List of religions and spiritual traditions

Short description: none

Religious symbols in clock-wise form from top: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baháʼí Faith, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Slavic neopaganism, Celtic polytheism, Heathenism (Germanic paganism), Semitic neopaganism, Wicca, Kemetism (Egyptian paganism), Hellenism (Greek paganism), Italo-Roman neopaganism.

While the word religion is difficult to define and understand, one standard model of religion that is used in religious studies courses defines it as

[a] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.^[2]

Many religions have their own narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, or ultimate concerns.^[3]

The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.^[4]^[5]

Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.^[6] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,^[7] and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

Eastern religions

Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia encompassing a diverse range of eastern and spiritual traditions.^[8]

East Asian religions

World religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism and Confucianism and religions and traditions descended from them.

Chinese philosophy schools

Taojia ("School of the Tao")
Fajia ('School of Law")
- Zonghengjia ("School of Diplomacy")
Mojia ("School of Mo")
- Mingjia ("School of Names")
Nongjia ("School of Agrarianism")
Rujia ("School of Scholars")
Yangism
Yinyangjia ("School of Yin Yang")
Zajia ("School of Syncretism")

Confucianism

Confucian ritual religion
Current Texts Confucianism
Donglin movement
Han Learning
Korean Confucianism
- Donghak
- Silhak
Lingnan Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism
- Cheng-Zhu school
- Edo Neo-Confucianism
- Tongcheng school
- Yangmingism
  - Taizhou School
New Confucianism
- Confucian church
  - Indonesian Confucianism
  - Confucian Academy
- Progressive Confucianism
New Text
- Changzhou school
- Gongyang school
  - Holy Confucian Church
Old Text
Tianzuism
Taigu school

Taoism

Dokyo
Korean Taoism
Kunlun
New Taoism
Qigong
- Zhong Gong
Quanzhen School ("School of the Fulfilled Virtue")
Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
- Way of the Celestial Masters
  - Northern Celestial Masters
  - Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")

Syncretic Taoism

Dragon Gate Taoism
- Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
Huang–Lao
Kōshin
Xuanxue ("Neo-Taoism")
Yao Taoism ("Meishanism")

Indian religions

The four world religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent, also known as Dharmic religions; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions descended from them.

Buddhism

Pre-sectarian Buddhism (theorized)
- Mahayana
  - Chinese Buddhism
    - Tiantai
      - Tendai
      - Cheontae
    - Huayan school
      - Baiyunzong (syncretic)
      - Daśabhūmikā
    - Chan Buddhism
      - Seon Buddhism
        Jogye Order
        Kwan Um School
        
        Taego Order
      - Thiền Buddhism
        Tiep Hien Order
        
        Trúc Lâm (syncretic)
      - Zen Buddhism
        Japanese Zen
        
        Caodong school
        Sōtō
        Keizan line
        
        Jakuen line
        
        Giin line
        
        Linji school
        Otokan line
        Rinzai
        
        Ōbaku
        
        Fuke-shū
        
        Sanbo Kyodan
  - Madhyamaka
    - Sanlun
    - Prasaṅgika
    - Svatantrika
  - Nichiren Buddhism
    - Fuju-fuse
    - Honmon Butsuryū-shū
    - Kempon Hokke
    - Nichirenism
    - Nichiren Shōshū
    - Nichiren Shū
  - Pure Land Buddhism
    - Jōdo Shinshū
      - Honganji-ha
      - Ōtani-ha
        Ohigashi
      - Yuzu Nembutsu
      - Seizan
    - Jōdo-shū
      - Chinzei
  - Yogācāra
    - East Asian Yogācāra
- Nikaya Buddhism (also called "Hinayana")
  - Theravada
    - Sangharaj Nikaya
    - Mahasthabir Nikaya
    - Dwara Nikaya
    - Shwegyin Nikaya
    - Thudhamma Nikaya
    - Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya
      - Galduwa Forest Tradition
    - Siam Nikaya
    - Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
    - Dhammayuttika Nikaya
      - Thai Forest Tradition
    - Maha Nikaya (Thailand)
      - Dhammakaya Movement
  - Vipassana movement (United States)
- Vajrayana
  - Azhaliism
  - Bongthingism
  - Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
  - Newar Buddhism
  - Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
  - Shingon Buddhism
    - Tachikawa-ryū
  - Southern Esoteric Buddhism
  - Tibetan Buddhism
    - Bon (syncretic)
    - Gelug
      - Yellow Shamanism (syncretic)
    - Kagyu
      - Dagpo Kagyu
        Karma Kagyu
        
        Drukpa Kagyu
      - Shangpa Kagyu
    - Nyingma
    - Sakya
    - Jonang
    - Bodongpa
Navayana

Dharmic philosophy schools

Āstika (Orthodox schools)
- Nyaya
- Mimamsa
- Samkhya
- Vaisheshika
- Vedanta
  - Advaita Vedanta
  - Akshar-Purushottam Darshan
  - Bhedabheda
    - Achintya Bheda Abheda
    - Dvaitadvaita
  - Dvaita Vedanta
  - Pratyabhijna
  - Shaiva Siddhanta
  - Shiva Advaita
  - Shuddhadvaita
  - Vishishtadvaita
- Yoga
Nāstika (Heterodox schools)
- Ajivika
- Ajñana
- Akiriya
- Buddhism
- Charvaka^[9]
- Jainism
- Sassatavada

Hinduism

Ganapatya
Halumatha
Sant Mat
- Dadupanth
- Kabir panth
- Ravidassia religion
- Sadh
Satya Mahima Dharma
Shaivism^[10]
- Aghori
- Kapalika
- Kashmir Shaivism
- Kaumaram
- Nath
  - Adinath Sampradaya
  - Inchegeri Sampradaya
- Pashupata Shaivism
- Shaiva Siddhanta
- Veerashaivism
  - Lingayatism
Shaktism^[10]
- Caribbean Shaktism
- Srikula
Smartism
Śrauta
Tantra
- Kaula
  - Newar Hinduism
Vaishnavism/Krishnaism^[10]^[11]
- Balmikism
- Bhagavata tradition
- Brahma Sampradaya
  - Madhva tradition
  - Gaudiya Vaishnavism
    - Manipuri Vaishnavism
  - Haridasa
- Ekasarana Dharma
- Kapadi Sampradaya
- Mahanubhava
- Nimbarka Sampradaya
- Pranami/Pranami Sampraday
- Radha Vallabh Sampradaya
- Ramsnehi Sampradaya
- Rudra Sampradaya
  - Pushtimarg
- Sri Vaishnavism
  - Ramanandi Sampradaya
  - Thenkalais
    - Manavala Mamunigal Sabha
- Vaishnava-Sahajiya
- Warkari
Zunism (disputedly Hindu)

Syncretic Hinduism

Banjara Hinduism
Baarmati religion
Bengali folk religion
- Baul
- Kartabhaja
- Matuaism
Bhil Hinduism
Folk Hinduism
Dyaoism
Indonesian Hinduism
- Balinese Hinduism
- Javanese Hinduism
  - Tenggerese Hinduism
- Kaharingan
- Naurus
  - Nuaulu religion
Lokhimon

Jainism

Digambara
- Kanji Panth^[12]
- Taran Panth
Śvētāmbara
- Murtipujaka
- Sthānakavāsī
Yapaniya (Historical)

Sikhism

Sects such as the Nirankari, Ramraiya and Namdhari are not accepted within the Sikh Rehat Maryada (Sikh Code of Conduct) as they believe in a current human guru.

Tat Khalsa
Udasi
Nanakpanthi
Nirankari
Nirmala
Sewapanthi
Nihang
Taksali
Mina
Ramraiya
Namdhari
Akhand Kirtani
3HO
Sanatan Sikh

Yoga

Ananda Yoga
Bhakti yoga
Hatha yoga
- Bihar School of Yoga
Integral Yoga
Jivamukti Yoga
Jnana yoga
Karma yoga
Kripalu Yoga
Kriya Yoga
Kundalini yoga
Raja yoga
Sahaja Yoga
Siddha Yoga
Sivananda yoga
Surat Shabd Yoga
Tantric Yoga

Abrahamic religions

Christianity

Early Christianity

Arianism
Jewish Christianity
- Pauline Christianity
  - Proto-orthodox Christianity
    - Great Church
      - Nicene Christianity
        Chalcedonian Christianity
        Neo-Chalcedonism
Johannine Community
Proto-Gnosticism
- Gnosticism
Marcionism

Eastern Christianity

Church of the East (called "Nestorianism")
- Ancient Church of the East
- Assyrian Church of the East
  - Chaldean Syrian Church
Eastern Catholic Churches (part of Catholic Church)
- Albanian Greek Catholic Church
- Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
- Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
- Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
- Hungarian Byzantine Catholic Church
- Italo-Albanian Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Italo-Greek Catholic Church")
- Macedonian Catholic Church
- Maronite Church
- Melkite Greek Catholic Church
- Romanian Greek Catholic Church
- Russian Greek Catholic Church
- Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Byzantine Catholic Church" in the United States)
- Slovak Greek Catholic Church
- Syriac Catholic Church
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
- Syro-Malabar Church
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
- (Independent Eastern Catholic Churches)
  - Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church (officially the "Orthodox Catholic Church")
- Albanian Orthodox Church
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- Georgian Orthodox Church
- Greek Orthodox Church
- Old Believers
- Romanian Orthodox Church
- Russian Orthodox Church
  - Belarusian Orthodox Church
- Serbian Orthodox Church
- True Orthodox Church
  - Old Calendarists
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodox Churches (a.k.a. "Non-Chalcedonian" or "Miaphysite"/"Monophysite")
- Armenian Apostolic Church
- Coptic Orthodox Church
- Syriac Orthodox Church
  - Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (of the St. Thomas Christians in India)
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church
- Eritrean Orthodox Church
- Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (of the St. Thomas Christians in India)
Spiritual Christianity

Western Christianity

Proto-Protestantism
- Brethren of the Free Spirit (Historical)
- Hussites (Historical)
  - Czech Brethren
  - Moravians
- Lollardy (Historical)
- Strigolniki (Historical)
- Waldensians
Protestantism
- Anabaptists (Radical Protestants)
  - Amish
  - Hutterites
  - Mennonites
  - River Brethren
  - Schwarzenau Brethren
- Anglicanism
  - Anglo-Catholicism
  - Continuing Anglican movement
  - Evangelical Anglicanism
- Baptists
- Black church
  - Black theology
- Charismatic Christianity
  - Pentecostalism ("First wave")
    - Oneness Pentecostalism
    - Word of Faith
  - Charismatic movement ("Second wave")
    - Neo-charismatic movement ("Third wave")
- Christian deism
- Confessing Movement
- Evangelicalism
  - Progressive Christianity
  - Protestant fundamentalism
- Lutheranism
- Methodism
  - Calvinistic Methodists
  - Holiness movement
  - Wesleyanism
- Puritans
- Quakers
- Reformed churches
  - Amyraldism (a.k.a."four-point Calvinism")
  - Arminianism
  - Christian reconstructionism
  - Congregational churches
  - Continental Reformed churches
    - Swiss Reformed
    - Dutch Reformed
    - French Huguenot
  - Neo-Calvinism
  - New Calvinism
  - Presbyterianism
  - Zwinglianism
- Reformed Eastern Christianity
- Restoration movement (a.k.a. "Restorationism")
  - Adventism
    - Seventh-day Adventist Church
  - Churches of Christ
  - Bible Student movement
    - Jehovah's Witnesses
  - Latter Day Saint movement
    - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
    - Mormon fundamentalism
- Swedenborgianism (a.k.a. "The New Church")
- Unitarianism
Latin Church (part of Catholic Church)
- Black Catholicism
- Charismatic Catholics
- Gallicanism
- Independent Catholic churches (a.k.a "Independent Catholicism")
  - Old Catholic Church
- Liberal Catholicism
- Modernist Catholics
- Traditionalist Catholics
  - Sedevacantism
  - Sedeprivationism
- Ultramontanism

Syncretic

Cult of El Tío
Cult of María Lionza
Polish folk beliefs
Cult of Santa Muerte
Esoteric Christianity
- Christian Theosophy
- Christopaganism
- Martinism
Folk Christianity
- Folk Catholicism
- Folk Orthodoxy
God Worshipping Society (Historical)
Judaizers (Judeo-Christian)
- Christian Kabbalah
- Messianic Judaism
Rizalista
Samaritan Christians
Spiritual Baptist

Other

American Civil Religion
Christian Universalism
Nondenominational Christianity
Nontrinitarianism

Islam

Khawarij

Azraqi (Historical)
Haruriyyah (Historical)
Ibadi
Najdat (Historical)
Sufri (Historical)

Shia Islam

Alevism
- Alians
- Bektashism
- Kurdish Alevism
Alawites (Nusayris)
Isma'ilism
- Mustaali
  - Dawoodi Bohra
    - Alavi Bohra
    - Atba-i-Malak
      - Atba-i-Malak Badar
      - Atba-i-Malak Vakil
    - Hebtiahs Bohra
    - Progressive Dawoodi Bohra
  - Sulaymani
- Nizari
Twelver
- Ja'fari jurisprudence
  - Akhbari
  - Shaykhism
  - Usuli
Zaidiyyah
- Jarudiyah
- Batriyya

Sufism

Bektashi Order
Chishti Order
Kubrawiya
- Khufiyya
Mevlevi Order
Mouride
Naqshbandi
- Jahriyya
Ni'matullāhī
Qadiriyya
Roshani
Shadhili
Suhrawardiyya
Sufi Order International
Tijaniyyah
Universal Sufism

Sunni Islam

Kalam
- Ash'ari
  - Maliki
  - Shafi'i
- Maturidi
  - Hanafi
    - Barelvi
    - Deobandi
    - Gedimu
Athari
- Hanbali
Salafi
- - Madkhalism
  - Wahhabism
  - Ahle Hadith
- Islamic Modernism

Syncretic

Abangan
Ali-Illahism
Din-i Ilahi
Kafirism
Pagal Panthis
Persian mysticism
Satpanth
- Barmati Panth
Wetu Telu

Other

Ahmadiyya
Avicennism
Chinese Islam
European Islam
Illuminationism
Isawa
Jadid
Liberal movements within Islam
Mahdavia
Mahdist movement
Muʿtazila
Quranism
Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
- Messiah Foundation International
Transcendent Theosophy
Zikrism

Judaism

Historical Judaism

Biblists
Essenes
- Bana'im
- Hemerobaptists (possible ancestor of Mandaeism)
- Maghāriya
- Nasoraeans (ancestor of Mandaeism)
Hellenistic Judaism
- God fearers
Houses of Hillel and Shammai
Hypsistarianism
Magarites
Messianic sects
- Ebionites
- Elcesaites
Nazirite
Okbarites
Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism)
Sabbateans
- Frankism
Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism)
- Boethusians
Second Temple Judaism
Synagogal Judaism
Therapeutae
Yudghanites
Zealots (Judea)
- Sicarii

Kabbalah

Lurianic Kabbalah
Merkabah mysticism
Practical Kabbalah
Prophetic Kabbalah

Non-Rabbinic Judaism

Folk Judaism
Haymanot
Karaite Judaism
Qemant Judaism

Rabbinic Judaism

Conservative Judaism (a.k.a. Masorti Judaism)
Humanistic Judaism
Jewish Renewal
Orthodox Judaism
- Carlebach movement
- Haredi Judaism (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox)
  - Dor Daim
  - Hardal
  - Haredi burqa sect
  - Hasidic Judaism
  - Misnagdim
  - Sephardic Haredi
- Modern Orthodox Judaism
  - Open Orthodox Judaism
- Musar movement
- Religious Zionism
Reconstructionist Judaism
Reform Judaism

Other Abrahamic

Bábism
- Azalism
Baháʼí Faith
- Caravan of East and West
- Free Baháʼís
- Orthodox Baháʼí Faith
Druze
Mandaeism
Samaritanism

Iranian religions

Manichaeism

Athinganoi
Chinese Manichaeism

Yazdânism

Ishikism
Shabakism
Yarsanism
Yazidism

Zoroastrianism

Azarkeivanian
Behafaridians
Gayomarthians
Ilm-e-Khshnoom
Khurramites
Mazdakism
- Mazdaznan
Sepasian
- Azarkeivanian
Ustadh Sis
Zurvanism
- Blagovery

Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions

Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, and often lacking formal doctrine. Some adherents do not consider their ways "religion", preferring other cultural terms. Many indigenous religions incorporate forms of animism, totemism, and shamanism alongside nature, ancestor, and animal worship.

African

Traditional African

ǃKung religion
Abwoi religion
Acholi religion
Afizere traditional religion
Akan religion
- Asante religion
Azande traditional religion
- Azande witchcraft
Bafia religion
Baka traditional religion
Bantu religion
- Abagusii religion
- Akamba traditional religion
- AmaMpondomise traditional religion
- Badimo
- Balondo religion
- Baluba religion
- Bamileke religion
- Bamum traditional religion
- Banyole traditional beliefs
- Bubi spirituality
- Bushongo religion
- Bwiti
- Chokwe spiritual beliefs
- Duala traditional religion
- Embu beliefs
- Fipa religion
- Furiiru traditional religion
- Giriama traditional religion
- Herero traditional faith
- Himba religion
- Kikuyu traditional religion
- Kongo religion
- Kwe faith
- Luhya religion
- Luvale religion
- Makua traditional religion
- Mbole religion
- Nyakyusa religion
- Nyau
- Oro Religion
- Ovambo traditional religion
- Pedi traditional religion
- Songye religion
- Suku religion
- Swazi traditional religion
- Tonga religion
- Tsonga traditional religion
- Vanruvairuwa
- Xhosa traditional religion
- Zulu traditional religion
Baoule traditional religion
Bari traditional religion
Bassa traditional religion
Biri traditional religion
Bobo religion
Bori
Bwa religion
Chamba traditional religion
Dahomean religion
Damara religion
Dan religion
Dinka religion
Dogon religion
Ebira traditional religion
Edo traditional religion
Efik religion
Esan traditional religion
Fali traditional religion
Frafra beliefs
Gbagyi traditional religion
Ghanaian witchcraft
Hadza religion
Hyel
Idoma traditional religion
Ijaw traditional religion
Inam
Jola traditional religion
Khoekhoen religion
Kissi traditional religion
Kono traditional religion
Koore religion
Krahn religion
Kuku traditional beliefs
Lobi animism
Maasai religion
Madi traditional religion
Manjak religion
Moba ethnic religion
Mursi animism
Nso religion
Nuer religion
Nyongo Society
- Bakossi beliefs
Odinala / Odinani
Oropom religion
Otuho religion
Safwa religion
Samburu religion
San religion
- N'um
Serer religion
Sidama religion
Surma religion
Tammari traditional religion
Temne traditional religion
Traditional Berber religion
Turkana traditional religion
Urhobo traditional religion
Vodun
Waaqeffanna
Yoruba religion
- Ifá
Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe
- Shona traditional religion

Diasporic African

Abakuá
Arará
Batuque
Birongo
Candomblé
- Candomblé Bantu
- Candomblé Jejé
- Candomblé Ketu
Comfa
Convince
Cuban Vodú
Dominican Vudú
Encantaria
Espiritismo
Haitian Vodou
- Bizango
Hoodoo
Jarê
Kélé
Kumina
Louisiana Voodoo
- New Orleans Voodoo
Montamentu
Myal
Obeah
Palo
Quimbanda
Rada
Sanctity of Jaguaripe (fr)
Santería
- Afro-Chinese Santeria
Tambor de Mina
Trinidad Orisha
Umbanda
Winti
- Saramaka religion

Altaic

Altaic shamanism
- Burkhanism
Dukha shamanism
Evenki shamanism
Nanai shamanism
Manchu shamanism
Mongolian shamanism
- Black shamanism
- Tengrism
  - Aiyy
  - Tengir Ordo
  - Vattisen Yaly
Oroqen shamanism
Shor shamanism
Soyot shamanism
Ulch shamanism
Yakut shamanism

American

Ache religion
Achomawi religion
Acjachemen religion
Akawaio religion
Alaska Native religions
- Alaskan shamanism
- Inuit religion
- Tanana shamanism
- Yupik shamanism
  - Yuit shamanism
  - Sirenik shamanism
Andoque religion
Anishinaabe religions
- Odawa religion
- Ojibwe religion
- Midewiwin
- Potawatomi religion
- Wabunowin
Apache religion
Arhuaco spirituality
Atacama religion
Blackfoot religion
Bororo totemism
Caddo religion
Calusa religion
Cherokee beliefs
- Four Mothers Society
- Keetoowah Society
Cree religion
Croatan beliefs
Crow religion
Garifuna spirituality
Guarayos beliefs
Guayupe religion
Gwich'in beliefs
Huaorani religion
Hupda cosmgony
Inca religion
- Aymara religion
- Chauvin religion
- Nazca religion
- Taki Unquy
- Wari' beliefs
Illinois religion
Jivaroan religion
- Achuar religion
- Aguaruna religion
- Shuar shamanism
Karankawa religion
Kayabi religion
Kalapalo beliefs
Kalinago religion
Kichwa religion
Kogi religion
Kuikoro religion
Kuksu
- Cahto religion
- Esselen beliefs
- Pomo religion
Lokono religion
Maleku beliefs
Mandan religion
Mapuche religion
Marajoara religion
Matses beliefs
Mesoamerican religion
- Aztec religion
- Classical Veracruz religion
- Cora religion
- Huichol religion
- Maya religion
  - Chuj religion
  - Cult of The Talking Cross
  - Huastec religion
  - Lacandon religion
  - Mazatec religion
    - Mazatec shamanism
  - Maximon
  - Mopan religion
  - Pech religion
  - Q'eqchi' religion
  - Tzeltal religion
  - Tzotzil religion
  - Tzʼutujil religion
- Mixe religion
- Nagualism
- Olmec religion
- Purépecha religion
- Teotihuacan religion
- Tepehuan beliefs
- Tlapanec religion
- Totonac religion
- Zapotec religion
Mi'kmaq religion
Mohave religion
Mohawk religion
Muisca religion
Muzo religion
Navajo beliefs
Omaha religion
Osage spirituality
Parakanã shamanism
Pech religion
Pemon religion
Penobscot spirituality
Pericues religion
Piaroa religion
Powhatan religion
Pueblo religion
- Acoma Pueblo religion
- Ancestral Pueblo religion (Basketmaker III) (Pueblo II) (Pueblo III) (Pueblo IV)
Puruhá religion
Q'ero beliefs
Rikbaktsa beliefs
Seminole religion
Seri religion
Sioux religion
- Lakota religion
  - Wocekiye
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (religion of the Mississippian culture)
- Earth Cult
Taensa religion
Taino religion
Tairona religion
Tapirape shamanism
Tehuelche religion
Ticuna shamanism
Toba religion
Tlingit religion
Wai-Wai religion
Wapishana religion
Warao religion
Washat Dreamers Religion
Wayuu religion
Wiyot religion
Wyandot religion
Yaqui religion
Yaruro religion

Austroasiatic

Asur religion
Birhor traditional religion
Bru religion
Vietnamese folk religion
- Cá Ông worship
- Đạo Mẫu
  - Four Palaces
- Thánh Trần worship
Ka Niam Khasi
Mon religion
Muong ethnic religion
Nicobarese traditional religion
Nocte religion
Ka Niamtre
Paoch animism
Sari Dharam
Sarnaism
Senoi ethnic religion
Sora traditional beliefs
Tampuan animism
Ta Oi animism
Wancho religion

Austronesian

Amis native religion
Aliran Kepercayaan
- Adat Pu'un
- Aluk
- Batak Parmalim
- Dayak religion
  - Kaharingan
- Jingi Tiu
- Kejawèn
- Kapitayan
  - Kangeanese religion
- Karo Pemena
- Kendayan religion
- Marapu
- Rejang religion
- Rotenese religion
- Saminism Movement
- Sangirese religion
- Sumbawa religion
- Sundanese Wiwitan
- Wai Apu religion
Carolinian religion
Chamorro religion
Chuukese religion
Dayawism
- Batak folk religion
- Bicolano religion
- Blaan folk religion
- Capiznon folk religion
- Cuyunon folk religion
- Gaddang folk religion
- Ifugao folk religion
- Ilocano folk religion
- Itneg folk religion
- Kalinga folk religion
- Kankanaey folk religion
- Karay-a folk religion
- Mangyan folk religion
- Palawan folk religion
- Pangasinan folk religion
- Philippino Witchcraft
- Sama Bajau folk religion
- Sambal folk religion
- Subanon folk religion
- Tagalog religion
- Tagbanwa folk religion
- Pulahan
- Tboli folk religion
- Teduray folk religion
- Visayan folk religion
Hawaiian religion
Jarai religion
Kanakanavu native religion
Malaysian folk religion
- Datuk Keramat
- Jakun religion
- Pengarap Iban
- Melanau religion
- Momolianism
- Murut religion
- Orang Kanaq religion
- Orang Seletar religion
- Semai religion
- Semaq Beri religion
- Temuan religion
- Māori religion
Nauruan indigenous religion
Paiwan shamanism
Sakizaya native religion
Taivoan animism
Tala-ē-fonua
Tao native religion

Caucasian

Khabzeism
Vainakh religion

Dravidian

Khond traditional religion
Kota religion
Koyapunem
Sauria Paharia religion
Toda religion

Indo-European

European shamanism
- Benandanti
Kalashism
Nagpuria religion
Punjabi folk religion
Tharu religion

Koreanic and Japonic

Koshintō (Historical)
- Matagi spirituality
- Shinto
  - Shinbutsu-shugo
    - Ebisu Cult
    - Gion cult
    - Fujiko
    - Rokugō Manzan
    - Sect Shinto
      - Fukko
        Taikyō
        
        Izumo-taishakyo
      - Jingukyo
      - Juka
        Suika
        
        Taiseikyō
      - Konkōkyō
      - Ontake-kyō
      - Oomoto
      - Kurozumikyō
      - Shugendō
    - Shrine Shinto
      - Association of Shinto Shrines
      - Kokugaku
        State Shinto
Muism
- Gasin faith
Ryukyuan religion

Melanesian and Aboriginal

Australian Aboriginal religion
- Gamilaraay dreaming
- Tasmanian Aboriginal spirituality
Dumo spirituality
Fijian ancient religion
Fore traditional beliefs
Kaluli religion
Kanak traditional beliefs
Korowai religion
Trobriand traditional beliefs
Urapmin traditional beliefs

Negrito

Aeta religion
Ati animism
Onge native religion
Semang animism
Vedda original religion

Paleosiberian

Ainu religion
Koryak religion
Itelmen religion
Nivkh traditional religion
Yukaghir shamanism

Sino-Tibetan

Banrawat religion
Bathouism
Benzhuism
Biate animism
Bimoism
Bon
- Dongba
- Hangui
Burmese folk religion
- Lisu religion
Chang Naga animism
Chutia religion
Chinese folk religion
- Ancestor Worship
- Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia
- Faism
- Mazu worship
- Northeast China folk religion
- Queen Mother worship
- Shangdiism
- Shendao
- Taiwanese folk beliefs
- Wang Ye worship
- Wuism
  - Jurchen/Qing shamanism
  - Ming shamanism
- Xínghaode
Daba
Dingba
Donyi-Polo
Songsarek
Gurung shamanism
Hani religion
Sakhua
Honghari
Jingpo religion
Kan Khwan
Karen animism
- Telakhon
Kiratism
- Yumaism
Krama
Maring beliefs
Miji animism
Mizo religion
Mro religion
Nuo folk religion
Nyezi-No
Qiang folk religion
Reang religion
Sanamahism
Tangsa Naga animism
- Rangfrah
Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak
Toto nature religion
Zahv

Tai and Miao

Hlai animism
Kev Dab Kev Qhuas
Kam religion
Maonan traditional religion
Mo
Pa Then religion
Qabiao religion
Satsana Phi
- Ahom religion
- Giay animism
- Lamet religion
- Nung religion
- Saek religion
Sui religion
Then

Other

Beduin shamanism
Burusho shamanism
Mari Native Religion

New religious movements

Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception. Non-cargo cults are generally excluded from this list, see list of cults for groups considered cults.^[13]

Cargo cults

John Frum
Johnson cult
Pomio Kivung
Prince Philip Movement
Vailala Madness

Entheogenic religions

Church of the Universe
Healing Church in Rhode Island
Neo-American Church
Santo Daime
Temple of the True Inner Light
Tensegrity
THC Ministry
União do Vegetal

Modern paganism

Ethnic neopaganism

Baltic neopaganism
- Dievturība
- Romuva
Caucasian neopaganism
- Abkhaz neopaganism
- Assianism
Celtic neopaganism
- Celtic reconstructionist paganism
- Druidry
  - Ár nDraíocht Féin
  - Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids
  - Reformed Druids of North America
Church of the Guanche People
Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism)
Hellenism
Heraka
Hetanism
Italo-Roman neopaganism
- Pietas Comunità Gentile
- Nova Roma
- Roman Traditional Movement
Kemetism
- Kemetic Orthodoxy
Semitic neopaganism
Rodnovery (a.k.a. Slavic neopaganism)
- Native Polish Church
- Peterburgian Vedism
- Rodzima Wiara
- Rodnover Confederation
- Sylenkoism
- Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities
- Ynglism
Uralic neopaganism
- Estonian neopaganism
- Suomenusko
- Hungarian neopaganism
- Mastorava
- Udmurt Vos
Zalmoxianism
Zuism

Syncretic neopaganism

Adonism
Brauchau
Christopaganism
- Christian Wicca
Church of All Worlds
Cochrane's Craft
Huna
Gaianism
Ivanovism
Krama
Nature religion
Neoshamanism
- Urban shamanism
Radical Faeries
Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism
Stregheria
Summum
Technopaganism
Temple of Priapus
Wicca
- British Traditional Wicca
  - Alexandrian Wicca
  - Blue Star Wicca
  - Central Valley Wicca
  - Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
  - Gardnerian Wicca
- Celtic Wicca
- Faery Wicca
- Feri Tradition
- Georgian Wicca
- Odyssean Wicca
- Seax-Wica
- Universal Eclectic Wicca
- Wiccan Churches

Goddess religions

Church of Aphrodite
Discordianism
Feraferia
Goddess Wicca
- Covenant of the Goddess
- Dianic Wicca
  - Faerie faith
Reclaiming

New Age Movement

Association for Research and Enlightenment
Church Universal and Triumphant
Mayanism
Michael Teachings
Rainbow Family
The Infinite Way

New ethnic religions

Black

African Zionism
Ausar Auset Society
Black Muslims
- American Society of Muslims
Dini Ya Msambwa
Five-Percent Nation
Godianism
Hauka
Igbe religion
Moorish Science Temple of America
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
Mumboism
Mungiki
Nation of Islam
- United Nation of Islam
Nuwaubian Nation

Black Hebrew Israelites

African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
Church of God and Saints of Christ
Commandment Keepersent
Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ
Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge
Nation of Yahweh
One West Camp

Rastafari

Bobo Ashanti
Nyabinghi
Twelve Tribes of Israel

Parody religions and fiction-based religions

The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters
Bokononism
The Cause
Church of Euthanasia
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (a.k.a. "Pastafarianism")
Church of the SubGenius
The Cult of Kek
Dinkoism
Dudeism
Earthseed
Eventualism
First Church of the Last Laugh
Iglesia Maradoniana
Intelligent falling
Invisible Pink Unicorn
Jediism
Kibology
Kopimism
Landover Baptist Church
Last Thursdayism
Matrixism
The Nine Divines
'Pataphysics
Russell's teapot
Silinism
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
Tarvuism
Trekism
United Church of Bacon

UFO religions

Aetherius Society
Ashtar Galactic Command
Chen Tao ("True Way")
Fiat Lux
Ground Crew Project
Heaven's Gate
Industrial Church of the New World Comforter
Mark-Age
Nuwaubian Nation
Raëlism
Rational Culture
The Seekers
Unarius Academy of Science
Universe people
Vale do Amanhecer

Western esotericism

Anthroposophy
Biotronics
Builders of the Adytum
Chaos magic
- Illuminates of Thanateros
- Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth
Cthulhu Mythos cults^[14]
Emin
Enochian magic
Eubiose
Goetia
Fourth Way
Fraternity of the Inner Light
Hermeticism
- Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
  - The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.
- Hermetic Qabalah
Illuminism
Luciferianism
- Fraternitas Saturni
- Neo-Luciferian Church
New Acropolis
Occultism
Postmodern religion
Renaissance magic
Rosicrucian
- Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
- Lectorium Rosicrucianum
- Rosicrucian Fellowship
Satanism
- Theistic Satanism
  - Joy of Satan
  - Temple of the Black Light
  - Temple of Set
Spiritualism
- Agasha Temple of Wisdom
- Faithism
Temple of the Vampire
Thelema
- A∴A∴
- Ordo Templi Orientis
- Typhonian Order
Theosophy
- Muckers
- Neo-Theosophy
  - Angi Yoga
    - Roerichism

World religion-derived new religions

Abrahamic-derived

Antoinism
Archeosophical Society
Beili Wang
Branch Davidians
Chapel of Russia's Resurrection
Chrislam
Christian Science
Creation Spirituality
Daheshism
Eastern Lightning
Faizrakhmanist
The Family International
Gafatar
Grail Movement
Holy Spirit of Blood and Water Church
Koreshanity
Lalpa Kohran Thar
Last Testamentism
Mama Tata
Mentuhui
Modekngei
Noahidism
Pai Marire
Pilgrims of Ares
Rātana
Ringatu
Soldiers of Heaven
Spiritism
Unification Church
- Unification Church of the United States
Urantia movement
World Elijah Evangelical Mission
World Mission Society Church of God
Zhushenjiao

Chinese salvationist religions

Baguadao ("Way of the Eight Trigrams")
Dejiao ("Teaching of Virtue")
Huangjidao ("Way of the Imperial Pole")
Huangtiandao ("Way of the Yellow Sky")
Huazhaidao ("Way of Flowers and Fasting")
Jiugongdao ("Way of the Nine Palaces")
Luandao ("Phoenix Way")
Luoism ("Way of Luo")
- Chinese religions of fasting
  - Xiantiandao ("Way of Former Heaven")
    - Guiyidao ("Way of the Return to the One")
    - Shengdao ("Holy Way")
    - Yaochidao ("Way of the Mother of Pearl Lake")
    - Yiguandao ("Persistent Way")
      - Haizidao
    - Yixin Tiandao ("Heart-bound Heavenly Way")
- Dacheng
- Hongyangism
Maitreyanism
Sanban Puren Pai
Sanyiism
Shanrendao ("Way of the Virtuous Man")
Taigu school
Tiandihui
Tiandiism
Tianguangdao ("Way of the Heavenly Light")
Tianxian Miaodao ("Way of the Temple of the Heavenly Immortals")
Weixinism
White Lotus
Xuanyuandao ("Way of Xuanyuan")
Yellow Sand Society
Zailiism ("Way of the Abiding Principle)
Zhongyongdao ("Way of the Golden Mean")

Hindu reform movements

Adidam
Adi Dharm
- Brahmoism
  - Brahmo Samaj
    - Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
Ananda
Ananda Ashrama
Ananda Marga^[15]
Arya Samaj^[16]
Ayyavazhi
Chinmaya Mission
Hare Krishna^[17]
Mahanam Sampraday
Mahima Dharma
Oneness Movement
Rajneesh movement
Satsang
Shirdi Sai Baba movement
Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres
Sri Aurobindo Ashram
Sri Ramana Ashram
- Neo-Advaita
Swaminarayan Sampradaya
- Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha
- Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi
  - International Swaminarayan Satsang Mandal
  - Swaminarayan Gurukul
- Nar Narayan Dev Gadi
  - International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation
  - Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal
- Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar)
- Swaminarayan Mandir Vasna Sanstha
Transcendental Meditation

Muist-derived

Neo-Buddhism

Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
- Hòa Hảo
- Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
Diamond Way Buddhism
Falun Gong
Guanyin Famen
Humanistic Buddhism
Navayana
New Kadampa Tradition^[18]
Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga
PL Kyodan
Reiyūkai
- Risshō Kōsei Kai
Rimé movement
Shambhala Buddhism
Shinnyo-en
Soka Gakkai
Triratna Buddhist Community
True Buddha School
Won Buddhism

Perennial and interfaith

Anandamayee Sangha
Bell religion
Brahma Kumaris
Caodaism
Coconut religion
Đạo Dừa
Living Interfaith
Meivazhi
Moorish Orthodox Church of America
Omnism
Open-source religion
Satya Dharma
Sathya Sai Baba movement
Share International
Subud

Shinshukyo

Aum Shinrikyo
- Aleph
- Hikari no Wa
Church of World Messianity
Dōkai
Gedatsukai
Happy Science
Higashikuni-kyo
Ijun
Kenshōkai
Kokuchukai
Mahikari
- Sukyo Mahikari
- World Divine Light (Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyōdan)
Myōdōkai Kyōdan
Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga
Shinreikyo
- Shōroku Shintō Yamatoyama
- Shumei
Shingaku
Shinmeiaishinkai
Shōshinkai
Tenrikyo
- Tenrin-Ō Meisei Kyōdan
- Honmichi
  - Honbushin
  - Sekai Shindokyo
- Daehan Cheolligyo
Tenshō Kōtai Jingūkyō
Zenrinkyo

Sikh-derived

Contemporary Sant Mat movements
- Advait Mat
- Radha Soami
  - Radha Soami Satsang Beas
  - Radha Soami Satsang Dayagbal
  - Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod
  - Ruhani Satsang
  - Manavta Mandir
  - Science of Spirituality (a.k.a. Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission)
- Radha Soami-influenced^[19]
- Ravidassia

Historical religions

Prehistoric religion

Cucuteni–Trypillia religion
Funnelbeaker religion
Linear Pottery religion
Paleolithic religion
- Urreligion (theorized)
  - Urmonotheismus (theorized)
Varna religion

Bronze Age

Amorite religion
Ancient Egyptian religion
- Atenism
- Mysteries of Osiris
- New Solar Theology
Ancient Mesopotamian religion
- Ancient Assyrian religion
- Babylonian religion
- Sabian religion
- Shamsiyah
- Sumerian religion
Ancient Semitic religion
- Ancient Canaanite religion
  - Midianite religion
  - Yahwism
Harappan religion
Hattian religion
Hittite religion
Hurrian religion
Kassite religion
Luwian religion
Minoan religion
Mycenaean religion
Nordic Bronze Age religion
Palà religion
Prehistoric Chinese religions
- Hemudu religion
- Hongshan religion
- Liangzhu religion
- Longshan religion
- Shang religion
  - Shang ancestor worship
  - Zhou religion
Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
- Mahabadism
- Mazdaism
Proto-Uralic religion
Urnfield religion

Classical antiquity

Adena religion
Aksumite religion
Albanian paganism
Ancient Greek religion
- Arcadian Cults
- Aristotelianism
- Cult of Adonis
- Cult of Alexander the Great
- Cult of Artemis
- Cult of Dionysus
- Epicureanism
- Greco-Buddhism
- Greco-Roman mysteries
  - Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus
  - Cult of the Great Gods
  - Cybele's Cult
  - Dionysian mysteries
    - Orphism
  - Eleusinian mysteries
  - Mysteries of Isis
- Greek hero cults
- Hellenistic religion
- Hermeticism
- Platonism
  - Middle Platonism
  - Neoplatonism
- Pythagoreanism
  - Neopythagoreanism
- School of the Sextii
- Stoicism
Aryan religion
- Ancient Iranian religion
- Vedicism
Castro religion
Dacian religion
Eblaite religion
Elamite religion
Etruscan religion
Gallaecian religion
Proto-Germanic paganism
- Germanic paganism
  - Anglo-Saxon paganism
  - Cimbri religion
  - Frankish paganism
  - Gothic paganism
  - Old Norse religion
Iberian religion
Illyrian religion
- Iapydes religion
Kushite religion
Ligurian religion
Lydian religion
Nuragic religion
Paeonian religion
Phrygian religion
Proto-Celtic paganism
- Ancient Celtic religion
  - Celtic Animism
Punic religion
Roman religion
- Gallo-Roman religion
- Roman Imperial cult
- Greco-Roman mysteries
  - Mithraism
Root West^[20]
Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia
- Nabataean religion
- South Arabian paganism
Sabine religion
Samnite religion
Scythian religion
Sramana
Thracian religion
Umbrian religion
- Marsi religion
Urartu religion

Post-classical period

Arioi
Baltic Finnic paganism
- Finnish paganism
Batak religion
Bulgar religion
Caucasian Albanian paganism
Chimor religion
Guanche religion
Hungarian shamanism
Hunnic religion
Khitan religion
Jamaican Maroon religion
Lima religion
Moche religion
Sámi shamanism
Slavic paganism
Tiwanaku religion
Tocharian religion
Vainakh religion
Wari religion

Other categorisations

By demographics

Major religious groups

By area

*Religion in Africa

Religion in Asia
Religion in Oceania
Religion in Europe
Religion in North America
Religion in South America
Religions by country
- List of state-established religions
- Buddhism by country
  - Buddhism in the United States
- Christianity by country
  - Roman Catholicism by country
  - Eastern Orthodoxy by country
  - Oriental Orthodoxy by country
  - Protestantism by country
- Hinduism by country
- Islam by country
  - Ahmadiyya by country
- Judaism by country, Jewish population by country
- Sikhism by country

References

↑ Hackett, Conrad; Stonawski, Marcin; Tong, Yunping; Kramer, Stephanie; Shi, Anne; Fahmy, Dalia (9 June 2025). "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020". Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/. "Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020""
↑ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
↑ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". http://www.adherents.com.
↑ "About - the Parapsychological Association". http://www.parapsych.org/base/about.aspx.
↑ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". http://iands.org/about-ndes/key-nde-facts.html.
↑ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
↑ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
↑ Coogan, Michael David; Narayanan, Vasudha (2005). Eastern Religions: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195221907. https://archive.org/details/easternreligions00mich.
↑ Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Vol. 1-2. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd..
↑ Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". in Eliade, Mircea. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 14. New York: MacMillan.
↑ "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. http://www.jainworld.com/societies/jainsects.asp.
↑ Clarke 2006.
↑ Engle, John (2014). "Cults of Lovecraft: The Impact of H.P. Lovecraft's Fiction on Contemporary Occult Practices". Mythlore 1 (125): 85–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26815942.
↑ Melton 2003, p. 1001.
↑ Melton 2003, p. 1004.
↑ Melton 2003, p. 997.
↑ Melton 2003, p. 1112.
↑ Clarke 2006, pp. 507–509, Radhasoami movements.
↑ Kepping, K. (2003). The black-headed and the red-faced in Tangut indigenous texts. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 95, 275-298. https://journal.fi/store/article/view/41668/10752

Sources

Clarke, Peter B., ed (2006). "Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements". Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=heeCAgAAQBAJ.
Doniger, Wendy, ed (2006). "Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions". Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 978-1593392666. https://books.google.com/books?id=IDsk47MeksAC.
Eliade, Mircea, ed (1987). "The Encyclopedia of Religion". The Encyclopedia of Religion. 16-volume Set. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0029094801.
Juergensmeyer, Mark, ed (2012). "Encyclopedia of Global Religion". Encyclopedia of Global Religion. 1. Los Angeles, Ca: SAGE Publ.. ISBN 978-0-7619-2729-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ.
Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed (2002). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ.
Lewis, James R., ed (2004). "The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements". The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514986-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=srzUHo874qIC.
Lewis, James R., ed (2016). "The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements". The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. Oxford Handbooks. 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046617-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=KisRDAAAQBAJ.
Melton, J. Gordon (2003). "Encyclopedia of American Religions". Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1.
"Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices". Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. 1–6 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Ca; Denver, Co; Oxford: ABC-Clio. 2010. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C.
"Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Springfield, Ma: Merriam-Webster. 1999. ISBN 0-87779-044-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC.

External links

Maoz, Zeev; Henderson, Errol A. (2013). "The World Religion Dataset, 1945–2010: Logic, Estimates, and Trends". International Interactions. 39 (3): 265–291.
Statistics on religious belief or adherence^[Usurped!]
BBC.co.uk section on major world religions

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(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of religions and spiritual traditions. Read more

[Pew_20250609-1] Hackett, Conrad; Stonawski, Marcin; Tong, Yunping; Kramer, Stephanie; Shi, Anne; Fahmy, Dalia (9 June 2025). "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020". Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/. "Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020""

[2] (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)

[3] "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". http://www.adherents.com.

[4] "About - the Parapsychological Association". http://www.parapsych.org/base/about.aspx.

[5] "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". http://iands.org/about-ndes/key-nde-facts.html.

[6] Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.

[7] Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89

[8] Coogan, Michael David; Narayanan, Vasudha (2005). Eastern Religions: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195221907. https://archive.org/details/easternreligions00mich.

[9] Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Vol. 1-2. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.

[Tattwananda-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd..

[11] Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". in Eliade, Mircea. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 14. New York: MacMillan.

[Httpwwwjainworldcomsocietiesjainsectsasp-12] "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. http://www.jainworld.com/societies/jainsects.asp.

[FOOTNOTEClarke2006-13] Clarke 2006.

[14] Engle, John (2014). "Cults of Lovecraft: The Impact of H.P. Lovecraft's Fiction on Contemporary Occult Practices". Mythlore 1 (125): 85–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26815942.

[FOOTNOTEMelton20031001-15] Melton 2003, p. 1001.

[FOOTNOTEMelton20031004-16] Melton 2003, p. 1004.

[FOOTNOTEMelton2003997-17] Melton 2003, p. 997.

[FOOTNOTEMelton20031112-18] Melton 2003, p. 1112.

[FOOTNOTEClarke2006507–509Radhasoami_movements-19] Clarke 2006, pp. 507–509, Radhasoami movements.

[20] Kepping, K. (2003). The black-headed and the red-faced in Tangut indigenous texts. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 95, 275-298. https://journal.fi/store/article/view/41668/10752

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