Khuda

Khuda ([[[:Template:Unq]]] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration of latn script (help), fa) or Khoda (xodâ, fa), is the Persian word for God.

Originally, it was used as a noun in reference to Ahura Mazda (the name of the God in Zoroastrianism). Iranian languages, Turkic languages, and many Indo-Aryan languages employ the word.^[1] Today, it is a word used to refer to God. It has wide usage from its native country Iran, along with Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan; and many Muslim-majority areas of India, parts of Europe under the Ottoman Empire (especially the Balkans, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, and Kosovo), as well as Armenia, Georgia, southern Ukraine and southern Russia.^[2]^[3]

Etymology

The term derives from Middle Iranian terms xvatay, xwadag meaning "lord", "ruler", "master", appearing in written form in Parthian hwdʾy, in Middle Persian hwtʾy (Lua error in Module:Language at line 197: Name for the language code "pal" could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, so it should be added to Module:Language/data.), and in Sogdian hwdʾy. It is the Middle Persian reflex of older Iranian forms such as Avestan xᵛaδata (Lua error in Module:Language at line 197: Name for the language code "ae" could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, so it should be added to Module:Language/data.) "self-determined (in the sense "not dependent on anything/anyone"), self-defined; autocrat, despot, dictator" (cognate with Sanskrit svadhā́ (स्वधा) "custom, habit, natural state, inherent power" and svátavas (स्वतवस्) "valiant, inherently powerful"), an epithet of Ahura Mazda. Menog-i Khrad also has zaman-i derang xvatay "epithet of time", i.e., Zurvan. The Kurdish term Xwedê (Template:Unq) and the Pashto term Xdāi (Template:Unq) are both variants of this.

Prosaic usage is found for example in the Sassanid title katak-xvatay to denote the head of a clan or extended household or in the title of the 6th century Khwaday-Namag "Book of Lords", from which the tales of Kayanian dynasty as found in the Shahnameh derive.

It is a false cognate of the English word "God".

Usage by religion

Zoroastrianism

Semi-religious usage appears, for example, in the epithet zaman-i derang xvatay (lit. time of the long dominion), as found in the Menog-i Khrad. The fourth and eighty-sixth entries of the Pazend prayer titled 101 Names of God, Harvesp-Khoda (lit. Lord of All) and Khudawand (lit. Lord of the Universe), respectively, are compounds involving Khuda.^[4] Application of Khuda as "the Lord" (Ahura Mazda) is represented in the first entry in the medieval Frahang-i Pahlavig.

Islam

In Islamic times, the term came to be used for God in Islam, paralleling the Arabic name of God al-Malik (lit. Owner, King, Lord, Master).

The phrase Khuda Hafiz (lit. may God be your Guardian) is a parting phrase commonly used in across the Greater Iran region, in languages including Persian, Balochi, Pashto, Azeri, and Kurdish. Furthermore, the term is also employed as a parting phrase in many languages across the Indian subcontinent including Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki, Deccani, Sindhi, Bengali, and Kashmiri.^[5]^[2]

It also exists as a popular loanword, used for God in Turkish (Hüdâ),^[6] Bengali (খোদা),^[7] Hindi-Urdu (ख़ुदा/Template:Unq),^[1] Punjabi (ਖ਼ੁਦਾ/Template:Unq), Kashmiri (Template:Unq/Template:Unq), Kazakh (Xuda/Quda/Qudaı), Uzbek (Xudo), Tatar (Ходай), Chinese (Chinese: 胡达 or 胡達; pinyin: húdá^[8] along with Chinese: 胡大; pinyin: húdà),^[9] and other Indo-Aryan and Turkic languages.

Christianity

The word Khuda is used by Iranian Christians. In the Indian subcontinent, Christians who speak Hindi-Urdu translate the word "God" as Khuda (ख़ुदा/Template:Unq), though his personal name is rendered as "Yahovah" (यहोवा/Template:Unq) or "Yahvah" (यहवा/Template:Unq). Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu use these terms.^[10]^[11]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Wagenaar, Henk W.; Parikh, S. S. (1993) (in English). Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary. Allied Publishers. p. 314. ISBN 978-81-86062-10-4.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Shamim, Almas Kiran (7 June 2011). "Allah Hafiz vs. Khuda Hafiz" (in en). Two Circles. http://twocircles.net/2011jun07/allah_hafiz_vs_khuda_hafiz.html.
↑ Ali, Syed Hamad (17 April 2012). "In Pakistan, saying goodbye can be a religious statement" (in English). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/apr/17/pakistan-goodbye-allah-hafiz. "Outside Pakistan, "Khuda hafiz" is also known to be used in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and among Muslims in India."
↑ Edalji Kersâspji Antiâ, Pazend texts, Bombay 1909, pp. 335–337.
↑ Chishti, Seema (September 5, 2006). "Allah Hafiz instead of Khuda Hafiz, that's the worrying new mantra". Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/story/12036.html.
↑ Zorlu, Tuncay (2008). Innovation and Empire in Turkey: Sultan Selim III and the Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy. I.B.Tauris. p. 116. ISBN 978-0857713599.
↑ খোদা ১ Bengali to English, Bangla Academy, https://accessibledictionary.gov.bd/bengali-to-english/?q=খোদা, retrieved 24 February 2022
↑ Gladney, Dru C. (1996). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic. Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 403. ISBN 978-0674594975. https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA403.
↑ Shi, Youwei (2020-12-30). Loanwords in the Chinese Language. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis. p. 81. ISBN 978-1000293517. https://books.google.com/books?id=qkMTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81.
↑ (in English) Ensign. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1997. p. 22.
↑ Masih, M El (6 December 2017) (in en). From Persecution to the Promised Land. WestBow Press. ISBN 978-1-9736-0772-4.

External links

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuda. Read more

[WagenaarParikh1993-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Wagenaar, Henk W.; Parikh, S. S. (1993) (in English). Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary. Allied Publishers. p. 314. ISBN 978-81-86062-10-4.

[Shamim2011-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Shamim, Almas Kiran (7 June 2011). "Allah Hafiz vs. Khuda Hafiz" (in en). Two Circles. http://twocircles.net/2011jun07/allah_hafiz_vs_khuda_hafiz.html.

[Ali2012-3] Ali, Syed Hamad (17 April 2012). "In Pakistan, saying goodbye can be a religious statement" (in English). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/apr/17/pakistan-goodbye-allah-hafiz. "Outside Pakistan, "Khuda hafiz" is also known to be used in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and among Muslims in India."

[4] Edalji Kersâspji Antiâ, Pazend texts, Bombay 1909, pp. 335–337.

[Indian_Express-Khuda_Hafiz-5] Chishti, Seema (September 5, 2006). "Allah Hafiz instead of Khuda Hafiz, that's the worrying new mantra". Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/story/12036.html.

[6] Zorlu, Tuncay (2008). Innovation and Empire in Turkey: Sultan Selim III and the Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy. I.B.Tauris. p. 116. ISBN 978-0857713599.

[7] খোদা ১ Bengali to English, Bangla Academy, https://accessibledictionary.gov.bd/bengali-to-english/?q=খোদা, retrieved 24 February 2022

[8] Gladney, Dru C. (1996). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic. Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 403. ISBN 978-0674594975. https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA403.

[9] Shi, Youwei (2020-12-30). Loanwords in the Chinese Language. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis. p. 81. ISBN 978-1000293517. https://books.google.com/books?id=qkMTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81.

[10] (in English) Ensign. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1997. p. 22.

[Masih2017-11] Masih, M El (6 December 2017) (in en). From Persecution to the Promised Land. WestBow Press. ISBN 978-1-9736-0772-4.

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