List of Mesopotamian deities

Short description: None

Template:Featured list is only for Wikipedia:Featured lists.

Deities in ancient Mesopotamia were almost exclusively anthropomorphic.^[2] They were thought to possess extraordinary powers^[2] and were often envisioned as being of tremendous physical size.^[2] The deities typically wore melam, an ambiguous substance which "covered them in terrifying splendor"^[3] and which could also be worn by heroes, kings, giants, and even demons.^[4] The effect that seeing a deity's melam has on a human is described as ni, a word for the "physical creeping of the flesh".^[5] Both the Sumerian and Akkadian languages contain many words to express the sensation of ni,^[4] including the word puluhtu, meaning "fear".^[5] Deities were almost always depicted wearing horned caps,^[6]^[7] consisting of up to seven superimposed pairs of ox-horns.^[8] They were also sometimes depicted wearing clothes with elaborate decorative gold and silver ornaments sewn into them.^[7]

The ancient Mesopotamians believed that their deities lived in Heaven,^[9] but that a god's statue was a physical embodiment of the god himself.^[9]^[10] As such, cult statues were given constant care and attention^[11]^[9] and a set of priests were assigned to tend to them.^[12] These priests would clothe the statues^[10] and place feasts before them so they could "eat".^[11]^[9] A deity's temple was believed to be that deity's literal place of residence.^[13] The gods had boats, full-sized barges which were normally stored inside their temples^[14] and were used to transport their cult statues along waterways during various religious festivals.^[14] The gods also had chariots, which were used for transporting their cult statues by land.^[15] Sometimes a deity's cult statue would be transported to the location of a battle so that the deity could watch the battle unfold.^[15] The major deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon were believed to participate in the "assembly of the gods",^[6] through which the gods made all of their decisions.^[6] This assembly was seen as a divine counterpart to the semi-democratic legislative system that existed during the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 BC – c. 2004 BC).^[6]

The Mesopotamian pantheon evolved greatly over the course of its history.^[16] In general, the history of Mesopotamian religion can be divided into four phases.^[16] During the first phase, starting in the fourth millennium BC, deities' domains mainly focused on basic needs for human survival.^[17] During the second phase, which occurred in the third millennium BC, the divine hierarchy became more structured^[17] and deified kings began to enter the pantheon.^[17] During the third phase, in the second millennium BC, the gods worshipped by an individual person and gods associated with the commoners became more prevalent.^[17] During the fourth and final phase, in the first millennium BC, the gods became closely associated with specific human empires and rulers.^[18] The names of over 3,000 Mesopotamian deities have been recovered from cuneiform texts.^[19]^[16] Many of these are from lengthy lists of deities compiled by ancient Mesopotamian scribes.^[19]^[20] The longest of these lists is a text entitled An = Anum, a Babylonian scholarly work listing the names of over 2,000 deities.^[19]^[17] While sometimes mistakenly regarded simply as a list of Sumerian gods with their Akkadian equivalents,^[21] it was meant to provide information about the relations between individual gods, as well as short explanations of functions fulfilled by them.^[21] In addition to spouses and children of gods, it also listed their servants.^[22]

Various terms were employed to describe groups of deities. The collective term Anunnaki is first attested during the reign of Gudea (c. 2144 – 2124 BC) and the Third Dynasty of Ur.^[23]^[24] This term usually referred to the major deities of heaven and earth,^[25] endowed with immense powers,^[26]^[23] who were believed to "decree the fates of mankind".^[24] Gudea described them as "Lamma (tutelary deities) of all the countries."^[25] While it is common in modern literature to assume that in some contexts the term was instead applied to chthonic Underworld deities,^[26] this view is regarded as unsubstantiated by assyriologist Dina Katz, who points out that it relies entirely on the myth of Inanna's Descent, which doesn't necessarily contradict the conventional definition of Anunnaki and doesn't explicitly identify them as gods of the Underworld.^[27] Unambiguous references to Anunnaki as chthonic come from Hurrian (rather than Mesopotamian) sources, in which the term was applied to a class of distinct, Hurrian, gods instead.^[28] Anunnaki are chiefly mentioned in literary texts^[24] and very little evidence to support the existence of any distinct cult of them has yet been unearthed^[29]^[24] due to the fact that each deity which could be regarded as a member of the Anunnaki had his or her own individual cult, separate from the others.^[23] Similarly, no representations of the Anunnaki as a distinct group have yet been discovered,^[23] although a few depictions of its frequent individual members have been identified.^[23] Another similar collective term for deities was Igigi, first attested from the Old Babylonian Period (c. 1830 BC – c. 1531 BC).^[30] The name Igigi seems to have originally been applied to the "great gods",^[30] but it later came to refer to all the gods of Heaven collectively.^[30] In some instances, the terms Anunnaki and Igigi are used synonymously.^[23]^[24]

Major deities

Samuel Noah Kramer, writing in 1963, stated that the three most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon during all periods were the deities An, Enlil, and Enki.^[31] However, newer research shows that the arrangement of the top of the pantheon could vary depending on time period and location. The Fara god list indicates that sometimes Enlil, Inanna and Enki were regarded as the three most significant deities.^[32] Inanna was also the most important deity in Uruk and a number of other political centers in the Uruk period.^[33] Gudea regarded Ninhursag, rather than Enki, as the third most prominent deity.^[34] An Old Babylonian source preserves a tradition in which Nanna was the king of the gods, and Anu, Enlil and Enki merely his advisers,^[35] likely a view espoused by Nanna's priests in Ur, and later on in Harran.^[36] An Old Babylonian personal name refers to Shamash as "Enlil of the gods," possibly reflecting the existence of a similar belief connected to him among his clergy too, though unlike the doctrine of supremacy of the moon god, accepted by Nabonidus, it found no royal support at any point in time.^[37] In Zabban, a city in the northeast of Babylonia, Hadad was the head of the pantheon.^[38] In the first millennium BCE Marduk became the supreme god in Babylonia, and some late sources omit Anu and Enlil altogether and state that Ea received his position from Marduk.^[39] In some neo-Babylonian inscriptions Nabu's status was equal to that of Marduk.^[39] In Assyria, Assur was regarded as the supreme god.^[40]

The number seven was extremely important in ancient Mesopotamian cosmology.^[41]^[42] In Sumerian religion, the most powerful and important deities in the pantheon were sometimes called the "seven gods who decree":^[43] An, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna.^[44] Many major deities in Sumerian mythology were associated with specific celestial bodies:^[45] Inanna was believed to be the planet Venus,^[46]^[47] Utu was believed to be the Sun,^[48]^[47] and Nanna was the Moon.^[49]^[47] However, minor deities could be associated with planets too, for example Mars was sometimes called Simut,^[50] and Ninsianna was a Venus deity distinct from Inanna in at least some contexts.^[51]

Name	Image	Major cult centers	Celestial body	Details
An Anu^[52]		Eanna temple in Uruk^[53]	Equatorial sky^[54]^[47]	An (in Sumerian), later known as Anu (in Akkadian),^[55] was the supreme God and "prime mover in creation", embodied by the sky.^[52] He is the first and most distant ancestor,^[52] theologically conceived as the God of Heaven in its "transcendental obscurity".^[56] In some theological systems all of the deities were believed to be the offspring of An and his consort Ki.^[52]^[57]^[24] However Anu was himself described as the descendant of various primordial beings in various texts (god lists, incantations, etc.), and Enlil was often equipped with his own elaborate family tree separate from Anu's.^[58] While An was described as the utmost god,^[59]^[52] at least by the time of the earliest written records the main god in terms of actual cult was Enlil.^[60]^[61] Anu's supremacy was therefore "always somewhat nominal" according to Wilfred G. Lambert.^[62] Luludanitu, a multicolored stone (red, white and black) was associated with him.^[63]
Enlil Nunamnir, Ellil^[64]^[65]		Ekur temple in Nippur^[66]^[67]	Northern sky^[54]^[47]	Enlil, later known as Ellil, is the god of wind, air, earth, and storms^[64] and the chief of all the gods.^[68] The Sumerians envisioned Enlil as a benevolent, fatherly deity, who watches over humanity and cares for their well-being.^[69] One Sumerian hymn describes Enlil as so glorious that even the other gods could not look upon him.^[65]^[70] His cult was closely tied to the holy city of Nippur^[67] and, after Nippur was sacked by the Elamites in 1230 BC, his cult fell into decline.^[71] He was eventually paralleled in his role as chief deity by Marduk, the national god of the Babylonians,^[71] and Assur, who fulfilled an analogous role for the Assyrians.^[72] He was associated with lapis lazuli.^[63]^[73]
Enki Nudimmud, Ninshiku, Ea^[74]		E-Abzu temple in Eridu^[74]	Southern sky^[54]^[47]	Enki, later known as Ea, and also occasionally referred to as Nudimmud or Ninšiku, was the god of the subterranean freshwater ocean,^[74] who was also closely associated with wisdom, magic, incantations, arts, and crafts.^[74] He was either the son of An, or the goddess Nammu,^[74] and is the former case the twin brother of Ishkur.^[74] His wife was the goddess Damgalnuna (Ninhursag)^[74] and his children include the gods Marduk, Asarluhi, Enbilulu, the sage Adapa, and the goddess Nanshe.^[74] His sukkal, or minister, was the two-faced messenger god Isimud.^[74] Enki was the divine benefactor of humanity,^[74] who helped humans survive the Great Flood.^[74] In Enki and the World Order, he organizes "in detail every feature of the civilised world."^[74] In Inanna and Enki, he is described as the holder of the sacred mes, the tablets concerning all aspects of human life.^[74] He was associated with jasper.^[63]^[73]
Marduk		Babylon^[75]^[71]	Jupiter^[76]	Marduk is the national god of the Babylonians.^[75] The expansion of his cult closely paralleled the historical rise of Babylon^[75]^[71] and, after assimilating various local deities, including a god named Asarluhi, he eventually came to parallel Enlil as the chief of the gods.^[75]^[71] Some late sources go as far as omitting Enlil and Anu altogether, and state that Ea received his position from Marduk.^[39] His wife was the goddess Sarpānītu.^[75]
Ashur	Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination	Assur^[77]		Ashur was the national god of the Assyrians.^[77] It has been proposed that originally he was the deification of the city of Assur,^[78] or perhaps the hill atop which it was built.^[79] He initially lacked any connections to other deities, having no parents, spouse or children.^[80] The only goddess related to him, though in an unclear way, was Šerua.^[80] Later he was syncretized with Enlil,^[81]^[72] and as a result Ninlil was sometimes regarded as his wife, and Ninurta and Zababa as his sons.^[80] Sargon II initiated the trend of writing his name with the same signs as that of Anshar, a primordial being regarded as Anu's father in the theology of Enuma Elish.^[72] He may have originally been a local deity associated with the city of Assur,^[77] but, with the growth of the Assyrian Empire,^[77] his cult was introduced to southern Mesopotamia.^[82] In Assyrian texts Bel was a title of Ashur, rather than Marduk.^[83]
Nabu		Borsippa,^[84] Kalhu^[85]	Mercury^[84]	Nabu was the Mesopotamian god of scribes and writing.^[84] His wife was the goddess Tashmetu^[84] and he may have been associated with the planet Mercury,^[84] though the evidence has been described as “circumstantial” by Francesco Pomponio.^[86] He later became associated with wisdom and agriculture.^[84] In the Old Babylonian and early Kassite periods his cult was only popular in central Mesopotamia (Babylon, Sippar, Kish, Dilbat, Lagaba), had a limited extent in peripheral areas (Susa in Elam, Mari in Syria) and there is little to no evidence of it from cities such as Ur and Nippur, in sharp contrast with later evidence.^[87] In the first millennium BCE he became one of the most prominent gods of Babylonia.^[87] In Assyria his prominence grew in the eighth and seventh centuries BCE.^[85] In Kalhu and Nineveh he eventually became more common in personal names than the Assyrian head god Ashur.^[85] He also replaced Ninurta as the main god of Kalhu.^[85] In the Neo-Babylonian periods some inscriptions of kings such as Nebuchadnezzar II indicate that Nabu could take precedence even over the supreme Babylonian god Marduk.^[85] His cult also spread beyond Mesopotamia, to cities such as Palmyra, Hierapolis, Edessa or Dura Europos,^[88] and to Egypt, as far as Elephantine, where in sources from the late first millennium BCE he is the most frequently attested foreign god next to Yahweh.^[88]
Nanna Enzu, Zuen, Suen, Sin^[89]		E-kiš-nu-ğal temple in Ur and another temple in Harran^[49]	Moon^[49]	Nanna, Enzu or Zuen ("Lord of Wisdom") in Sumerian, later altered as Suen and Sin in Akkadian,^[89] is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the Moon.^[49] He was the son of Enlil and Ninlil and one of his most prominent myths was an account of how he was conceived and how he made his way from the Underworld to Nippur.^[49] A theological system where Nanna, rather than Enlil, was the king of gods, is known from a text from the Old Babylonian period;^[90] in the preserved fragment Enlil, Anu, Enki and Ninhursag served as his advisers, alongside his children Utu and Inanna.^[35] Other references to Nanna holding such a position are known from personal names and various texts, with some going as far as stating he holds "Anuship and Enlilship," and Wilfred G. Lambert assumes that he was regarded as the supreme god by his clergy in Ur and Harran.^[36]
Utu Shamash^[91]		E-Babbar temples at Sippar and Larsa^[92]	Sun^[91]	Utu, later known as Shamash, is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the Sun,^[91] who was also revered as the god of truth, justice, and morality.^[92] He was the son of Nanna and the twin brother of Inanna. Utu was believed to see all things that happen during the day^[92] and to aid mortals in distress.^[92] Alongside Inanna, Utu was the enforcer of divine justice.^[93]
Inanna Ishtar^[94]		Eanna temple in Uruk,^[95]^[46]^[53] though she also had temples in Nippur, Lagash, Shuruppak, Zabalam, and Ur^[95]	Venus^[46]	Inanna, later known as Ishtar, is "the most important female deity of ancient Mesopotamia at all periods."^[94] She was the Sumerian goddess of love, sexuality, prostitution, and war.^[96] She was the divine personification of the planet Venus, the morning and evening star.^[46] Accounts of her parentage vary;^[94] in most myths, she is usually presented as the daughter of Nanna and Ningal,^[97] but, in other stories, she is the daughter of Enki or An along with an unknown mother.^[94] The Sumerians had more myths about her than any other deity.^[98]^[99] Many of the myths involving her revolve around her attempts to usurp control of the other deities' domains.^[100] Her most famous myth is the story of her descent into the Underworld,^[101] in which she attempts to conquer the Underworld, the domain of her older sister Ereshkigal,^[101] but is instead struck dead by the seven judges of the Underworld.^[102]^[103]^[104] She is only revived due to Enki's intervention^[102]^[103]^[104] and her husband Dumuzid is forced to take her place in the Underworld.^[105]^[106] Alongside her twin brother Utu, Inanna was the enforcer of divine justice.^[93]
Ninhursag Damgalnuna, Ninmah^[107]	Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination	E-Mah temple in Adab, Kesh^[107]		Ninhursag ("Mistress of the mountain ranges"^[108]), also known as Damgalnuna, Ninmah, Nintur^[109] and Aruru,^[110] was the Mesopotamian mother goddess. Her primary functions were related to birth (but generally not to nursing and raising children, with the exception of sources from early Lagash) and creation.^[111] Descriptions of her as "mother" weren't always referring to motherhood in the literal sense or to parentage of other deities, but sometimes instead represented her esteem and authority as a senior deity, similar to references to major male deities such as Enlil or Anu as "fathers."^[112] Certain mortal rulers claimed her as their mother,^[107] a phenomenon recorded as early as during the reign of Mesilim of Kish (c. 2700 BCE).^[113] She was the wife of Enki,^[107] though in some locations (including Nippur) her husband was Šulpae instead.^[114] Initially no city had Ninhursag as its tutelary goddess.^[115] Later her main temple was the E-Mah in Adab,^[107] originally dedicated to a minor male deity, Ašgi.^[116] She was also associated with the city of Kesh,^[107] where she replaced the local goddess Nintur,^[110] and she was sometimes referred to as the "Bēlet-ilī of Kesh" or "she of Kesh".^[107] It is possible her emblem was a symbol similar to later Greek letter omega.^[117]
Ninurta Ninĝírsu^[118]		E-šu-me-ša temple in Nippur,^[118] Girsu,^[119] Lagash,^[120]^[121] and later Kalhu in Assyria^[122]^[123]^[124]	Saturn^[125]	Ninurta, also known as Ningirsu, was a Mesopotamian warrior deity who was worshipped in Sumer from the very earliest times.^[118] He was the champion of the gods against the Anzû bird after it stole the Tablet of Destinies from his father Enlil^[118] and, in a myth that is alluded to in many works but never fully preserved, he killed a group of warriors known as the "Slain Heroes".^[118] Ninurta was also an agricultural deity and the patron god of farmers.^[118] In the epic poem Lugal-e, he slays the demon Asag and uses stones to build the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to make them useful for irrigation.^[123] His major symbols were a perched bird and a plow.^[126]
Nergal		E-Meslam temple in Kutha and Mashkan-shapir^[49]	Mars^[127]	Nergal was associated with the Underworld^[128] and is usually the husband of Ereshkigal.^[128] He was also associated with forest fires (and identified with the fire-god, Gibil^[129]), fevers, plagues, and war.^[128] In myths, he causes destruction and devastation.^[128] In the neo-Babylonian period in many official documents Nergal is listed immediately after the supreme gods Marduk and Nabu, and before such prominent deities as Shamash and Sin.^[85]
Dumuzid Tammuz^[130]		Bad-tibira and Kuara^[130]		Dumuzid, later known by the corrupted form Tammuz, is the ancient Mesopotamian god of shepherds^[130] and the primary consort of the goddess Inanna.^[130] His sister is the goddess Geshtinanna.^[130]^[131] In addition to being the god of shepherds, Dumuzid was also an agricultural deity associated with the growth of plants.^[132]^[133] Ancient Near Eastern peoples associated Dumuzid with the springtime, when the land was fertile and abundant,^[132]^[134] but, during the summer months, when the land was dry and barren, it was thought that Dumuzid had "died".^[132]^[135] During the month of Dumuzid, which fell in the middle of summer, people all across Sumer would mourn over his death.^[136]^[137] An enormous number of popular stories circulated throughout the Near East surrounding his death.^[136]^[137]
Ereshkigal		Kutha	Hydra^[138]	Ereshkigal was the queen of the Mesopotamian Underworld.^[139]^[140] She lived in a palace known as Ganzir.^[139] In early accounts, her husband is Gugalanna,^[139] whose character is undefined, but later the northern god Nergal was placed in this role.^[139]^[140] Her gatekeeper was the god Neti^[140] and her sukkal was Namtar.^[139] In the poem Inanna's Descent into the Underworld, Ereshkigal is described as Inanna's "older sister".^[141] In the god list An = Anum she opens the section dedicated to underworld deities.^[142]
Gula and Ninisina, Nintinugga, Ninkarrak^[143]		E-gal-mah temple in Isin and other temples in Nippur, Borsippa, Assur,^[143] Sippar,^[144] Umma^[145]		A prominent place in the Mesopotamian pantheon was occupied by healing goddesses,^[146] regarded as divine patronesses of doctors and medicine-workers.^[143] Multiple such deities existed: Nintinugga, "mistress who revives the dead," worshiped in Ninlil's temple in Nippur^[147] Ninisina, who in addition to her primary role was also the goddess of Isin^[145] Ninkarrak, most likely of Akkadian, rather than Sumerian, origin,^[145] worshiped in Sippar^[144] Gula ("the great"), from Umma; possibly initially a title rather than a distinct goddess^[148] Eventually Gula became the preeminent healing goddess,^[145] and other healing goddesses were sometimes syncretised with her,^[149] though in the god list An = Anum Gula, Ninkarrak and Nintinugga all figure as separate deities with own courts.^[149] Dogs were associated with many healing goddesses^[144] and Gula in particular is often shown in art with a dog sitting beside her.^[143]
Bau		Lagash, Kish		Bau was a prominent goddess of Lagash, and some of its kings regarded her as their divine mother.^[114] She was also a healing goddess, though unlike other healing goddesses she only developed such a function at some point in her history.^[150] She was the wife of Ningirsu, and rose to prominence in third millennium BCE in the state of Lagash.^[151] Gudea elevated Bau's rank to equal of that of Ningirsu, and called her "Queen who decides the destiny in Girsu."^[152] This made her the highest ranking goddess of the local pantheon of Lagash,^[153] putting her above Nanshe.^[154] During the reign of the Third Dynasty of Ur, she was the second most notable "divine wife" after Ninlil,^[155] with some sources (ex. from Nippur) indicating she was exalted above Ningirsu.^[147] While the original Lagashite cult of Bau declined alongside the city,^[156] she continued to be prominent in Kish in northern Babylonia, where she arrived in the Old Babylonian period.^[157] The city god of Kish, Zababa, became her husband.^[158] She remained a major goddess of that city as late as the neo-Babylonian period.^[159]
Ishkur Adad, Hadad^[160]		Karkar,^[161] Assur,^[162]^[163] Kurba'il^[164]		Ishkur, later known as Adad or Hadad (from the root hdd, "to thunder"^[165]), was the Mesopotamian god of storms and rain.^[160] In northern Mesopotamia, where agriculture relied heavily on rainfall, he was among the most prominent deities, and even in the south he ranked among the "great gods."^[166] In god lists his position is similar to that of Sin, Shamash and Ishtar.^[167] Ishkur is already attested as the god of Karkar in the Uruk period,^[161] however evidence such as theophoric names indicates that the weather god's popularity only grew in later periods under the Akkadian name.^[168] Hadad is already attested as the name of the weather god in early sources from Ebla.^[165] In Mesopotamia these two gods started to merge in the Sargonic period,^[169] and it seems it was already impossible to find a clear distinction between them in the Ur III period.^[170] While northern texts put an emphasis on the benevolent character of the weather god as a bringer of rain, in the south he was often associated with destructive weather phenomena, including dust storms,^[171] though even there he was credited with making plant growth possible in areas which weren't irrigated.^[172] He was regarded as the son of An,^[168] though less commonly he was also referred to as a son of Enlil.^[173] His wife was Shala,^[160] while his sukkal* was Nimgir, the deified lightning.^[174] In addition to being a weather god, Hadad was also a god of law and guardian of oaths,^[175] as well as a god of divination (extispicy).^[163] In these roles he was associated with Shamash.^[163] In Zabban, a city in the northeast of Babylonia, he was regarded as the head of the local pantheon.^[38] In Assyrian sources he was closely connected to military campaigns of the kings.^[164] Kurba'il on the northern frontier of the empire was regarded as his most notable cult center in neo-Assyrian times.^[164] In god lists foreign weather gods such as Hurrian Teshub ("Adad of Subartu"), Kassite Buriyaš or Ugaritic Baal were regarded as his equivalents.^[176]
Ištaran		Der^[162]		Ištaran was a prominent^[177] god, who served as the tutelary deity of the Sumerian city-state of Der, which was located east of the Tigris river on the border between Mesopotamia and Elam.^[162] His wife was the goddess Šarrat-Dēri, whose name means "Queen of Der",^[162] or alternatively Manzat (goddess of the rainbow),^[177] and his sukkal was the snake-god Nirah.^[162] He was regarded as a divine judge, and kings were said to "render justice like Ištaran."^[178] A text from the late Early Dynastic Period invokes Ištaran to resolve a boundary dispute between the cities of Lagash and Umma.^[162] In one of his inscriptions, King Gudea of Lagash mentions himself having installed a shrine for Ištaran in the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu^[162] and describes Ištaran as a god of justice.^[162] On kudurrus (boundary stones), Ištaran is often represented by a serpent, which may be Nirah^[162] or Ištaran himself.^[179] It is also possible that he's the god with an ophidian lower body known from cylinder seals.^[177] In a ritual associated with the Ekur temple in Nippur, Ištaran is a "dying god" and is equated with Dumuzid.^[179] A reference to Ištaran as a dying god appears also in a late text from Assur.^[178] His national cult fell into decline during the Middle Babylonian Period,^[162] though he still appeared in documents such as neo-Assyrian land grants.^[180] However, in Der he continued to be venerated in later periods as well.^[181]
Nanaya		Uruk and Kish^[182]	Corona Borealis^[183]	Nanaya was a goddess of love^[184] (including erotic love and lust).^[185] She was commonly invoked in spells connected to this sphere.^[186] Her worship was widespread, and she appears frequently in the textual record.^[187] She was also involved in intercession and was regarded as "lady of lamma," a class of minor protective goddesses capable of interceding on behalf of humans.^[188] She shared these roles with Ninshubur.^[188] She was closely associated with Inanna/Ishtar,^[189] though not identical to her as the two often appear side by side in the same texts: for example in Larsa Inanna, Nanaya and Ninsianna all functioned as distinct deities,^[51] while in god lists Nanaya appears among Inanna's courtiers, usually following Dumuzi and Ninshubur.^[190] In late sources Nanaya and Ishtar sometimes appear as goddesses of equal status.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In neo-Babylonian Uruk she was one of the most important deities, and retained this status under Persian rule as well.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". There is also evidence for her worship continuing in Seleucid and Parthian times, as late as 45 CE.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Nanshe		LagashLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".		Nanshe was a goddess associated with the state of Lagash,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". whose cult declined with the loss of political relevance of that city.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was a daughter of Enki and sister of Ningirsu.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was associated with divination and the interpretation of dreams, but was also believed to assist the poor and the impoverished and ensure the accuracy of weights and measurements.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was also associated with fish and waterfowl.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The First Sealand dynasty revived (or continued) her cult, making her the royal tutelary goddess.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ninazu		Eshnunna and EnegiLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".		Ninazu was a god regarded as either the son of Ereshkigal or of Enlil and Ninil.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He was also the father of Ningishzida.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He was closely associated with the Underworld,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and some researchers go as far as proposing he was the oldest Mesopotamian god associated with it,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". though it is most likely more accurate to say that there was initially no single universally agreed upon version of relevant mythical and cultic concepts, with various deities, both male and female, ruling over the Underworld in the belief systems of various areas and time periods.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Ninazu was also a Ninurta-like warrior god,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". as well as the "king of snakes."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He was worshipped in Eshnunna during the third millennium BCE, but he was later supplanted there by Tishpak, who despite foreign origin had a similar character and attributes.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Ninazu was also worshipped at Enegi in southern Sumer.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His divine beast was the mušḫuššu, a serpentine dragon-like mythical creature, which was later also associated with Tishpak, Marduk (and by extension Nabu) and after Sennacherib's destruction of Babylon also with Ashur.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ninlil		Nippur, Assur,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Kish, ḪursaĝkalamaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".		Ninlil was the wife of Enlil, the ruler of the gods.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was not associated with any city of her own, serving primarily as Enlil's spouse,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and as such was probably an artificially created deity, invented as a female equivalent to Enlil.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was nonetheless regarded as having power on par with Enlil;Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". in one poem, Ninlil declares, "As Enlil is your master, so am I also your mistress!"Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In documents from the Ur III period, Ninlil was believed to be able to determine fates much like husband, and the pair was jointly regarded as the source of royal power by kings.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Sud, the tutelary goddess of Šuruppak, came to be regarded as one and the same as Ninlil, and the myth Enlil and Sud explain that Sud was the goddess' name before she married Enlil, receiving the name Ninlil.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". However, Sud was originally an independent deity who was close in character to Sudag, an alternate name of the wife of Shamash; the confusion between Sudag and Sud(/Ninlil) is reflected in a myth where Ishum, normally regarded as the son of Shamash and his wife, is instead the son of Ninlil.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ninshubur		Akkil;Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". worshipped with Inanna as her sukkal	OrionLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Assyriologists regard Ninshubur as the most commonly worshiped sukkal ("vizier"),Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". a type of deity serving as another's personal attendant. Her mistress was Inanna.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Many texts indicate they were regarded very close to each other, with one going as far as listing Ninshubur with the title "beloved vizier," before Inanna's relatives other than her husband Dumuzi.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She consistently appears as the first among Inanna's courtiers in god lists, usually followed by another commonly worshiped deity, Nanaya.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was portrayed as capable of "appeasing" Inanna,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and as "unshakably loyal" in her devotion to her.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In the Sumerian myth of Inanna and Enki, Ninshubur rescues Inanna from the monsters that Enki sends to capture her,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". while in Inanna's Descent into the Underworld, she pleads with the gods Enlil, Nanna and finally Enki in effort to persuade them to rescue Inanna from the Underworld.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was regarded as a wise adviserLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". of her divine masters and human rulers alike.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In addition to being the sukkal of Inanna, she also served AnLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and the divine assembly.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In later Akkadian mythology, Ninshubur was syncretized with the male messenger deities Ilabrat and Papsukkal,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". though this process wasn't complete until Seleucid times.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Ninshubur was popularLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". in the sphere of personal religion, for example as tutelary deity of a specific family, due to the belief she could mediate between humans and higher ranking gods.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Nisaba		Eresh, later NippurLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".		Nisaba was originally a goddess of grain and agriculture,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". but, starting in the Early Dynastic Period, she developed into a goddess of writing, accounting, and scribal knowledge.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Her main cult city, Eresh, was evidently prominent in early periods, but after the reign of Shulgi almost entirely disappeared from records.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Texts mentioning Nisaba are sporadically attested as far west as Ebla and Ugarit, though it is uncertain if she was actively venerated further west than Mari.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Nisaba was the mother of the goddess Sud, syncretised with Enlil's wife Ninlil, and as a result she was regarded as his mother in law.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". While a less common tradition identified her as the daughter of Enlil,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". she was usually regarded as the daughter of Uraš, and references to Anu or Ea as her father are known from first millennium BCE literature.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Her husband was the god Haya.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". There is little direct evidence for temples (in Nippur she was worshiped in the temple of her daughter NinlilLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) and clergy of Nisaba, but literary texts were commonly ended with the doxology "praise to Nisaba!" or other invocations of her.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The term "house of wisdom of Nisaba" attested in many texts was likely a generic term for institutions connected to writing.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Her importance started to decline (especially outside the scribal circles) after the Old Babylonian period, though attestations as late as from the reign of Nabopolassar are known.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Zababa		KishLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".		Zababa was a war god who served as the tutelary deity of Kish.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His main temple was E-mete-ursag.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The earliest attestation of him comes from the Early Dynastic Period.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". During the reign of Old Babylonian kings such as Hammurabi it was Zababa, rather than Ninurta, who was regarded as the primary war god.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He was initially regarded as a son of Enlil,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". but Sennacherib called him a son of Ashur instead.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Initially his wife was Ishtar of Kish (regarded as separate from Ishtar of Uruk), but after the Old Babylonian period she was replaced by Bau in this role, and continued to be worshiped independently from him.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In some texts Zababa uses weapons usually associated with Ninurta and fights his mythical enemies, and on occasion he was called the "Nergal of Kish," but all 3 of these gods were regarded as separate.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In one list of deities he is called "Marduk of battle."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His primary symbol was a staff with the head of an eagle.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His sukkal was Papsukkal.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Primordial beings

Various civilizations over the course of Mesopotamian history had many different creation stories.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The earliest accounts of creation are simple narratives written in Sumerian dating to the late third millennium BC.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". These are mostly preserved as brief prologues to longer mythographic compositions dealing with other subjects, such as Inanna and the Huluppu Tree, The Creation of the Pickax, and Enki and Ninmah.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Later accounts are far more elaborate, adding multiple generations of gods and primordial beings.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The longest and most famous of these accounts is the Babylonian Enûma Eliš, or Epic of Creation, which is divided into seven tablets.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The surviving version of the Enûma Eliš could not have been written any earlier than the late second millennium BC,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". but it draws heavily on earlier materials,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". including various works written during the Akkadian, Old Babylonian, and Kassite periods in the early second millennium BC.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". A category of primordial beings common in incantations were pairs of divine ancestors of Enlil and less commonly of Anu.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In at least some cases these elaborate genealogies were assigned to major gods to avoid the implications of divine incest.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Figures appearing in theogonies were generally regarded as ancient and no longer active (unlike the regular gods) by the Mesopotamians.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Name	Image	Details
Abzu		In the Babylonian creation epic, the Enûma Eliš, Abzu is primordial undeterminacy,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". the consort of the goddess Tiamat who was killed by the god Ea (Enki).Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Abzu was the personification of the subterranean primeval waters.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Alala and Belili		Alala and Belili were ancestors of Anu, usually appearing as the final pair in god lists accepting this tradition of his ancestry.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Alala was also adopted into Hurro-Hittite mythologyLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". under the name Alalu.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". It is possible Alala and Belili were paired together only because both names are iterative.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The name Belili could also refer to a goddess regarded as a sister of Dumuzi.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". It has been argued that she was one and the same as the primordial deity,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". but this view is not universally accepted and Manfred Krebernik argues it cannot be presently established if they were one and the same.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Anshar and Kishar		In some myths and god lists, Anshar and Kishar are a primordial couple, who are male and female respectively.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In the Babylonian Enûma Eliš, they are the second pair of offspring born from Abzu and TiamatLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and the parents of the supreme An.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". A partial rewrite of Enûma Eliš from the neo-Assyrian period attempted to merge the roles of Marduk and Anshar, which Wilfred G. Lambert described as "completely superficial in that it leaves the plot in chaos by attributing Marduk's part to his great-grandfather, without making any attempt to iron out the resulting confusion."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In other late sources Anshar was sometimes listed among "conquered" mythical antagonists.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In a fragmentary text from Seleucid or Parthian times he is seemingly vanquished by Enki and an otherwise little known goddess Ninamakalla.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Dūri and Dāri		Dūri and Dāri (derived from an Akkadian phrase meaning "forever and ever"Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) were ancestors of Anu according to the so-called "Anu theogony."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". They represented "eternal time as a prime force in creation,"Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and it is likely they developed as a personified form of a preexisting cosmological belief.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". A single text identifies them as ancestors of Enlil instead.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". They appear for the first time in an incantation from the reign of Samsu-iluna (Old Babylonian period).Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Enki and Ninki		Enki and Ninki were two primordial beings who were regarded as the first generation among the ancestors of Enlil.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Enki and Ninki followed by a varying number of pairs of deities whose names start with "En" and "Nin" appear as Enlil's ancestors in various sources: god lists, incantations, liturgical texts,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and the Sumerian composition "Death of Gilgamesh," where the eponymous hero encounters these divine ancestors in the underworld.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The oldest document preserving this tradition is the Fara god list (Early Dynastic period).Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Sometimes all the ancestors were collectively called "the Enkis and the Ninkis."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Enki, the ancestor of Enlil, is not to be confused with the god Enki/Ea, who is a distinct and unrelated figure.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The ancestral Enki's name means "lord earth," while the meaning of the name of the god of Eridu is uncertain but not the same, as indicated by some writings including an amissable g.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Enmesharra		Enmesharra was a minor deity of the underworld.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Seven, eight or fifteen other minor deities were said to be his offspring.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His symbol was the suššuru (a kind of pigeon).Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He was sometimes regarded as the father of Enlil,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". or as his uncle.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Texts allude to combat between Enmesharra and Enlil (or perhaps Ninurta), and his subsequent imprisonment.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In some traditions it was believed that this is how Enlil gained control over destinies.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In a late myth he was described as an enemy of Marduk.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Lugaldukuga		Lugaldukuga was the father of Enlil in some traditions,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". though sometimes he was instead referred to as his grandfather.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Like Enmesharra he was regarded as a vanquished theogonic figure, and sometimes the two were equated.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He might be analogous to Endukuga, another ancestor of Enlil from god lists.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Nammu		Nammu is the primordial goddess who, in some Sumerian traditions, was said to have given birth to both An and Ki.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She eventually came to be regarded as the mother of EnkiLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and was revered as an important mother goddess.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Because the cuneiform sign used to write her name is the same as the sign for engur, a synonym for abzu, it is highly probable that she was originally conceived as the personification of the subterranean primeval waters.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Tiamat		In the Babylonian creation epic, the Enûma Eliš, after the separation of heaven and earth, the goddess Tiamat and her consort Abzu are the only deities in existence.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". A male-female pair, they mate and Tiamat gives birth to the first generation of gods.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Ea (Enki) slays AbzuLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and Tiamat gives birth to eleven monsters to seek vengeance for her lover's death.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Eventually, Marduk, the son of Enki and the national god of the Babylonians, slays Tiamat and uses her body to create the earth.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In the Assyrian version of the story, it is Ashur who slays Tiamat instead.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Tiamat was the personification of the primeval waters and it is hard to tell how the author of the Enûma Eliš imagined her appearance.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Minor deities

Monsters and apotropaic spirits

Foreign deities in Mesopotamia

Name	Image	Place of origin	Details
Ahura Mazda		Persia	Under Sasanian rule, a number of fire temples of Ahura Mazda were erected in modern Iraq, for example in Irbil and Mada'in.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Allatum AllaniLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".		Hurrian areas, possibly Haššum in particularLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Allani, in Mesopotamia known as Allatum, was the Hurrian goddess of the underworld. She was introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period as an independent deity.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She had at least one temple, likely located in Ur.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She continued to be worshiped in the Old Babylonian period.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In later periods she was equated with,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and eventually fully assimilated into Ereshkigal.^[191] Some documents associate her with Ishara;Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". in Hurrian sources they are well attested as a pair due to some shared functions.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She is not to be confused with Alla or Alla-Gula, sukkal of Ningishzida.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Anahita		Persia	According to Berossos, the cult of Anahita was introduced by Artaxerxes I to many cities in the Mesopotamian part of his empire, including Babylon.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". These efforts are thought to have been directed at the Iranian population of the city to tie regional courts to the imperial core rather than as an attempt to impose Persian deities on the Babylonians.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Apollo		Greece	The Hellenistic Seleucid kings favoured Apollo as the patron deity of their dynasty and introduced his cult to Mesopotamia. Locally, Apollo was syncretised with Nabu, but the Greek-speaking communities of Seleucia on the Tigris built a sanctuary to Apollo Komaios and honoured the god under the name Apollo, using a mixture of Greek and Mesopotamian iconography.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". A cult of Apollo and Artemis Daittai was brought to Seleucia on the Eulaios (the refounded Susa) from Antioch.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Strabo reported that a temple of Apollo existed on the island of Ikaros in the Persian Gulf, which had a garrison who built many structures in the Greek style.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Artemis		Greece	In Mesopotamia and Syria, Artemis was identified with the goddess Nanaya. This identification had a long-lasting influence on Nanaya by introducing associations with the moon and archery.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The cult of Apollo and Artemis Daittai was brought from Antioch to Seleucia on the Eulaios in Elymais.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The Greek settlers on the island of Ikaros had a shrine to Artemis and made dedications to Artemis Soteira; Strabo also reports that an oracle of Artemis Tauropolos was present on the island.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ashratum		Amorite areasLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Ashratum (or Ashiratum in documents from LarsaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) was an Amorite goddess who in Mesopotamia came to be associated with Amurru.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In addition to being envisioned as a couple, they shared an association with mountainsLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and steppes.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". According to Steve A. Wiggins, while the names of the Mesopotamian Ashratum and Ugaritic Athirat are cognate, they weren't entirely the same deity, but merely developed in parallel from one source.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was described as "daughter in law of the god An."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". A temple dedicated to her, Ehilikalamma ("House of the luxury of the land") existed in Babylon.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In past scholarship Ashratu was incorrectly assumed to be connected to Ishtar due to a shared epithet – however, it was applied to a wide variety of gods including Marduk and Nergal, and as such cannot serve as grounds for claims about identification of these two deities with each other, as many epithets were shared between deities not necessarily regarded as analogous to each other.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Atargatis		Syria	Worship of the goddess Atargatis is attested from Edessa, Hatra and Dura-Europos in Upper Mesopotamia in Seleucid and Roman times. In the syncretic environment of the Upper Euphrates in the early centuries CE, Atargatis was associated with Artemis, Athena, and Allat.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In Dura-Europos, she had a temple separate from that of Artemis and shared iconographic similarities with Tyche.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Athena	Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination	Greece	Terracotta figurines of Athena are known from Seleucid Babylon,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and she is also one of the most popular deities depicted on bullae from Seleucid Mesopotamia, which depict Athena of both the Promachos and Parthenos types.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Belet Nagar		Nagar, ShekhnaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Belet Nagar was the tutelary goddess of the Syrian city of Nagar.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period, likely due to her connection to kingship and due to her role as a divine witness to commercial treaties.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". It is possible that "Haburitum" known from similar Mesopotamian sources and the Hurrian Nabarbi are the same goddess.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban		Šuḫnir and TerrabanLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban were a pair of goddesses venerated in the Ur III period.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". They were most likely introduced from the area north of Eshnunna, beyond the borders of sphere of direct Mesopotamian influence, where the corresponding cities were located.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". A seal inscription associates both of them with Tishpak.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Known festivals dedicated to them have been described as "lugubrious" by researchers, and included a "wailing ceremony," "the festival of chains" and a celebration known only as "place of disappearance." It has been proposed that these rituals might reflect an unknown myth about descent to the underworld or perhaps capture of these two deities.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". They almost always appear as a pair, though sporadic references to Belet-Šuḫnir alone are known from Mesopotamian documents,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". while Belet-Terraban is attested on her own in Susa during the reign of Puzur-Inshushinak.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Bes		EgyptLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Bes was the Egyptian god of play and recreation.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He was envisioned as a "full-faced, bow-legged dwarf with an oversized head, goggle eyes, protruding tongue, bushy tail and usually a large feathered crown as a head-dress."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Representations of an almost identical dwarf-god became widespread across the Near East during the first millennium BC and are common in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". This god's name in Assyrian and Babylonian may have been Pessû.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Bes seems to have been the only Egyptian god who became widely worshipped throughout Mesopotamia.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His role in Mesopotamian religion was however closer to that of a type of apotropaic creature (native examples of which include lahmu, kusarikku, mushussu etc.) than a deity proper.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Dagan		TuttulLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and TerqaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Dagan was the main god of the middle Euphrates area, regarded as a god of prosperityLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and "father of gods."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". While his cult centers were never major political powers in their own right, he was nonetheless a popular deityLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and his cult had international importance in the Ebla period already.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Due to their analogous position in corresponding pantheons, he and Enlil were partially conflated.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". However, Dagan had a distinct purpose in the Mesopotamian pantheon as well, as the god granting rulers control over western lands.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In Nippur he shared a temple with Ishara,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". though contrary to conclusions in older scholarship these two deities were not regarded as a couple, and merely shared a similar area of origin.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Hahharnum and Hayyashum		Hurrian areasLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Hahharnum and Hayyashum were the Mesopotamian adaptation of Hurrian words for heaven and earth, eše hawurni.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". While Hurrians did not worship this pair as personified deities,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". in Mesopotamia they appear as primordial gods in a handful of texts.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Hamurnu (Hahharnum) alone appears in a copy of the god list Anšar = Anum, where he is also explained as a name of Anu.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Prior to the discovery that their names have Hurrian origin, Hahharnum and Hayashum were described as "little known primordial deities."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Herakles	Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination	Greece	In Mesopotamia, the cult of Herakles was syncretised with the cults of Nergal and the Persian deity Verethragna, and he served an apotropaic function.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Figures of Herakles have been found widely in Hatra and the cultic statue of Nergal used the iconography of the Greek god.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Humban		ElamLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Humban was an Elamite god associated with the concept of kingship and divine protection (kiten).Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In Mesopotamian sources he appeared only sporadically in the Neo-Assyrian period, and in a commentary on the incantation series Šurpu he is equated with Enlil, most likely based on their shared role as gods who grant authority to human rulers.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Past researchers sometimes incorrectly assumed he was one and the same as a distinct Elamite god, Napirisha.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Evidence from the Persepolis Administrative Archives shows that his worship was adopted by Persians as well from the Elamites.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". While commonly proposed in the past, a connection between Humban and Humbaba is now regarded as implausible.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ḫabūrītum		SikaniLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Ḫabūrītum was a goddess understood as either "she of Ḫabur" (either the river or the area surrounding it) or "she of the city Ḫabura."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The former option is considered more plausible, as her cult center was apparently Sikani, located near the head of the river Khabur, rather than Ḫabura, which was instead located near modern Al-Hasakah.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In Mesopotamia she was worshiped alongside other western deities, such as Dagan and Ishara.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ḫarbe		Kassite homeland in the Zagros	Ḫarbe was likely the head of the Kassite pantheon.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His symbol, known from some Mesopotamian kudurru (boundary stones), was a bird with its head turned back.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Inshushinak		Elam, especially SusaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Inshushinak (from Sumerian: "Lord of Susa"Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) was one of the main Elamite gods. He was associated with kingship and the underworld,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and served as the tutelary god of Susa.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In some Mesopotamian texts he appears as an underworld god, for example in the god list An = Anum he can be found among the deities forming the entourage of Ereshkigal.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His assistants were Lagamar and Ishmekarab, whose names have Akkadian origin and who were originally worshiped in Mesopotamia.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Frans Wiggermann proposes that Inshushinak and the Mesopotamian gods Ishtaran, Ninazu, Ningishzida and Tishpak can be collectively described as "Transtigridian snake gods" existing on the boundary between Elamite and Mesopotamian culture based on their shared connection to judgment, the afterlife and snakes, as well as similar locations of their major cult centers.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Inzak Enzag		DilmunLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	The Sumerians regarded Inzak as the chief god of the Dilmunite pantheon,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". but the Dilmunites themselves regarded him as a god of Agaru, a land in eastern Arabia.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His main cult center was on Failaka Island,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". where a temple was dedicated to him.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He appears, alongside his wife Meskilak, in documents from Nippur and in Šurpu.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". During the Neo-Babylonian Period, Inzak was identified with NabuLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". under the latter's name Mu'ati.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ishara		Ebla,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Hurrian areasLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	An Eblaite goddess of pre-Semitic and pre-Hurrian origin.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was among the western deities introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period, and shared temples with Belet Nagar in UrLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and with Dagan in Nippur.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Due to association with Ishtar she developed into a love goddess,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". associated with marriage.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Her symbols were bashmu, otherwise mostly a symbol of underworld gods,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and scorpions,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". also associated with marriage.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". According to a Hurrian source she was viewed as a daughter of Enlil.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Jabru		Elam?Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	According to Mesopotamian sources, such as the god list An = Anum, Jabru was a god similar to Anu or Enlil.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". While described as Elamite, he is not attested in any sources from Elam.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Kumarbi		Hurrian areas, especially UrkeshLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Kumarbi was one of the main gods of the Hurrians,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". regarded as partially analogous to Enlil (and DaganLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) due to his role as "father of the gods."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He had a chthonic character and was associated with grain and prosperity.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In Mesopotamia he appears in the Assyrian Tākultu text as the god of Taite, alongside Nabarbi and Samnuha.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Manziniri		ElamLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	An Elamite deity known chiefly from a passage mentioning "the forest of Manziniri."Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She appears in a letter of Esarhaddon addressed to Urtaku, an Elamite ruler, as one of the deities meant to guarantee peace between the two monarchs, alongside Assyrian gods Ashur, Bel, Nabu, Sin, Shamash, Ishtar of Nineveh and Ishtar of Arbela.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Wilfred G. Lambert proposed a connection between Manziniri and the Kassite goddess Minimzir/Mirizir.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Meskilak		DilmunLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Meskilak was a Dilmunite goddess and the wife of Inzak.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The Sumerians viewed her as a daughter of Enki and Ninhursag under the name Ninsikila, it is possible that later on she was identified with Nabu's wife Tashmetum.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was sometimes referred to as Nin-Dilmun, meaning "Lady of Dilmun".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Nabarbi		Hurrian areas, especially Taite	Nabarbi ("she of Nawar") was Hurrian goddess possibly analogous to Belet Nagar.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In Mesopotamian sources she is attested in the Assyrian Tākultu text, where she appears alongside Kumarbi and Samnuha as one of the deities of Taite.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Narundi		Susa	An Elamite goddess known from Susa who in Mesopotamia was regarded as analogous to Ishtar or Nanaya and developed a distinct apotropaic role as early as in the Old Babylonian period.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Mesopotamians viewed her as sister of the Sebitti, equated with "Divine Seven of Elam" – a Mesopotamian grouping of Elamite gods – in god lists.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ninatta and Kulitta		Hurrian areas	Musician goddesses always mentioned as a pair who were handmaidens of Shaushka.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In Assyria they were incorporated into Ishtar's entourage in her temple in Ashur.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Pinikir		ElamLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	An Elamite goddess regarded as analogous to Ishtar by modern researchers,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". but incorrectly assumed to be an alternate name of Kiririsha in the past.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She was also worshiped by Hurrians in Syria and Anatolia, and Gary Beckman proposes that her worship was transmitted there from a Mesopotamian source.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". An Akkadian god list known from a copy from Emar indicates she was equated with Ninsianna.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Shalash		Ebla,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". TuttulLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Shalash was the wife of the Syrian god Dagan.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She appears with her husband in cylinder seal inscriptions from the Isin-Larsa period.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Shaushka		Nineveh, Nuzi and other Hurrian centers	Shaushka was a Hurrian goddess regarded as analogous to Ishtar ("Ishtar of Subartu"Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". or "Ishtar of Nineveh"Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".). Despite her origin, the oldest known attestations of both Shaushka and her main cult center, Nineveh, come from Mesopotamian, rather than Hurrian, documents.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She is attested in religious documents from the Ur III period, but her worship evidently persisted in later times too, as she appears in a list of offerings from Old Babylonian Isin.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". A temple dedicated to her was located in Babylon as well.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She influenced the later Assyrian Ishtar of Nineveh,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". though the latter also shows influence from Ninlil.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Shuqamuna and Shumaliya		Kassite homeland in the Zagros	Shuqamuna and Shumaliya were a pair of Kassite gods regarded as the tutelary deities of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". They were depicted on a number of kudurru in the symbolic form of birds sitting on a perch.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Shuwala		MardamanLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Shuwala, the tutelary goddess of Mardaman, a city located in the north of modern Iraq, is attested in sources from the Ur III period.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". She is assumed to be an underworld deity of Hurrian origin.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Simut		ElamLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Simut was an Elamite god associated with Mars,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". regarded as herald of the gods.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". His name was used as a theophoric element in Old Babylonian personal names,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". while god lists associate him with Nergal.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". It is possible the Akkadian goddess Manzat, who became a popular deity in Elam, was regarded as his wife.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Tishpak		Eshnunna	Tishpak was a god who replaced Ninazu as the tutelary deity of Eshnunna.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He shared most of his functions and attributes (ex. plough, two maces and various snakes and serpentine monsters such as mushussu).Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". It is agreed that he had foreign roots.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". While in early scholarly works Hurrian origin (and a connection to Teshub) was proposed for him,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". newer sources favor an Elamite etymology for his name,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". as well as for the name of his son Nanshak known from god lists.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Umbidaki Nupatik		Hurrian areas	Umbidaki was a god worshiped in the temple of Ishtar of Arbela in neo-Assyrian times.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". It is assumed that he was analogous to the Hurrian god Nupatik, possibly introduced to Arbela after a statue of him was seized in a war.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Yahweh El, Elohim, El Shaddai, Yah		Kingdoms of Israel and JudahLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Yahweh was the national god of the Israelites, who originally lived in the Levantine kingdoms of Israel and Judah.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In 586 BC, the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple of Solomon, and deported the elite members of Judahite society to Babylon in an event known as the "Babylonian exile".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Modern scholars generally agree that much of the Deuteronomistic History was probably edited and redacted by Judahite priests living in Babylon during the exile.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The works of Second Isaiah, also written in Babylon, represent the first unambiguous Judahite declaration of the non-existence of foreign deities and proclamation of Yahweh as the sole, supreme God.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Much of the Torah was probably written and compiled after the exile, when the Jews were allowed to return to their homeland by the Persians.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

References

↑ Kramer 1961, pp. 32–33.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 93.
↑ Black & Green 1992, pp. 93–94.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Black & Green 1992, pp. 130–131.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 130.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 98.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 185.
↑ Black & Green 1992, p. 102.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 94.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 186.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Nemet-Nejat 1998, pp. 186–187.
↑ Nemet-Nejat 1998, pp. 186–188.
↑ Black & Green 1992, p. 174.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Black & Green 1992, pp. 44–45.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 52.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Schneider 2011, p. 54.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 ^17.3 ^17.4 Schneider 2011, p. 53.
↑ Schneider 2011, pp. 53–54.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 147.
↑ Schneider 2011, pp. 52–53.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Litke 1998, p. 6.
↑ Litke 1998, pp. 6–7.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 ^23.4 ^23.5 Brisch 2016.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 ^24.3 ^24.4 ^24.5 Leick 1998, p. 8.
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 193.
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 34.
↑ Katz 1995, p. 229.
↑ Archi 1990, p. 115.
↑ Falkenstein 1965, pp. 127–140.
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 106.
↑ Kramer 1963, pp. 120–122.
↑ Litke 1998, p. 2.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 27.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 65.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Peterson 2011, pp. 279–280.
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 Lambert 2013, p. 262.
↑ Lambert 2013, pp. 262–263.
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 Schwemer 2007, p. 142.
↑ ^39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 Lambert 2013, p. 199.
↑ Lambert 2013, p. 275.
↑ McEvilley 2002, p. 424.
↑ Bautsch 2003, p. 119.
↑ Kramer 1963, p. 123.
↑ Kramer 1963, pp. 122–123.
↑ Nemet-Nejat 1998, pp. 201–203.
↑ ^46.0 ^46.1 ^46.2 ^46.3 Black & Green 1992, pp. 108–109.
↑ ^47.0 ^47.1 ^47.2 ^47.3 ^47.4 ^47.5 Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 203.
↑ Black & Green 1992, pp. 182–184.
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 ^49.2 ^49.3 ^49.4 ^49.5 Black & Green 1992, p. 135.
↑ Henkelman 2011, p. 512.
↑ ^51.0 ^51.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 92.
↑ ^52.0 ^52.1 ^52.2 ^52.3 ^52.4 Black & Green 1992, p. 30.
↑ ^53.0 ^53.1 Harris 1991, pp. 261–278.
↑ ^54.0 ^54.1 ^54.2 Rogers 1998, p. 13.
↑ Clay 2006, p. 101.
↑ James 1963, p. 140.
↑ Katz 2003, p. 403.
↑ Lambert 2013, pp. 405–426.
↑ Stephens 2013.
↑ Schneider 2011, p. 58.
↑ Kramer 1963, p. 118.
↑ Lambert 2013, p. 184.
↑ ^63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 Ataç 2018, p. 78.
↑ ^64.0 ^64.1 Coleman & Davidson 2015, p. 108.
↑ ^65.0 ^65.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 76.
↑ Black & Green 1992, pp. 74, 76.
↑ ^67.0 ^67.1 Hallo 1996, pp. 231–234.
↑ Kramer 1983, pp. 115–121.
↑ Kramer 1963, p. 119.
↑ Kramer 1963, p. 121.
↑ ^71.0 ^71.1 ^71.2 ^71.3 ^71.4 Schneider 2011, p. 59.
↑ ^72.0 ^72.1 ^72.2 Lambert 2013, p. 5.
↑ ^73.0 ^73.1 Wright 2002, pp. 34–35.
↑ ^74.00 ^74.01 ^74.02 ^74.03 ^74.04 ^74.05 ^74.06 ^74.07 ^74.08 ^74.09 ^74.10 ^74.11 ^74.12 Black & Green 1992, p. 75.
↑ ^75.0 ^75.1 ^75.2 ^75.3 ^75.4 Black & Green 1992, p. 128.
↑ Kasak & Veede 2001, p. 20.
↑ ^77.0 ^77.1 ^77.2 ^77.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 37.
↑ Lambert 1983a, p. 83.
↑ Lambert 1983a, pp. 85–86.
↑ ^80.0 ^80.1 ^80.2 Lambert 1983a, p. 82.
↑ Black & Green 1992, p. 38.
↑ Black & Green 1992, pp. 37–38.
↑ Lambert 2013, p. 246.
↑ ^84.0 ^84.1 ^84.2 ^84.3 ^84.4 ^84.5 Black & Green 1992, p. 133.
↑ ^85.0 ^85.1 ^85.2 ^85.3 ^85.4 ^85.5 Pomponio 1998, p. 20.
↑ Pomponio 1998, p. 22.
↑ ^87.0 ^87.1 Pomponio 1998, p. 18.
↑ ^88.0 ^88.1 Pomponio 1998, p. 23.
↑ ^89.0 ^89.1 Kasak & Veede 2001, pp. 17–18.
↑ Peterson 2011, p. 279.
↑ ^91.0 ^91.1 ^91.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 182.
↑ ^92.0 ^92.1 ^92.2 ^92.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 184.
↑ ^93.0 ^93.1 Pryke 2017, pp. 36–37.
↑ ^94.0 ^94.1 ^94.2 ^94.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 108.
↑ ^95.0 ^95.1 Leick 1998, p. 87.
↑ Black & Green 1992, p. 109.
↑ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. ix–xi, xvi.
↑ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. xiii, xv.
↑ Kramer 1961, p. 101.
↑ Vanstiphout 1984, pp. 225–228.
↑ ^101.0 ^101.1 Pryke 2017, p. 101.
↑ ^102.0 ^102.1 Pryke 2017, pp. 101–103.
↑ ^103.0 ^103.1 Kramer 1961, pp. 83–96.
↑ ^104.0 ^104.1 Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. 52–71.
↑ Pryke 2017, pp. 102–104.
↑ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. 71–89.
↑ ^107.0 ^107.1 ^107.2 ^107.3 ^107.4 ^107.5 ^107.6 Black & Green 1992, p. 140.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 58.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 137.
↑ ^110.0 ^110.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 61.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 42.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 139–140.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 138.
↑ ^114.0 ^114.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 59.
↑ Black & Green 1992, p. 59.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 58–59.
↑ Black & Green 1992, p. 146.
↑ ^118.0 ^118.1 ^118.2 ^118.3 ^118.4 ^118.5 Black & Green 1992, p. 142.
↑ Black & Green 1992, pp. 138, 142.
↑ Mark 2017.
↑ Black & Green 1992, pp. 71, 138.
↑ Robson 2015.
↑ ^123.0 ^123.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 143.
↑ Penglase 1994, p. 43.
↑ Kasak & Veede 2001, pp. 25–26.
↑ Black & Green 1992, pp. 142–143.
↑ Kasak & Veede 2001, p. 27.
↑ ^128.0 ^128.1 ^128.2 ^128.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 136.
↑ Kasak & Veede 2001, p. 28.
↑ ^130.0 ^130.1 ^130.2 ^130.3 ^130.4 Black & Green 1992, p. 72.
↑ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. 74–84.
↑ ^132.0 ^132.1 ^132.2 Ackerman 2006, p. 116.
↑ Jacobsen 2008, pp. 87–88.
↑ Jacobsen 2008, pp. 83–84.
↑ Jacobsen 2008, pp. 83–87.
↑ ^136.0 ^136.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 73.
↑ ^137.0 ^137.1 Jacobsen 2008, pp. 74–84.
↑ Wiggermann 1997, p. 34.
↑ ^139.0 ^139.1 ^139.2 ^139.3 ^139.4 Black & Green 1992, p. 77.
↑ ^140.0 ^140.1 ^140.2 Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 184.
↑ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, p. 55.
↑ Wiggermann 1997, p. 24.
↑ ^143.0 ^143.1 ^143.2 ^143.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 101.
↑ ^144.0 ^144.1 ^144.2 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 252.
↑ ^145.0 ^145.1 ^145.2 ^145.3 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 82.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 242.
↑ ^147.0 ^147.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 67.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 82–83.
↑ ^149.0 ^149.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 100.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 84.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 19.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 189.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 190.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 205.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 66.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 21–22.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 78.
↑ Sallaberger 2017, p. 164.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 77.
↑ ^160.0 ^160.1 ^160.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 110.
↑ ^161.0 ^161.1 Schwemer 2007, p. 131.
↑ ^162.00 ^162.01 ^162.02 ^162.03 ^162.04 ^162.05 ^162.06 ^162.07 ^162.08 ^162.09 Black & Green 1992, p. 111.
↑ ^163.0 ^163.1 ^163.2 Schwemer 2007, p. 140.
↑ ^164.0 ^164.1 ^164.2 Schwemer 2007, p. 143.
↑ ^165.0 ^165.1 Schwemer 2007, p. 135.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 121.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 145.
↑ ^168.0 ^168.1 Schwemer 2007, p. 132.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 137.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 138.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 130.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 134.
↑ Schwemer 2007, pp. 123–133.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 133.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 139.
↑ Schwemer 2007, p. 147.
↑ ^177.0 ^177.1 ^177.2 Wiggermann 1997, p. 44.
↑ ^178.0 ^178.1 Wiggermann 1997, p. 42.
↑ ^179.0 ^179.1 Simons 2017, p. 86.
↑ Wiggermann 1997, p. 43.
↑ Wiggermann 1997, p. 48.
↑ Black & Green 1992, p. 134.
↑ Stol 1998, p. 147.
↑ Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, p. 124.
↑ Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, pp. 116–117.
↑ Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, pp. 97–98.
↑ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 267.
↑ ^188.0 ^188.1 Peterson 2016, p. 38.
↑ Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, p. 9.
↑ Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, pp. 23–24.
↑ The Underworld Vision of an Assyrian Prince, line 30

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Bibliography

Ackerman, Susan (2005), When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David, New York City, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 130–131, ISBN 978-0-231-13260-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=ATKodvnYS4EC&q=siduri+carpe+diem&pg=PA144
Ackerman, Susan (2006), Day, Peggy Lynne, ed., Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, ISBN 978-0-8006-2393-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=38aX_-PqViIC&q=mourning+over+the+death+of+Tammuz&pg=PA116
al-Salihi, Wathiq I. (1996). "Two cult-statues from Hatra". Iraq 58: 105–108. doi:10.1017/S002108890000320X.
Alvarez-Mon, J. (2018). "Puzur-Inšušinak, the last king of Akkad? Text and Image Reconsidered.". in Nasrabadi, B.. Elam and its neighbors recent research and new perspectives: proceedings of the international congress held at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, September 21–23, 2016. Hildesheim: Verlag Franzbecker. ISBN 978-3-88120-868-0. OCLC 1159428969. https://www.academia.edu/34551189.
Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013), Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-01205-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=y6IaBQAAQBAJ&q=Lucian+On+the+Syrian+Goddess&pg=PA288
Archi, Alfonso (1990). "The Names of the Primeval Gods". Orientalia (GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press) 59 (2): 114–129. ISSN 0030-5367. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43075881. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
Archi, Alfonso (2004). "Translation of Gods: Kumarpi, Enlil, Dagan/NISABA, Ḫalki". Orientalia (GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press) 73 (4): 319–336. ISSN 0030-5367. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43078173. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
Archi, Alfonso (2010). "HADDA OF ḪALAB AND HIS TEMPLE IN THE EBLA PERIOD". Iraq (British Institute for the Study of Iraq, Cambridge University Press) 72: 3–17. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000565. ISSN 0021-0889. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20779017. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
Archi, Alfonso (2013). "The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background". in Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P.. Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman. Atlanta: Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-11-6. OCLC 882106763. https://www.academia.edu/7003610.
Archi, Alfonso (2015). Ebla and Its Archives. DE GRUYTER. doi:10.1515/9781614517887. ISBN 978-1-61451-716-0.
Archi, Alfonso (2015a). "A Royal Seal from Ebla (17th cent. B.C.) with Hittite Hieroglyphic Symbols". Orientalia (GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press) 84 (1): 18–28. ISSN 0030-5367. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26153279. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
Armstrong, James A. (1996), "Uruk", in Fagan, Brian M.; Beck, Charlotte; Michaels, George et al., The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 735–736, ISBN 978-0-19-507618-9
Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources. ISBN 978-3-7278-1738-0. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/135436/1/Asher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf.
Ataç, Mehmet-Ali (2018), Art and Immortality in the Ancient Near East, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-15495-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=onRJDwAAQBAJ
Barjamovic, Gojko (2012). "Propaganda and practice in Assyrian and Persian imperial culture". in Bang, Peter Fibiger. Universal Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–59. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139136952.004. ISBN 9781139136952.
Bauer, Josef (1987)
Bautsch, Kelly Coblentz (2003), "A Study of the Geography of 1 Enoch 17–19: No One Has Seen What I Have Seen", Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism (Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill), ISBN 978-90-04-13103-3, ISSN 1384-2161, https://books.google.com/books?id=3FPNFEtWNrQC&q=number+seven+in+Mesopotamian+cosmology&pg=PA119
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1992). "Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk". Acta Sumerologica 14. https://www.academia.edu/1233691.
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. ISBN 978-90-04-13024-1. OCLC 51944564.
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2014). "Nabû and Apollo: the two faces of Seleucid religious policy". Orient und Okzident in Hellenistischer Zeit: 13–30. https://www.academia.edu/7594480.
Beckman, Gary (1998). "Ištar of Nineveh Reconsidered". Journal of Cuneiform Studies (American Schools of Oriental Research) 50: 1–10. doi:10.2307/1360026. ISSN 0022-0256. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1360026. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
Beckman, Gary (1999). "The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Ḫattuša (CTH 644)". Ktèma: Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques (PERSEE Program) 24 (1): 25–39. doi:10.3406/ktema.1999.2206. ISSN 0221-5896.
Behrens, Herman; Klein, Jacob (1998)
Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000), "Monotheism", in Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C., Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=bible+monotheism+Betz&pg=PA917
Black, Jeremy A. (2006). The Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=a1W2mTtGVV4C. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-1705-8
Blum, Erhard (1998), "Issues and Problems in the Contemporary Debate Regarding the Priestly Writings", in Shectman, Sarah; Baden, Joel S., The strata of the priestly writings: contemporary debate and future directions, Zürich, Switzerland: Theologischer Verlag, pp. 32–33, ISBN 978-3-290-17536-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=10E4LpK732sC&q=The+strata+of+the+priestly+writings:+contemporary+debate+and+future+directions&pg=PA31
Bricault, Laurent; Bonnet, Corinne (2013). Panthée: religious transformations in the Graeco-Roman Empire.. USA: Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-25690-3.
Brisch, Nicole (2016), Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (a group of gods), University of Pennsylvania Museum, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/anunna/, retrieved 9 May 2018
Brinkman, John A. (1980)
Budin, Stephanie L. (2004), "A Reconsideration of the Aphrodite-Ashtart Syncretism", Numen 51 (2): 95–145, doi:10.1163/156852704323056643
Burkert, Walter (2005), "Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections", in Foley, John Miles, A Companion to Ancient Epic, New York City, New York and London, England: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4051-0524-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=V4mZmoZhG68C&q=Epic+of+Gilgamesh+Iliad+and+Odyssey
Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998) (in de)
Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998a) (in de)
Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998b) (in de)
Ceccarelli, Manuel (2016), Enki und Ninmah: Eine mythische Erzählung in sumerischer Sprache, Orientalische Relionen in der Antik, 16, Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 978-3-16-154278-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=0mI552wy2ccC&q=Nin-imma+personification+of+female+genitalia&pg=PA21
Clay, Albert Tobias (2006), The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, ISBN 978-1-59752-718-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=JKBLAwAAQBAJ&q=Anu+Ilu&pg=PA101
Cohen, Getzel M. (2013). The Hellenistic settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. USA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95356-7.
Cohen, Mark E. (1993). The cultic calendars of the ancient Near East. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press. ISBN 1-883053-00-5. OCLC 27431674.
Coleman, J. A.; Davidson, George (2015), The Dictionary of Mythology: An A-Z of Themes, Legends, and Heroes, London, England: Arcturus Publishing Limited, ISBN 978-1-78404-478-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=ASXLoQEACAAJ
Dalley, Stephanie (1989), Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-283589-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar
Dalley, Stephanie (2013). "Gods from north-eastern and north-western Arabia in cuneiform texts from the First Sealand Dynasty, and a cuneiform inscription from Tell en-Naṣbeh, c.1500 BC". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy (Wiley) 24 (2): 177–185. doi:10.1111/aae.12005. ISSN 0905-7196.
Day, John (2002), Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, New York City, new York and London, England: Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-567-53783-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ&q=tannim+Yahweh&pg=PA103
Dever, William G. (2003), Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 978-0-8028-4416-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=A_ByXkpofAgC&q=who+were+the+early+israelites
Dillery, John D. (2014). Clio's Other Sons: Berossus and Mantheo. USA: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-05227-1. OCLC 1066106613.
Doniger, Wendy (1990), Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&q=Bel+Enlil&pg=PA120
Drewnowska-Rymarz, Olga (2008). Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja. Warszawa: Agade. ISBN 978-83-87111-41-0. OCLC 263460607.
Drijvers, Henrik J. W. (1980). Cults and beliefs at Edessa. USA: Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-29562-9.
Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1980)
Edzard, Dietz-Otto; Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980)
Falkenstein, A. (1965), "Die Anunna in der sumerischen Überlieferung", Assyriological Studies (Chicago, Illinois: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) (16): 127–140
Fechner, Josephine; Tanret, Michel (2014)
Feliu, Lluís (2003). The god Dagan in Bronze Age Syria. Leiden Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13158-2. OCLC 52107444. https://books.google.com/books?id=IN9_IRYKKUMC.
Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001), The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts, New York City, New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&q=The+Bible+Unearthed
Foster, Benjamin (1996). Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature. Potomac, MD: CDL Press. ISBN 1-883053-23-4. OCLC 34149948.
Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1980), Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins, Berkeley, California, Los Angeles, California, and London, England: The University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04106-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&q=Bel+Enlil&pg=PA440
Gelb, Ignace (1973). Hurrians and Subarians. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-62393-1. OCLC 16252979.
George, Andrew R. (1992). Babylonian Topographical Texts. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Departement Oriëntalistiek. ISBN 978-90-6831-410-6. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/19287/. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-80-3. OCLC 27813103.
George, Andrew (1999), "Glossary of Proper Nouns", The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian, London, England, New York City, New York, Melbourne, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, New Delhi, India, Auckland, New Zealand, and Rosebank, South Africa: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-044919-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=eCZRK_61adMC&q=Silili+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&pg=PA225
George, Andrew R. (2003). The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814922-0. OCLC 51668477. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/1603/.
Grabbe, Lester L. (2010), An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism, New York City, New York and London, England: A&C Black, ISBN 978-0-567-55248-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC
Hallo, William W. (1996), Journal of the American Oriental Society, 116, American Oriental Society, pp. 231–234, doi:10.2307/605698
Harris, Rivkah (February 1991), "Inanna-Ishtar as Paradox and a Coincidence of Opposites", History of Religions 30 (3): 261–278, doi:10.1086/463228
Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2011)
Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2008). The other gods who are: studies in Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. ISBN 978-90-6258-414-7.
Herbert, Sharon. C (2003). "The Hellenistic Archives from Tel Kedesh (Israel) and Seleucia-on-the-Tigris (Iraq)". Bulletin (USA: MI: MPublishing, University of Michigan Library) 15. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0054307.0015.104.
Holland, Glenn Stanfield (2009), Gods in the Desert: Religions of the Ancient Near East, Lanham, Maryland, Boulder, Colorado, New York City, New York, Toronto, Ontario, and Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-0-7425-9979-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=FI6PzjEm_UUC&q=Utu+sun+god&pg=PA115
Horowitz, Wayne (1998), Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography, Mesopotamian Civilizations, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, ISBN 978-0-931464-99-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&q=planets+in+Mesopotamian+cosmology&pg=PA153
Horry, Ruth (2013), Tašmetu (goddess); Divine consort of the god Nabu, associated with wisdom and sexual attractiveness, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/tametu/index.html, retrieved 9 May 2018
Horry, Ruth (2016), Erra (god); God of war and plagues, who later became closely associated with the underworld god Nergal, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/erra/index.html, retrieved 9 May 2018
Klein, Jacob (2010). "The Assumed Human Origin of Divine Dumuzi: A Reconsideration". Proceedings of the 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Penn State University Press. pp. 1121–1134. doi:10.1515/9781575066394-051. ISBN 9781575066394. https://www.academia.edu/5818316.
Litke, Richard L. (1998). A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:^dA-nu-umm and AN:Anu šá Ameli. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection. ISBN 978-0-9667495-0-2. OCLC 470337605.
Jacobsen, Thorkild (2008), "Toward the Image of Tammuz", in Moran, William L., Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, pp. 73–103, ISBN 978-1-55635-952-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=nldKAwAAQBAJ&q=Did+Tammuz+influence+the+passion+narrative+of+Jesus
Jacobsen, Thorkild (1987), The Harps that Once...: Sumerian Poetry in Translation, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-07278-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=L-BI0h41yCEC&q=Uttu&pg=PA184
James, E. O. (1963), "The Worship of the Skygod: A Comparative Study in Semitic and Indo-European Religion", Jordan Lectures in Comparative religion, series 6 (University of London): pp. 27f., https://archive.org/details/theworshipoftheskygod
Jordan, Michael (2002), Encyclopedia of Gods, London, England: Kyle Cathie Limited, ISBN 978-0-8160-5923-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC&q=Hahanu+Sumerian+god&pg=PA110
Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul (2001), Kõiva, Mare; Kuperjanov, Andres, eds., "Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia", Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore (Tartu, Estonia: Folk Belief and Media Group of ELM) 16: 7–33, doi:10.7592/FEJF2001.16.planets, ISSN 1406-0957, https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol16/planets.pdf
Katz, Dina (1995). "Inanna's Descent and Undressing the Dead as a Divine Law". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie (Walter de Gruyter GmbH) 85 (2): 221–233. doi:10.1515/zava.1995.85.2.221. ISSN 0084-5299. https://www.academia.edu/318413.
Katz, Dina (2003), The Image of the Underworld in Sumerian Sources, Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press
Klein, Jacob (1997). "The God Martu in Sumerian Literature". in Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J.. Sumerian Gods and their Representations. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961), Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-1047-7, http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963), The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies (Ankara, Turkey: British Institute at Ankara) 33: 115–121, doi:10.2307/3642699
Krebernik, Manfred (1987) (in de)
Krebernik, Manfred (1987a) (in de)
Krebernik, Manfred (1997) (in de)
Krebernik, Manfred (1998) (in de)
Krebernik, Manfred (2003). "Drachenmutter und Himmelsrebe? Zur Frühgeschichte Dumuzis und seiner Familie". in Sallaberger, Walther; Volk, Konrad; Zgoll, Annette (in de). Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien: Festschrift für Claus Wilcke. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-04659-7. OCLC 51728225. https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/1376/1/Krebernik_Drachenmutter_und_Himmelsrebe_2003.pdf.
Krebernik, Manfred (2005) (in de)
Krebernik, Manfred (2008) (in de)
Krebernik, Manfred (2011) (in de)
Krul, Julia (2018). "Some Observations on Late Urukean Theophoric Names". Grenzüberschreitungen Studien zur Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients: Festschrift für Hans Neumann zum 65. Geburtstag am 9. Mai 2018. Münster: Zaphon. ISBN 978-3-96327-010-9. OCLC 1038056453. https://www.academia.edu/36775745.
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980)
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980a)
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983)
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983a). "The God Aššur". Iraq (British Institute for the Study of Iraq) 45 (1): 82–86. doi:10.2307/4200181. ISSN 0021-0889. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200181. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983b)
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987)
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987a)
Lambert, Wilfred G. (2007). "An Exotic Babylonian God-List". Studies presented to Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2004. Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN 978-1-885923-44-8. OCLC 67873765. https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/as/27-studies-presented-robert-d-biggs-june-4-2004-workshop-chicago-assyrian.
Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). Babylonian creation myths. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-861-9. OCLC 861537250.
Launderville, Dale (2010), Celibacy in the Ancient World: Its Ideal and Practice in Pre-Hellenistic Israel, Mesopotamia, and Greece, A Michael Glazier Book, Collegeville, Maryland: Liturgical Press, ISBN 978-0-8146-5734-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=yDe0gv9GJQcC&q=Nin-imma&pg=PA184
Leemans, Wilhelmus François (1983) (in de)
Leick, Gwendolyn (1998), A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-19811-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEZD-9L5ogC&q=Anunnaki&pg=PA8
Leick, Gwendolyn (2013), Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-92074-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=2jlRyuY2veYC&q=Enlil+and+Ninlil
Lutwyche, Jayne (22 January 2013), Why are there seven days in a week?, Religion & Ethics, The British Broadcasting Company, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/20394641, retrieved 30 April 2018
Marchesi, Gianni (2006). LUMMA in the onomasticon and literature of Ancient Mesopotamia. Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Ed. e Libr. ISBN 978-88-901286-4-6. OCLC 237144973. https://www.academia.edu/10052715.
Marcato, Enrico (2018). "Religious Significance of Hatran Theophoric Names". Personal names in the Aramaic inscriptions of Hatra. Antichistica. 17. doi:10.30687/978-88-6969-231-4/005. ISBN 978-88-6969-233-8. https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-231-4/978-88-6969-231-4-ch-05.pdf.
Mark, Joshua J. (2 February 2017), Ninurta, https://www.worldhistory.org/Ninurta/, retrieved 4 August 2018
McCall, Henrietta (1990), Mesopotamian Myths, The Legendary Past, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, ISBN 978-0-292-75130-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=pjyCCwZg5LAC&q=Anu+myths&pg=PA65
McEvilley, Thomas (2002), The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-203-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=number+seven+in+Mesopotamian+cosmology&pg=PT424
MacGinnis, John (2020). "The gods of Arbail". In Context: the Reade Festschrift. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1ddckv5.12. https://books.google.com/books?id=59kSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101A. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
Michalowski, Piotr (1998)
Michalowski, Piotr (2013)
Miller, Patrick D. (1986), A History of Ancient Israel and Judah, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 978-0-664-21262-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&q=%22Yahweh%22%22national+god+of+Israel+and+Judah%22&pg=PA110
Mittermayer, Catherine (2015). "Der Wettstreit zwischen Dumuzi und Enkimdu". Babel und Bibel (Penn State University Press) 8: 383–398. doi:10.1515/9781575063553-015. ISBN 9781575063553. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/files/downloads/0/0/1/2/1/8/0/0/unige_121800_attachment01.pdf.
Morony, Michael (1984). Iraq after the Muslim conquest. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05395-0. OCLC 9645034.
Murat, Leyla (2009). "Goddess Išhara". Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 45. https://www.academia.edu/31405555.
Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Daily Life, Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=lbmXsaTGNKUC
Parker, Robert (2017). Greek Gods Abroad. USA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29394-6.
Penglase, Charles (1994), Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-15706-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=U4mFAgAAQBAJ&q=Ninurta&pg=PA42
James, Peter; Van der Sluijs, Marius Anthony (2008), "Ziggurats, Colors, and Planets: Rawlinson Revisited", Journal of Cuneiform Studies (The American Schools of Oriental Research) 60: 57–79, doi:10.1086/JCS25608622
Peterson, Jeremiah (2009). "Two New Sumerian Texts Involving The Netherworld and Funerary Offerings". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 99 (2). doi:10.1515/ZA.2009.006. https://www.academia.edu/2286620.
Peterson, Jeremiah (2009a). God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-019-7. OCLC 460044951. https://www.academia.edu/27631505.
Peterson, Jeremiah (2011). "Nanna/Suen Convenes in the Divine Assembly as King". Aula orientalis: Revista de estudios del Próximo Oriente Antiguo 29 (2): 279–288. ISSN 0212-5730. https://www.academia.edu/4415247. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
Peterson, Jeremiah (2016). "UET 6/1, 74, the Hymnic Introduction of a Sumerian Letter-Prayer to Ninšubur". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie (Walter de Gruyter GmbH) 106 (1). doi:10.1515/za-2016-0004. ISSN 0084-5299. https://www.academia.edu/26722300.
Peterson, Jeremiah (2014). "Two New Sumerian Texts Involving the Deities Numushda and Gibil". Studia Mesopotamica: Jahrbuch für altorientalische Geschichte und Kultur. Band 1. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-076-0. OCLC 952181311. https://www.academia.edu/6408238.
Peterson, Jeremiah (2016a). "The Literary Corpus of the Old Babylonian Larsa Dynasties: New Texts, New Readings, and Commentary". Studia Mesopotamica 3: Jahrbuch für altorientalische Geschichte und Kultur. Band 3. ISBN 978-3-86835-202-3. OCLC 954238944. https://www.academia.edu/27046241.
Pomponio, Francesco (1998)
Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2012). "Comments on the Translatability of Divinity: Cultic and Theological Responses to the Presence of the Other in the Ancient near East". in Bonnet, Corinne. Les représentations des dieux des autres. Caltanissetta: Sciascia. ISBN 978-88-8241-388-0. OCLC 850438175. https://www.academia.edu/7273180.
Porter, Barbara N. (2004). "Ishtar of Nineveh and Her Collaborator, Ishtar of Arbela, in the Reign of Assurbanipal". Iraq (British Institute for the Study of Iraq) 66: 41–44. doi:10.1017/S0021088900001601. ISSN 0021-0889. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200556. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
Potter, David S. (1991). "The Inscriptions on the Bronze Herakles from Mesene: Vologeses IV's War with Rome and the Date of Tacitus'" Annales". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 88: 277–290.
Pryke, Louise M. (2017), Ishtar, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138-86073-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94
Richter, T. (2004). "Untersuchenungen zu den lokalen Panthea Süd- und Mittelbabyloniens in altbabylonidcher Zeit". Alter Orient und Altes Testament (Münster, Germany: Ugarit-Verlag) 2 (257).
Robson, Eleanor (2015), Ninurta, god of victory, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/nimrud/ancientkalhu/thepeople/ninurta/index.html
Rogers, John H. (1998), "Origins of the Ancient Astronomical Constellations: I: The Mesopotamian Traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association (London, England: The British Astronomical Association) 108 (1): 9–28, Bibcode: 1998JBAA..108....9R
Saadi-Nejad, Manya (2021). Anahita. A History and Reception of the Iranian Water Goddess. London: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited. ISBN 978-1-83860-111-9. OCLC 1223089221.
Saggs, H. W. F. (1987), Everyday Life in Babylonia & Assyria, Dorset Press, ISBN 978-0-88029-127-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=bFxNAAAAYAAJ
Sallaberger, Walther (2017)
Schneider, Tammi J. (2011), An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-8028-2959-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=2HfU9gv0fXYC&q=Iconography+of+Enlil&pg=PA58
Schwemer, Daniel (2001) (in de). Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-04456-1. OCLC 48145544. https://www.academia.edu/16999070.
Schwemer, Daniel (2007). "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions (Brill) 7 (2): 121–168. doi:10.1163/156921207783876404. ISSN 1569-2116. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/7075/1/JANER7%3A2offprint.pdf.
Schwemer, Daniel (2008). "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions (Brill) 8 (1): 1–44. doi:10.1163/156921208786182428. ISSN 1569-2116. https://www.academia.edu/14077557.
Seidl, Ursula (1972) (in de)
Selz, Gebhard (1995) (in de). Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagaš. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. ISBN 978-0-924171-00-0. OCLC 33334960. https://www.academia.edu/1564636.
Sharlach, Tonia (2002). "Foreign Influences on the Religion of the Ur III Court". General studies and excavations at Nuzi 10/3. Bethesda, Md: CDL Press. ISBN 1-883053-68-4. OCLC 48399212. https://www.academia.edu/36052473.
Sharlach, Tonia (2007). "Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources". Ancient Near Eastern art in context: studies in honor of Irene J. Winter. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2085-9. OCLC 648616171. https://www.academia.edu/36052634.
Simons, Frank (2017), Hazenbos, Joost; Mittermayer; Novák, Mirko et al., eds., "A New Join to the Hurro-Akkadian Version of the Weidner God List from Emar (Msk 74.108a + Msk 74.158k)", Altorientalische Forschungen (Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter) 44 (1): 82–100, doi:10.1515/aofo-2017-0009, ISSN 0232-8461, https://www.academia.edu/33992533
Soldt, Wilfred H. van (2005)
Staiger, Annabelle (2010). Shehata, Dahlia; Weiershäuser, Frauke; Zand, Kamran V.. eds (in de). Von Göttern und Menschen: Beiträge zu Literatur und Geschichte des Alten Orients. Festschrift für Brigitte Groneberg. Cuneiform Monographs. 41. Brill. pp. 225-236. doi:10.1163/9789004187474_014. ISBN 978-90-04-18748-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=KG3cneWa8BkC&pg=PA225. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
Steinkeller, Piotr (1982). "The Mesopotamian God Kakka". Journal of Near Eastern Studies (University of Chicago Press) 41 (4): 289–294. doi:10.1086/372968. ISSN 0022-2968. http://www.jstor.org/stable/544089. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
Stephens, Kathryn (2013), An/Anu (god): Mesopotamian sky-god, one of the supreme deities; known as An in Sumerian and Anu in Akkadian, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/an/, retrieved 9 May 2018
Stephens, Kathryn (2016), Ninsi'anna (god/goddess); Deity of the planet Venus; an aspect of Inana/Ištar as Venus., Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ninsianna/index.html, retrieved 9 May 2018
Stol, Martin (1998) (in de)
Stol, Martin (2019) (in de)
Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005). "Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt." (in de). Archiv für Orientforschung (Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik) 51: 1–44. ISSN 0066-6440. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41670228. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
Taracha, Piotr (2009). Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447058858.
Trémouille, Marie-Claude (2013) (in fr)
van der Toorn, Karel (1995). "Migration and the Spread of Local Cults". Immigration and emigration within the ancient Near East: Festschrift E. Lipiński. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oriëntalistiek. ISBN 90-6831-727-X. OCLC 33242446.
Vanstiphout, H. L. (1984), "Inanna/Ishtar as a Figure of Controversy", Struggles of Gods: Papers of the Groningen Work Group for the Study of the History of Religions (Berlin: Mouton Publishers) 31, ISBN 978-90-279-3460-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=mQnv_Wh3gCwC&q=origins+of+Inanna&pg=PA225
van der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10410-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&pg=PA38. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
Veenhof, Klaas R. (2018). "The Family God in Old Babylonian and Especially in Old Assyrian Sources". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (112): 49–90. doi:10.3917/assy.112.0049. ISSN 0373-6032. https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2018-1-page-49.htm. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
Wasserman, Nathan (2008). "On Leeches, Dogs and Gods in Old Babylonian Medical Incantations". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (Presses Universitaires de France) 102: 71–88. doi:10.3917/assy.102.0071. ISSN 0373-6032. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23281369. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
Weeden, Mark (2016), Haya (god); Spouse of Nidaba/Nissaba, goddess of grain and scribes, he is known both as a "door-keeper" and associated with the scribal arts., Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/haya/index.html, retrieved 9 May 2018
Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1997). "Nanaya: Lady of Mystery". in Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J.. Sumerian Gods and their Representations. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9.
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1988). "An Unrecognized Synonym of Sumerian sukkal, "Vizier"". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie (Walter de Gruyter GmbH) 78 (2). doi:10.1515/zava.1988.78.2.225. ISSN 0084-5299. https://www.academia.edu/2378463.
Ebeling, Erich; Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2019)
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1992). Mesopotamian protective spirits: the ritual texts. Groningen: STYX & PP Publications. ISBN 978-90-72371-52-2. OCLC 27914917. https://www.academia.edu/2393340.
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998)
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998a)
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998b)
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011)
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1997). "Transtigridian Snake Gods". in Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J.. Sumerian Gods and their Representations. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9. https://www.academia.edu/540407.
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011a). "Agriculture as Civilization: Sages, Farmers, and Barbarians". Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford University Press. pp. 662–689. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557301.013.0031. ISBN 978-0199557301. https://www.academia.edu/2393461.
Wiggins, Steve (2007). A reassessment of Asherah: with further considerations of the goddess. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-717-9. OCLC 171049273. https://www.academia.edu/1307031.
Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). The Hurrians. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-442-5. OCLC 21036268. https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/searchtype/authorsearch/author/Gernot+Wilhelm/start/45/rows/10/docId/7301.
Wills, Lawrence Mitchell (2002), Ancient Jewish Novels: An Anthology, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-515142-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=EgT06Wdvo5AC&q=Bel+and+the+dragon
Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer, New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers, ISBN 978-0-06-090854-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=DF4pNpLmRBUC
Wright, J. Edward (2002), The Early History of Heaven, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-534849-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=lKvMeMorNBEC
Zisa, Gioele (2021). The Loss of Male Sexual Desire in Ancient Mesopotamia. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110757262. ISBN 978-3-11-075726-2.

Template:Featured list is only for Wikipedia:Featured lists.

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

[FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33-1] Kramer 1961, pp. 32–33.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 93.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293–94-3] Black & Green 1992, pp. 93–94.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130–131-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Black & Green 1992, pp. 130–131.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 130.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 98.

[FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998185-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 185.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992102-8] Black & Green 1992, p. 102.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 94.

[FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 186.

[FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–187-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Nemet-Nejat 1998, pp. 186–187.

[FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–188-12] Nemet-Nejat 1998, pp. 186–188.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992174-13] Black & Green 1992, p. 174.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199244–45-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Black & Green 1992, pp. 44–45.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199252-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 52.

[FOOTNOTESchneider201154-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Schneider 2011, p. 54.

[FOOTNOTESchneider201153-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 ^17.3 ^17.4 Schneider 2011, p. 53.

[FOOTNOTESchneider201153–54-18] Schneider 2011, pp. 53–54.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 147.

[FOOTNOTESchneider201152–53-20] Schneider 2011, pp. 52–53.

[FOOTNOTELitke19986-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Litke 1998, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTELitke19986–7-22] Litke 1998, pp. 6–7.

[FOOTNOTEBrisch2016-23] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 ^23.4 ^23.5 Brisch 2016.

[FOOTNOTELeick19988-24] 24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 ^24.3 ^24.4 ^24.5 Leick 1998, p. 8.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013193-25] 25.0 ^25.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 193.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 34.

[FOOTNOTEKatz1995229-27] Katz 1995, p. 229.

[FOOTNOTEArchi1990115-28] Archi 1990, p. 115.

[FOOTNOTEFalkenstein1965127–140-29] Falkenstein 1965, pp. 127–140.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992106-30] 30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 106.

[FOOTNOTEKramer1963120–122-31] Kramer 1963, pp. 120–122.

[FOOTNOTELitke19982-32] Litke 1998, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201327-33] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 27.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201365-34] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 65.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2011279–280-35] 35.0 ^35.1 Peterson 2011, pp. 279–280.

[FOOTNOTELambert2013262-36] 36.0 ^36.1 Lambert 2013, p. 262.

[FOOTNOTELambert2013262–263-37] Lambert 2013, pp. 262–263.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007142-38] 38.0 ^38.1 Schwemer 2007, p. 142.

[FOOTNOTELambert2013199-39] 39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 Lambert 2013, p. 199.

[FOOTNOTELambert2013275-40] Lambert 2013, p. 275.

[FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002424-41] McEvilley 2002, p. 424.

[FOOTNOTEBautsch2003119-42] Bautsch 2003, p. 119.

[FOOTNOTEKramer1963123-43] Kramer 1963, p. 123.

[FOOTNOTEKramer1963122–123-44] Kramer 1963, pp. 122–123.

[FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998201–203-45] Nemet-Nejat 1998, pp. 201–203.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46] 46.0 ^46.1 ^46.2 ^46.3 Black & Green 1992, pp. 108–109.

[FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-47] 47.0 ^47.1 ^47.2 ^47.3 ^47.4 ^47.5 Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 203.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182–184-48] Black & Green 1992, pp. 182–184.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49] 49.0 ^49.1 ^49.2 ^49.3 ^49.4 ^49.5 Black & Green 1992, p. 135.

[FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512-50] Henkelman 2011, p. 512.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-51] 51.0 ^51.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 92.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52] 52.0 ^52.1 ^52.2 ^52.3 ^52.4 Black & Green 1992, p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-53] 53.0 ^53.1 Harris 1991, pp. 261–278.

[FOOTNOTERogers199813-54] 54.0 ^54.1 ^54.2 Rogers 1998, p. 13.

[FOOTNOTEClay2006101-55] Clay 2006, p. 101.

[FOOTNOTEJames1963140-56] James 1963, p. 140.

[FOOTNOTEKatz2003403-57] Katz 2003, p. 403.

[FOOTNOTELambert2013405–426-58] Lambert 2013, pp. 405–426.

[FOOTNOTEStephens2013-59] Stephens 2013.

[FOOTNOTESchneider201158-60] Schneider 2011, p. 58.

[FOOTNOTEKramer1963118-61] Kramer 1963, p. 118.

[FOOTNOTELambert2013184-62] Lambert 2013, p. 184.

[FOOTNOTEAtaç201878-63] 63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 Ataç 2018, p. 78.

[FOOTNOTEColemanDavidson2015108-64] 64.0 ^64.1 Coleman & Davidson 2015, p. 108.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276-65] 65.0 ^65.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 76.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274,_76-66] Black & Green 1992, pp. 74, 76.

[FOOTNOTEHallo1996231–234-67] 67.0 ^67.1 Hallo 1996, pp. 231–234.

[FOOTNOTEKramer1983115–121-68] Kramer 1983, pp. 115–121.

[FOOTNOTEKramer1963119-69] Kramer 1963, p. 119.

[FOOTNOTEKramer1963121-70] Kramer 1963, p. 121.

[FOOTNOTESchneider201159-71] 71.0 ^71.1 ^71.2 ^71.3 ^71.4 Schneider 2011, p. 59.

[FOOTNOTELambert20135-72] 72.0 ^72.1 ^72.2 Lambert 2013, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTEWright200234–35-73] 73.0 ^73.1 Wright 2002, pp. 34–35.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74] 74.00 ^74.01 ^74.02 ^74.03 ^74.04 ^74.05 ^74.06 ^74.07 ^74.08 ^74.09 ^74.10 ^74.11 ^74.12 Black & Green 1992, p. 75.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128-75] 75.0 ^75.1 ^75.2 ^75.3 ^75.4 Black & Green 1992, p. 128.

[FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200120-76] Kasak & Veede 2001, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237-77] 77.0 ^77.1 ^77.2 ^77.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 37.

[FOOTNOTELambert1983a83-78] Lambert 1983a, p. 83.

[FOOTNOTELambert1983a85–86-79] Lambert 1983a, pp. 85–86.

[FOOTNOTELambert1983a82-80] 80.0 ^80.1 ^80.2 Lambert 1983a, p. 82.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199238-81] Black & Green 1992, p. 38.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237–38-82] Black & Green 1992, pp. 37–38.

[FOOTNOTELambert2013246-83] Lambert 2013, p. 246.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-84] 84.0 ^84.1 ^84.2 ^84.3 ^84.4 ^84.5 Black & Green 1992, p. 133.

[FOOTNOTEPomponio199820-85] 85.0 ^85.1 ^85.2 ^85.3 ^85.4 ^85.5 Pomponio 1998, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEPomponio199822-86] Pomponio 1998, p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEPomponio199818-87] 87.0 ^87.1 Pomponio 1998, p. 18.

[FOOTNOTEPomponio199823-88] 88.0 ^88.1 Pomponio 1998, p. 23.

[FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200117–18-89] 89.0 ^89.1 Kasak & Veede 2001, pp. 17–18.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2011279-90] Peterson 2011, p. 279.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182-91] 91.0 ^91.1 ^91.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 182.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-92] 92.0 ^92.1 ^92.2 ^92.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 184.

[FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37-93] 93.0 ^93.1 Pryke 2017, pp. 36–37.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-94] 94.0 ^94.1 ^94.2 ^94.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 108.

[FOOTNOTELeick199887-95] 95.0 ^95.1 Leick 1998, p. 87.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109-96] Black & Green 1992, p. 109.

[FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983ix–xi,_xvi-97] Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. ix–xi, xvi.

[FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xiii,_xv-98] Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. xiii, xv.

[FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-99] Kramer 1961, p. 101.

[FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984225–228-100] Vanstiphout 1984, pp. 225–228.

[FOOTNOTEPryke2017101-101] 101.0 ^101.1 Pryke 2017, p. 101.

[FOOTNOTEPryke2017101–103-102] 102.0 ^102.1 Pryke 2017, pp. 101–103.

[FOOTNOTEKramer196183–96-103] 103.0 ^103.1 Kramer 1961, pp. 83–96.

[FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198352–71-104] 104.0 ^104.1 Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. 52–71.

[FOOTNOTEPryke2017102–104-105] Pryke 2017, pp. 102–104.

[FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–89-106] Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. 71–89.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-107] 107.0 ^107.1 ^107.2 ^107.3 ^107.4 ^107.5 ^107.6 Black & Green 1992, p. 140.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358-108] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 58.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013137-109] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 137.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-110] 110.0 ^110.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 61.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201342-111] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 42.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013139–140-112] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 139–140.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013138-113] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 138.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359-114] 114.0 ^114.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 59.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199259-115] Black & Green 1992, p. 59.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358–59-116] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 58–59.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992146-117] Black & Green 1992, p. 146.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-118] 118.0 ^118.1 ^118.2 ^118.3 ^118.4 ^118.5 Black & Green 1992, p. 142.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138,_142-119] Black & Green 1992, pp. 138, 142.

[FOOTNOTEMark2017-120] Mark 2017.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271,_138-121] Black & Green 1992, pp. 71, 138.

[FOOTNOTERobson2015-122] Robson 2015.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-123] 123.0 ^123.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 143.

[FOOTNOTEPenglase199443-124] Penglase 1994, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200125–26-125] Kasak & Veede 2001, pp. 25–26.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142–143-126] Black & Green 1992, pp. 142–143.

[FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200127-127] Kasak & Veede 2001, p. 27.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136-128] 128.0 ^128.1 ^128.2 ^128.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 136.

[FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200128-129] Kasak & Veede 2001, p. 28.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-130] 130.0 ^130.1 ^130.2 ^130.3 ^130.4 Black & Green 1992, p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84-131] Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, pp. 74–84.

[FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-132] 132.0 ^132.1 ^132.2 Ackerman 2006, p. 116.

[FOOTNOTEJacobsen200887–88-133] Jacobsen 2008, pp. 87–88.

[FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84-134] Jacobsen 2008, pp. 83–84.

[FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–87-135] Jacobsen 2008, pp. 83–87.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-136] 136.0 ^136.1 Black & Green 1992, p. 73.

[FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84-137] 137.0 ^137.1 Jacobsen 2008, pp. 74–84.

[FOOTNOTEWiggermann199734-138] Wiggermann 1997, p. 34.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-139] 139.0 ^139.1 ^139.2 ^139.3 ^139.4 Black & Green 1992, p. 77.

[FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184-140] 140.0 ^140.1 ^140.2 Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 184.

[FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355-141] Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, p. 55.

[FOOTNOTEWiggermann199724-142] Wiggermann 1997, p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101-143] 143.0 ^143.1 ^143.2 ^143.3 Black & Green 1992, p. 101.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252-144] 144.0 ^144.1 ^144.2 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 252.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382-145] 145.0 ^145.1 ^145.2 ^145.3 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 82.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013242-146] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 242.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367-147] 147.0 ^147.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 67.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382–83-148] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 82–83.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100-149] 149.0 ^149.1 Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384-150] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319-151] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 19.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013189-152] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 189.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013190-153] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 190.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013205-154] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 205.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201366-155] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 66.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201321–22-156] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 21–22.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378-157] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 78.

[FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164-158] Sallaberger 2017, p. 164.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-159] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 77.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-160] 160.0 ^160.1 ^160.2 Black & Green 1992, p. 110.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007131-161] 161.0 ^161.1 Schwemer 2007, p. 131.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-162] 162.00 ^162.01 ^162.02 ^162.03 ^162.04 ^162.05 ^162.06 ^162.07 ^162.08 ^162.09 Black & Green 1992, p. 111.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140-163] 163.0 ^163.1 ^163.2 Schwemer 2007, p. 140.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143-164] 164.0 ^164.1 ^164.2 Schwemer 2007, p. 143.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007135-165] 165.0 ^165.1 Schwemer 2007, p. 135.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007121-166] Schwemer 2007, p. 121.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007145-167] Schwemer 2007, p. 145.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132-168] 168.0 ^168.1 Schwemer 2007, p. 132.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007137-169] Schwemer 2007, p. 137.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007138-170] Schwemer 2007, p. 138.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007130-171] Schwemer 2007, p. 130.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007134-172] Schwemer 2007, p. 134.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007123–133-173] Schwemer 2007, pp. 123–133.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007133-174] Schwemer 2007, p. 133.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007139-175] Schwemer 2007, p. 139.

[FOOTNOTESchwemer2007147-176] Schwemer 2007, p. 147.

[FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744-177] 177.0 ^177.1 ^177.2 Wiggermann 1997, p. 44.

[FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742-178] 178.0 ^178.1 Wiggermann 1997, p. 42.

[FOOTNOTESimons201786-179] 179.0 ^179.1 Simons 2017, p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEWiggermann199743-180] Wiggermann 1997, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTEWiggermann199748-181] Wiggermann 1997, p. 48.

[FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134-182] Black & Green 1992, p. 134.

[FOOTNOTEStol1998147-183] Stol 1998, p. 147.

[FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008124-184] Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, p. 124.

[FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008116–117-185] Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, pp. 116–117.

[FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200897–98-186] Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, pp. 97–98.

[FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013267-187] Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 267.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson201638-188] 188.0 ^188.1 Peterson 2016, p. 38.

[FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz20089-189] Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823–24-190] Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008, pp. 23–24.

[191] The Underworld Vision of an Assyrian Prince, line 30

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]