiel" as producer with shooting to start in August 2011. The lead was to be "George: male, 20–40, a strong leader, romantic, tyrant, a killer with no remorse, accent".

American non-profit Media for Christ obtained film permits to shoot the movie in August 2011, and Nakoula provided his home as a set and paid the actors, according to government officials and those involved in the production.[36] Joseph Nassralla Abdelmasih, president of Media for Christ, claimed that the company's name was used without his knowledge. He also stated that the film was edited afterwards without Media's involvement.[37] Steve Klein, an anti-Muslim and self-styled counter-jihad activist was hired as a consultant, and was relied on to sharpen the film's Islamophobic framing.[38] Nasralla has however also been noted to have had close ties both to Klein and to the counter-jihad movement.[39] Klein later appeared publicly claiming to be the spokesman for the film.[40] Klein told journalist Jeffrey Goldberg that despite previous claims, "Bacile" is not a real person and is neither Israeli nor Jewish and that the name is a pseudonym.[41] Israeli authorities found no sign of his being an Israeli citizen,[42] and there was no indication of a "Sam Bacile" living in California or participating in Hollywood filmmaking.[43]

By September 13, 2012, "Sam Bacile" was identified as Nakoula Basseley Nakoula, a 55-year-old Coptic Christian from Egypt living near Los Angeles, California ,[44] with known aliases.[45] In the 1990s, he served time in prison for manufacturing methamphetamine.[44][46] He pleaded no contest in 2010 to bank fraud charges, was sentenced to 21 months in prison,[44][46] and was released on probation in June 2011.[47] Nakoula claims to have written the script while in prison and raised between $50,000 and $60,000 from his wife's family in Egypt to finance the film.[3][48] The FBI contacted him due to the potential for threats, but said he was not under investigation.[49] On September 27, 2012, U.S. federal authorities arrested Nakoula in Los Angeles for suspicion of violating terms of his probation. Violations included making false statements regarding his role in the film and his use of the alias "Sam Bacile". On November 7, 2012, Nakoula pleaded guilty to four of the charges against him and was sentenced to one year in prison and four years of supervised release.[32][33]

Law professor Stephen L. Carter[50] and constitutional law expert Floyd Abrams[51] have each stated that the government cannot prosecute the film's producer for its content because of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects freedom of speech in the United States.

Screening and Internet upload

Vine Theater, Hollywood, California, where the single screening took place

The video production "Innocence of Bin Laden" was advertised in the Anaheim-based newspaper Arab World during May and June 2012. The advertisement cost $300 to run three times in the paper and was paid by an individual identified only as "Joseph". The advertisements were noted by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), whose Islamic affairs director stated, "When we saw the advertisement in the paper, we were interested in knowing if it was some kind of pro-jihadist movie." Brian Donnelly, a guide for a Los Angeles based tour of famous crime scenes who noticed the poster advertising at the Vine Theater, said, "I didn't know if it was a good thing or a bad thing. We didn't know what it was about because we can't read Arabic."[52] The earlier version of the film was screened once at the Vine Theater of June 23, 2012 to an audience of only ten people. The film had no subtitles and was presented in English. An employee of the theater stated, "The film we screened was titled The Innocence of Bin Laden", and added that it was a "small viewing".[53]

A second screening was planned for June 30, 2012. A local Hollywood blogger, John Walsh, attended a June 29 Los Angeles City Council meeting, where he raised his concerns about the title of a film to be screened that appeared to support the leader of al-Qaeda. He said "There is an alarming event occurring in Hollywood on Saturday. A group has rented the Vine Street theater to show a video entitled Innocence of Bin Laden. We have no idea what this group is." The blog site reported that the June 30 screening had been canceled.[54][55] A Current TV producer photographed the poster while it was being displayed at the theater as advertising to later discuss on the talk show The Young Turks.[56] The poster did not denigrate Muslims, but rather referred to "my Muslim brother". In a translation provided by the ADL, the poster stated it would reveal "the real terrorist who caused the killing of our children in Palestine, and our brothers in Iraq and Afghanistan",[57] a phrase that has been used by Palestinians to protest U.S. support of Israel.[58]

Movie poster for Innocence of Bn Laden [sic] at the Vine Theater, June 2012.

The film was supported and promoted by pastor Terry Jones, known for a Quran-burning controversy, which also led to riots around the world.[59] Jones said that he planned to show a 13-minute trailer at his church, the Dove World Outreach Center in Gainesville, Florida, on September 11, 2012.[60] It was reported on September 14, 2012, that a planned screening by a Hindu organization in Toronto would be coupled with "snippets from other movies that are offensive to Christians and Hindus". Because of security concerns, no public venue was willing to show the film, although the group still planned on showing the film in the future to a private audience of about 200 people.[61][62] Siobhán Dowling of The Guardian reported that "a far-right Islamophobic group in Germany", the Pro Germany Citizens' Movement, had uploaded the trailer on their own website and wanted to show the entire film, but authorities were attempting to prevent it.[63]

Blocking of the YouTube video

Further information: Social:Censorship of YouTube

The video clips were posted to YouTube on July 1 by user "sam bacile";[5] however, by September, the film had been dubbed into Arabic and was drawn to the attention of the Arabic-speaking world by blogger Morris Sadek. Sadek's own Egyptian citizenship had been revoked.[64] A two-minute excerpt dubbed in Arabic was broadcast on September 9 by Sheikh Khalad Abdalla.[65][66]

YouTube voluntarily blocked the video in Egypt and Libya, and blocked the video in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, India, and Singapore due to local laws, while Turkey, Brazil, and Russia initiated steps to get the video blocked.[67][68][69] Google, Inc., the owner of YouTube, also blocked the video in Libya and Egypt citing "the very difficult situation" in those countries.[70] In September 2012, the governments of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sudan, and Pakistan blocked YouTube for not removing the video, saying that the website would remain suspended until the film was removed.[71][72][73] Government authorities in Chechnya and Daghestan issued orders to internet providers to block YouTube, and Iran announced that it was blocking Google and Gmail.[74][75][76] Google also agreed to block the anti-Islamic movie in Jordan.[73]

The White House asked YouTube to review whether to continue hosting the video at all under the company's policies. YouTube said the video fell within its guidelines as the video is against Islam, but not against Muslim people, and thus not considered "hate speech".[68] Ben Wizner of the American Civil Liberties Union said of this, "It does make us nervous when the government throws its weight behind any requests for censorship."[77]

Ninth Circuit court rulings on removal

On February 26, 2014, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ordered YouTube to remove the video from its website by a 2–1 majority. The ruling was in response to a complaint by actress Cindy Lee Garcia, who had objected to the use of her performance, which had been partially dubbed for its inclusion in Innocence of Muslims. Garcia had believed during production that she was appearing in a film called Desert Warrior, which was described as a "historical Arabian Desert adventure film", and was unaware that anti-Islamic material would be added at the post-production stage. Garcia had argued that she held a copyright interest in her performance.[78][79]

In May 2015, in an en banc opinion, the Ninth Circuit reversed the panel's decision, vacating the order for the preliminary injunction.[80][81][82] Ibrahim Hooper, the National Communications Director and spokesperson for the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), advised that people should not watch the film.[83]

Reactions and controversies

Further information: Religion:Reactions to Innocence of Muslims and Religion:International response to Innocence of Muslims protests
Protesters in Kuala Lumpur take to the streets to demonstrate against the film.

Protests were held in many nations, through Islamic countries in the Middle East,[84][85] Asia,[86][87] and Africa[86] as well as the United Kingdom,[86][88] France,[89] the Netherlands,[90] and Australia.[91][92] Numerous eyewitnesses reported that the 2012 Benghazi attackers said they were motivated by the video.[93][94][95][96][97][98]

Ghulam Ahmad Bilour offered a $100,000 award for killing the maker of the film.[99] Ahmad Fouad Ashoush, a Salafist Muslim cleric, issued a fatwa saying: "I issue a fatwa and call on the Muslim youth in America and Europe to do this duty, which is to kill the director, the producer and the actors and everyone who helped and promoted the film."[100] Protesters in Pakistan called for the execution of the filmmaker and urged Islamabad to close the US Embassy and expel its diplomats; the protests left dozens dead.[101][102][103] In Sindh, Pakistan, a crowd of 15,000 torched "six cinemas, three Hindu temples, two banks, a post office and 5 police vehicles," and murdered two police officers. A suicide bombing in Afghanistan was in response to the film.[104]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Anti-Muslim film got LA County permit for shoot". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. September 20, 2012. http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=415941. "Anti-Muslim film had permit allowing 1-day shoot at LA County ranch, use of fire, animals" 
  2. ↑ "County of Los Angeles Releases Redacted Film Permit for "Desert Warriors"". FilmLA. September 20, 2012. http://www.filmla.com/uploads/NR092012_1348166970.pdf. "NOTE: This document has been redacted due to concerns for safety and security of persons and locations" 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Esposito, Richard; Ross, Brian; Galli, Cindy (September 13, 2012). "Anti-Islam Producer Wrote Script in Prison: Authorities, 'Innocence of Muslims' Linked to Violence in Egypt, Libya". abcnews.go.com (ABC News). https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/anti-islam-film-producer-wrote-script-prison-authorities/story?id=17230609#.UFLmFK4dWVk. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dion Nissenbaum; James Oberman; Erica Orden (September 13, 2012). "Behind Video, a Web of Questions". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443884104577647691429314660. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Zachary Zahos (September 19, 2012). "The Art of Defamation". The Cornell Daily Sun. http://www.cornellsun.com/section/arts/content/2012/09/19/art-defamation. 
  6. ↑ Lovett, Ian (September 15, 2012). "Man Linked to Film in Protests Is Questioned". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/world/middleeast/man-linked-to-film-in-protests-is-questioned.html?_r=1&ref=internationalrelations. 
  7. ↑ Dan Murphy (September 12, 2012). "There-may-be-no-anti-Islamic-movie-at-all". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2012/0912/There-may-be-no-anti-Islamic-movie-at-all. 
  8. ↑ "Death, destruction in Pakistan amid protests tied to anti-Islam film". CNN. September 21, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/21/world/anti-islam-film-protests. 
  9. ↑ "Egypt newspaper fights cartoons with cartoons". CBS News (Associated Press). September 26, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57520830/egypt-newspaper-fights-cartoons-with-cartoons/. 
  10. ↑ Latest Protests Against Depictions of Muhammad retrieved 1 October 2012 [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  11. ↑ Rice, Susan (2019). Tough Love. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 314. 
  12. ↑ Fatwa issued by Muslim cleric against participants in an anti-Islamic film retrieved 1 October 2012
  13. ↑ Egypt cleric issues fatwa against 'Innocence of Muslims' cast retrieved 1 October 2012 [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  14. ↑ "Anti-Islam film: US condemns Pakistan minister's bounty". BBC News. 23 September 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19692971. 
  15. ↑ Thomas Fenton (September 12, 2012). "Should Innocence of Muslims be censored?". Global Post. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/united-states/120912/should-innocence-muslims-be-censored. 
  16. ↑ Egypt and Libya: A Year of Serious Abuses , Human rights watch, January 24, 2010
  17. ↑ David D. Kirkpatrick (September 12, 2012). "Anger Over a Film Fuels Anti-American Attacks in Libya and Egypt". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/world/middleeast/anger-over-film-fuels-anti-american-attacks-in-libya-and-egypt.html. 
  18. ↑ Sarah Abdurrahman (September 12, 2012). "Why Are All the Religious References in "Innocence of Muslims" Dubbed?". On the Media. http://www.onthemedia.org/blogs/on-the-media/2012/sep/12/religious-references-innocence-muslims-dubbed/. 
  19. ↑ "Pentagon to review video of Libya attack – This Just In – CNN.com Blogs". News.blogs.cnn.com. September 12, 2012. http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/12/u-s-ambassador-to-libya-3-others-killed-in-rocket-attack-witness-says/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Noah Shachtman with Robert Beckhusen (September 13, 2012). "Anti-Islam Filmmaker Went by 'P.J. Tobacco' and 13 Other Names". Wired. https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/09/anti-islam-flick/. Retrieved July 3, 2013. 
  21. ↑ Marquez, Miguel (September 17, 2012). "Actor: Anti-Islam filmmaker 'was playing us along'". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/17/world/anti-islam-filmmaker/index.html. 
  22. ↑ "West urges end to file protests". BBC. September 14, 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19606155. 
  23. ↑ Robert Mackey; Liam Stack (September 11, 2012). "Obscure Film Mocking Muslim Prophet Sparks Anti-U.S. Protests in Egypt and Libya". The New York Times. http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/obscure-film-mocking-muslim-prophet-sparks-anti-u-s-protests-in-egypt-and-libya/. 
  24. ↑ Gross, Michael Joseph (December 27, 2012). "The Making of The Innocence of Muslims: Cast Members Discuss the Film That Set Fire to the Arab World". Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2012/12/making-of-innocence-of-muslims. Retrieved 22 May 2013. 
  25. ↑ Spetalnick, Matt (September 12, 2012). "Obama vows to track down ambassador's killers". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-usa-attack/obama-vows-to-track-down-ambassadors-killers-idUSBRE88B0EI20120912?irpc=932. 
  26. ↑ Gillian flaccus (Sep 12, 2012). "California man confirms role in anti-Islam film". Associated Press. https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ifWYKzUPaqJJsJ5aj-58K0JCL1Fg?docId=91c9d18979f24144ba8ea358237f046f. 
  27. ↑ Paul Bond (2012-09-19). "Does 'Innocence of Muslims' Actually Exist?". Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/innocence-of-muslims-movie-youtube-trailer-371465. 
  28. ↑ Constable, Pamela (September 13, 2012). "Egyptian Christian activist in Virginia promoted video that sparked furor.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/egyptian-christian-activist-in-virginia-promoted-video-that-sparked-furor/2012/09/13/f2a52a4c-fdc4-11e1-b153-218509a954e1_story.html. 
  29. ↑ Willon, Phil (September 14, 2012). "Anti-Muslim film poster in Hollywood surprised locals". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/09/anti-muslim-film-poster.html. 
  30. ↑ Kia Makarechi (17 September 2012). "Anna Gurji & 'Innocence Of Muslims': Horrified Actress Writes Letter Explaining Her Role". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/17/anna-gurji-innocence-of-muslims-letter_n_1890041.html. 
  31. ↑ RISLING, GREG (September 28, 2012). "Calif. man behind anti-Muslim film ordered jailed". Yahoo News. Associated Press. https://news.yahoo.com/calif-man-behind-anti-muslim-film-ordered-jailed-012117266.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kim, Victoria (November 7, 2012). "'Innocence of Muslims' filmmaker gets a year in prison". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/11/innocence-muslims-filmmaker-sentenced.html. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Time Waster (September 27, 2012). "Feds Arrest Producer Of Controversial Anti-Islam Film On Probation Violation Charge". http://www.thesmokinggun.com/buster/feds-arrest-nakoula-578341. 
  34. ↑ "Audition & Casting Calls for Movie, Theatre, TV, Dance & More - Backstage". http://casting.backstage.com/jobseekerx/viewjob.asp?jobid=TXYxNuSgxoQo3eKH2L2DW8iOkP2v. 
  35. ↑ Yamato, Jen (September 14, 2012). Was Inflammatory 'Innocence Of Muslims' Film Directed By 'Karate Cop,' 'Happy Hooker' Schlock Veteran? Movieline
  36. ↑ Ryan, Harriet; Garrison, Jenna (September 13, 2012). Christian charity, ex-con linked to film on Islam. Los Angeles Times
  37. ↑ Mark Hosenball (September 19, 2012). "U.S. activist says he was deceived over anti-Muslim film". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-protests-activist-idUSBRE88I01T20120919. 
  38. ↑ Blumenthal, Max (2020). The Management of Savagery: How America's National Security State Fueled the Rise of Al Qaeda, ISIS, and Donald Trump. Verso. p. 153. ISBN 9781788732307. https://books.google.com/books?id=2_LsDwAAQBAJ&dq=nakoula+Counter-jihad&pg=PA153. 
  39. ↑ "Filmskapare kopplas till Counterjihad-rörelsen" (in Swedish). Expo. September 14, 2012. https://expo.se/2012/09/filmskapare-kopplas-till-counterjihad-r%C3%B6relsen. 
  40. ↑ Gillian Flaccus (September 14, 2012). "Anti-Muslim film promoter outspoken on Islam". Associated Press. https://news.yahoo.com/anti-muslim-film-promoter-outspoken-islam-231334129.html. 
  41. ↑ "Muhammad Film Consultant: 'Sam Bacile' is Not Israeli, and Not a Real Name – Jeffrey Goldberg". The Atlantic. August 20, 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/muhammad-film-consultant-sam-bacile-is-not-israeli-and-not-a-real-name/262290/. Retrieved September 12, 2012. 
  42. ↑ Peralta, Eyder. "What We Know About Sam Bacile, The Man Behind The Muhammad Movie : The Two-Way". NPR. https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/09/12/161003427/what-we-know-about-sam-bacile-the-man-behind-the-muhammad-movie. 
  43. ↑ "Sam Bacile Identity Doubted". September 12, 2012. http://www.businessinsider.com/sam-bacile-identity-doubted-2012-9#ixzz26IU8DAIi. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Richard Verrier (September 14, 2012). "Was 'Innocence of Muslims' directed by a porn producer?". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/14/entertainment/lat-et-ct-porn-innocence-muslims-20120914. 
  45. ↑ Kia Makarechi (14 September 2012). "Alan Roberts & 'Innocence Of Muslims': Softcore Porn Director Linked To Anti-Islam Film". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/14/alan-roberts-innocence-of-muslims_n_1885758.html. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "California Man Confirms Role in Anti-Islam Film". Time. http://nation.time.com/2012/09/12/california-man-confirms-role-in-anti-islam-film/. Retrieved September 12, 2012. 
  47. ↑ "Locate a Federal Inmate: Nakoula Basseley Nakoula". Federal Bureau of Prisons. 2012. http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Nakoula+&Middle=Basseley&LastName=Nakoula&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=50&y=8. 
  48. ↑ "Alleged anti-Muslim film producer has drug, fraud convictions". Los Angeles Times. September 13, 2012. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/09/alleged-anti-muslim-film-producer-convictions-drugs-fraud.html. 
  49. ↑ Moni Basu; Chelsea J. Carter (September 14, 2012). "Sam Bacile or Nakoula Basseley Nakoula? Federal officials consider Nakoula as man behind the film". CNN. WPTV. http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/world/sam-bacile-or-nakoula-basseley-nakoula-federal-officials-consider-nakoula-as-man-behind-the-film#ixzz26TEsCMjR. 
  50. ↑ Carter, Stephen L. (23 September 2012). "Anti-Muslim video incendiary but protected". The Press Democrat. http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20120923/OPINION/120929869/1010/. 
  51. ↑ Abrams, Floyd (20 September 2012). "Should YouTube Have Taken Down Incendiary Anti-Muslim Video?". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/20/should-youtube-have-taken-down-incendiary-anti-muslim-video.html. 
  52. ↑ Mona Shadia; Harriet Ryan (2012-09-15). "California Muslims hold vigil for slain ambassador". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/15/local/la-me-anti-muslim-film-20120915. 
  53. ↑ Hollie McKay (September 13, 2012). "'Innocence of Muslims' producer's identity in question; actors say they were duped, overdubbed". Fox News. http://www.FoxNews.com/entertainment/2012/09/13/innocence-muslims-producer-identity-questioned-actors-say-were-duped/#ixzz26gzOeA5V. 
  54. ↑ Jessica Garrison; Sam Quinones (September 13, 2012). "Anti-Muslim film screening: L.A. gadfly tried to warn city leaders". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/09/la-gadfly-tried-to-warn-city-leaders-of-anti-muslim-film-screening.html. 
  55. ↑ Eric Lach (September 13, 2012). "L.A. Blogger Alerted City Council To Anti-Islam Film In June". TPM. http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/09/blogger_alerted_film_innocence_of_bin_laden.php. 
  56. ↑ Ted Johnson (September 14, 2012). "White House presses YouTube on 'Muslims' pic". Variety. https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118059307?refCatId=13. 
  57. ↑ "California Muslims hold vigil for slain ambassador". Los Angeles Times. September 15, 2012. https://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/15/local/la-me-anti-muslim-film-20120915. 
  58. ↑ "Boston.com / Sept. 11". https://www.boston.com/news/packages/sept11/anniversary/globe_stories/091202_mideast.htm. 
  59. ↑ Terry Jones supports movie behind embassy bombing protests retrieved 7 October 2012
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  61. ↑ Tom Godfrey (September 14, 2012). "Toronto Hindu group plans screening of Innocence of Muslims". QMI Agency. http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2012/09/14/20200506.html. 
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  64. ↑ "US envoy dies in Benghazi consulate attack". Al Jazeera English. September 12, 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/09/20129112108737726.html. 
  65. ↑ Mike Giglio (Sep 21, 2012). "Complaint Against Egyptian TV Host Who Aired 'Innocence of Muslims' Raises Free Speech Issue". http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/21/complaint-against-egyptian-tv-host-who-aired-innocence-of-muslims-raises-free-speech-issue.html. 
  66. ↑ Max Fisher (September 11, 2012). "The Movie So Offensive That Egyptians Just Stormed the U.S. Embassy Over It". https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/the-movie-so-offensive-that-egyptians-just-stormed-the-us-embassy-over-it/262225/. 
  67. ↑ "Google blocks Singapore access to anti-Islam film". Yahoo! News. September 21, 2012. http://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-asks-google-block-access-islam-film-054710633.html. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Google Has No Plans to Rethink Video Status , The New York Times, September 14, 2012
  69. ↑ ".:Middle East Online::Turkey seeks to ban online access to anti-Islam movie:.". http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=54576. 
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  71. ↑ "YouTube blocked in Pakistan for not removing anti-Islam film". New Delhi: New Delhi Television (NDTV). September 17, 2012. http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/youtube-blocked-in-pakistan-for-not-removing-anti-islam-film-268570. 
  72. ↑ Rory Mulholland, Fresh protests as prophet cartoons fuel Muslim fury , AFP.
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  74. ↑ "Internet Providers In Chechnya Instructed To Block YouTube Over Anti-Islam Film". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. September 24, 2012. http://www.rferl.org/content/internet-providers-in-chechnya-instructed-to-block-youtube-anti-islam-film/24718583.html. 
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  76. ↑ "Iran to block access to Google, Gmail amid anti-Islam film protests". http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/09/24/94-Iran-to-block-access-to-Google-Gmail-amid-anti-Islam-film-protests-.html. 
  77. ↑ Activists troubled by White House call to YouTube , Politico, September 14, 2012
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  79. ↑ A controversial YouTube video haunts free speech again , The New Yorker, March 4, 2014.
  80. ↑ Chappell, Bill (May 18, 2015). "Google Wins Copyright And Speech Case Over 'Innocence Of Muslims' Video". NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/05/18/407732594/google-wins-copyright-and-speech-case-over-innocence-of-muslims-video. 
  81. ↑ Gardner, Eriq (May 18, 2015). "Controversial 'Innocence of Muslims' Ruling Reversed By Appeals Court". The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/controversial-innocence-muslims-ruling-reversed-796530. 
  82. ↑ Garcia v. Google , no. 12-57302 (9th Cir. May 18, 2015)(en banc).
  83. ↑ Huffington Post: "Anti-Islam Film Returns To YouTube, And These Muslim Leaders Want You To Ignore It" By Antonia Blumberg May 20, 2015
  84. ↑ al-Salhy, Suadad (September 13, 2012). "Iraqi militia threatens U.S. interests over film". Reuters. http://in.reuters.com/article/iraq-usa-threat-idINL5E8KD83Y20120913. 
  85. ↑ Gladstone, Rick (September 14, 2012). "Anti-American Protests Over Film Expand to More Than a Dozen Countries". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/world/middleeast/anti-american-protests-over-film-enter-4th-day.html?_r=2&hp&pagewanted=all&. 
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  87. ↑ Hundreds of angry Afghans protest anti-Islam film in eastern Afghanistan – The Washington Post
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  90. ↑ "Demo closes American consulate, but took place on the Dam". DutchNews.nl. http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2012/09/us_consulate_closes_early_beca.php. 
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  92. ↑ "Police gas Sydney protesters". The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/police-gas-sydney-protesters-20120915-25yrb.html. 
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  94. ↑ David D. Kirkpatrick, Election-Year Stakes Overshadow Nuances of Libya Investigation The New York Times October 16, 2012
  95. ↑ Scott Shane, Clearing the Record About Benghazi The New York Times October 18, 2012
  96. ↑ David D. Kirkpatrick, Attack by Fringe Group Highlights the Problem of Libya's Militias The New York Times 15 September 2012
  97. ↑ "How Benghazi Is Reacting To The Deadly Attacks". National Public Radio. September 13, 2012. https://www.npr.org/2012/09/13/161050137/how-benghazi-is-reacting-to-the-deadly-attacks. 
  98. ↑ Gertz, Matt (May 14, 2013). "Four Media Reports From Libya That Linked The Benghazi Attacks To The Anti-Islam Video". Media Matters For America. http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/05/14/four-media-reports-from-libya-that-linked-the-b/194073. 
  99. ↑ $100,000 bounty on Prophet film-maker, Francis Elliott & Aoun Sahl, The Times, page 28, Monday September 24, 2012
  100. ↑ "Fatwa issued against 'Innocence of Muslims' film producer". Telegraph.co.uk (London). September 18, 2012. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/9549664/Fatwa-issued-against-Innocence-of-Muslims-film-producer.html. 
  101. ↑ AFP (September 14, 2012). "Protests across Pakistan against anti-Islam film". http://dawn.com/2012/09/14/protests-across-pakistan-against-anti-islam-film/. 
  102. ↑ "Day of reverence or killer rage?". http://epaper.dawn.com/~epaper/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=22_09_2012_001_006. 
  103. ↑ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - World". http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120923/world.htm. 
  104. ↑ "Afghan woman's suicide bombing was revenge for anti-Islam film, says radical group". The Times of Israel. September 18, 2012. http://www.timesofisrael.com/afghan-womans-suicide-bombing-was-revenge-for-anti-islam-film-says-radical-islamist-group/. 

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