List of religions and spiritual traditions
Topic: Religion
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While the word religion is difficult to define, one standard model of religion used in religious studies courses defines it as
[a] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.[1]
Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, or ultimate concerns.[2]
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.[3][4]
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[5] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[6] and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
Eastern religions
Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia encompassing a diverse range of eastern and spiritual traditions.[7]
East Asian religions
World religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism and Confucianism and religions and traditions descended from them.
Chinese philosophy schools
- Taojia ("School of the Tao")
- Fajia ('School of Law")
- Zonghengjia ("School of Diplomacy")
- Huang–Lao
- Mojia ("School of Mo")
- Mingjia ("School of Names")
- Nongjia ("School of Agrarianism")
- Ruijia ("School of Scholars")
- Yangism
- Yinyangjia ("School of Yin Yang")
- Zajia ("School of Syncretism")
Confucianism
- Confucian ritual religion
- Han Learning
- Korean Confucianism
- Lingnan Confucianism
- Neo-Confucianism
- New Confucianism
- New Text
- Changzhou school
- Old Text
Taoism
- Korean Taoism
- Quanzhen School ("School of the Fulfilled Virtue")
- Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
- Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")
- Way of the Celestial Masters
Syncretic Taoism
- Dragon Gate Taoism
- Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
- Kōshin
- Xuanxue ("Neo-Taoism")
- Yao Taoism ("Meishanism")
Indian religions
The four world religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent, also known as Dharmic religions; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions descended from them.
Buddhism
- Pre-sectarian Buddhism (theorized)
- Mahayana
- Chinese Buddhism
- Tiantai
- Tendai
- Cheontae
- Huayan school
- Daśabhūmikā
- Chan Buddhism
- Seon Buddhism
- Thiền Buddhism
- Trúc Lâm (syncretic)
- Japanese Zen
- Zen Buddhism
- Caodong school
- Sōtō
- Keizan line
- Jakuen line
- Giin line
- Sōtō
- Linji school
- Otokan line
- Rinzai
- Ōbaku
- Fuke-shū
- Otokan line
- Sanbo Kyodan
- Tiantai
- Madhyamaka
- Sanlun
- Jonang
- Prasaṅgika
- Svatantrika
- Nichiren Buddhism
- Honmon Butsuryū-shū
- Kempon Hokke
- Nichiren Shōshū
- Nichiren Shū
- Pure Land Buddhism
- Jōdo Shinshū
- Honganji-ha
- Ōtani-ha
- Yuzu Nembutsu
- Seizan
- Jōdo-shū
- Jōdo Shinshū
- Yogācāra
- East Asian Yogācāra
- Chinese Buddhism
- Nikaya Buddhism (also called "Hinayana")
- Theravada
- Sangharaj Nikaya
- Mahasthabir Nikaya
- Dwara Nikaya
- Shwegyin Nikaya
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya
- Galduwa Forest Tradition
- Siam Nikaya
- Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
- Dhammayuttika Nikaya
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Maha Nikaya (Thailand)
- Dhammakaya Movement
- Vipassana movement (United States)
- Theravada
- Vajrayana
- Azhaliism
- Bongthingism
- Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
- Newar Buddhism
- Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
- Shingon Buddhism
- Southern Esoteric Buddhism
- Tibetan Buddhism
- Bon (syncretic)
- Gelug
- Yellow Shamanism (syncretic)
- Kagyu
- Dagpo Kagyu
- Karma Kagyu
- Drukpa Kagyu
- Shangpa Kagyu
- Dagpo Kagyu
- Nyingma
- Sakya
- Jonang
- Bodongpa
- Mahayana
- Navayana
Dharmic philosophy schools
- Āstika (Orthodox schools)
- Nyaya
- Mimamsa
- Samkhya
- Vaisheshika
- Vedanta
- Advaita Vedanta
- Akshar-Purushottam Darshan
- Bhedabheda
- Dvaita Vedanta
- Pratyabhijna
- Shaiva Siddhanta
- Shiva Advaita
- Shuddhadvaita
- Vishishtadvaita
- Yoga (philosophy)
- Nāstika (Heterodox schools)
Hinduism
- Sant Mat
- Shaivism[9]
- Aghori
- Kapalika
- Kashmir Shaivism
- Kaumaram
- Nath
- Adinath Sampradaya
- Inchegeri Sampradaya
- Pashupata Shaivism
- Shaiva Siddhanta
- Veerashaivism
- Lingayatism
- Shaktism[9]
- Srikula
- Smartism
- Śrauta
- Tantra
- Vaishnavism/Krishnaism[9][10]
- Balmikism
- Bhagavata tradition
- Brahma Sampradaya
- Madhva tradition
- Gaudiya Vaishnavism
- Manipuri Vaishnavism
- Haridasa
- Ekasarana Dharma
- Kapadi Sampradaya
- Mahanubhava
- Nimbarka Sampradaya
- Pranami/Pranami Sampraday
- Radha Vallabh Sampradaya
- Ramsnehi Sampradaya
- Rudra Sampradaya
- Pushtimarg
- Sri Vaishnavism
- Vaishnava-Sahajiya
- Warkari
- Zunism (disputedly Hindu)
Syncretic Hinduism
- Banjara Hinduism
- Baul
- Bhil Hinduism
- Dyaoism
- Indonesian Hinduism
- Balinese Hinduism
- Javanese Hinduism
- Tenggerese Hinduism
- Kaharingan
- Naurus
- Nuaulu religion
Jainism
- Digambara
- Kanji Panth[11]
- Taran Panth
- Śvētāmbara
- Murtipujaka
- Sthānakavāsī
- Yapaniya (Historical)
Sikhism
Sects such as the Nirankari, Ramraiya and Namdhari are not accepted within the Sikh Rehat Maryada (Sikh Code of Conduct) as they believe in a current human Satguru which goes against Guru Gobind Singh Ji's Dohra in Ardaas.
- Tat Khalsa
- Udasi
- Nanakpanthi
- Nirankari
- Nirmala
- Sewapanthi
- Nihang
- Taksali
- Mina
- Ramraiya
- Namdhari
- Akhand Kirtani
- 3HO
- Sanatan Sikh
Yoga
- Ananda Yoga
- Bhakti yoga
- Hatha yoga
- Bihar School of Yoga
- Integral Yoga
- Jivamukti Yoga
- Jnana yoga
- Karma yoga
- Kripalu Yoga
- Kriya Yoga
- Kundalini yoga
- Raja yoga
- Sahaja Yoga
- Siddha Yoga
- Sivananda yoga
- Surat Shabd Yoga
- Tantric Yoga
Abrahamic religions
Christianity
- Arianism
- Proto-Gnosticism
- Gnosticism
- Bogomilism
- Catharism
- Cerdonians
- Cerinthus
- Ecclesia Gnostica
- Johannite Church
- Paulicianism
- Sethianism
- Basilideans
- Valentinianism
- Bardesanite School
- Simonians
- Gnosticism
- Marcionism
- Nicene Christianity
- Thomasine Christianity
Eastern Christianity
- Church of the East (called "Nestorianism")
- Ancient Church of the East
- Assyrian Church of the East
- Chaldean Syrian Church
- Eastern Catholic Churches
- Albanian Greek Catholic Church
- Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
- Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
- Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
- Hungarian Byzantine Catholic Church
- Italo-Albanian Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Italo-Greek Catholic Church")
- Macedonian Catholic Church
- Maronite Church
- Melkite Greek Catholic Church
- Romanian Catholic Church
- Russian Greek Catholic Church
- Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Byzantine Catholic Church" in the United States)
- Slovak Greek Catholic Church
- Syriac Catholic Church
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
- (Independent Eastern Catholic Churches)
- Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church
- Eastern Orthodox Church (officially the "Orthodox Catholic Church")
- Albanian Orthodox Church
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- Georgian Orthodox Church
- Greek Orthodox Church
- Hesychasmism
- Romanian Orthodox Church
- Russian Orthodox Church
- Serbian Orthodox Church
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church
- (Noncanonical/Independent Eastern Orthodox Churches)
- Old Calendarists (a.k.a. "Genuine Orthodox" or "True Orthodox")
- Russian Old Believers (a.k.a. "Old Ritualists")
- Bezpopovtsy
- Popovtsy
- Oriental Orthodox Churches (a.k.a. "Non-Chalcedonian" or "Miaphysite"/"Monophysite")
- Armenian Apostolic Church
- Coptic Orthodox Church
- Syriac Orthodox Church
- Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church (of the St. Thomas Christians in India)
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church
- Eritrean Orthodox Church
- Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (of the St. Thomas Christians in India)
- Spiritual Christianity
- Doukhobor
- Khlyst
- Molokan
- Skoptsy
Western Christianity
- Proto-Protestantism
- Brethren of the Free Spirit (Historical)
- Hussites (Historical)
- Czech Brethren
- Moravians
- Lollardy (Historical)
- Strigolniki (Historical)
- Waldensians
- Protestantism
- Anabaptists (Radical Protestants)
- Amish
- Hutterites
- Mennonites
- River Brethren
- Schwarzenau Brethren
- Anglicanism
- Anglo-Catholicism
- Anglican Papalism
- Broad church
- Continuing Anglican movement
- English Dissenters
- Evangelical Anglicanism
- Puritans
- Fifth Monarchists
- Radical orthodoxy
- Anglo-Catholicism
- Baptists
- General Baptists
- Free Will Baptists
- Landmarkism
- Missionary Baptists
- Primitive Baptists
- Strict Baptists
- Reformed Baptists
- General Baptists
- Black church
- Christian deism
- Confessing Movement
- Evangelicalism
- Charismatic movement
- Emerging church
- German Christians (movement)
- Neo-charismatic movement
- Neo-Evangelicalism
- New Apostolic Reformation
- Plymouth Brethren
- Exclusive Brethren
- Open Brethren
- Progressive Christianity
- Protestant fundamentalism
- Jesuism
- Lutheranism
- Evangelical Catholic
- Laestadianism
- Neo-Lutheranism
- Pietism
- Methodism
- Calvinistic Methodists
- Holiness movement
- The Salvation Army
- Wesleyanism
- Pentecostalism
- Church of God
- Latter Rain movement
- Oneness Pentecostalism
- Word of Faith
- Quakers ("Friends")
- Shakers
- Reformed churches
- Amyraldism (a.k.a."four-point Calvinism")
- Arminianism
- Christian reconstructionism
- Congregational churches
- Continental Reformed churches
- Swiss Reformed
- Dutch Reformed
- French Huguenot
- Neo-Calvinism
- New Calvinism
- Presbyterianism
- Zwinglianism
- Reformed Eastern Christianity
- Restoration movement
- Adventism
- Christadelphians
- Churches of Christ
- Cooneyites
- Iglesia ni Cristo
- Bible Student movement
- Jehovah's Witnesses
- Free Bible Students
- Friends of Man
- Latter Day Saint movement
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- Community of Christ
- Mormon fundamentalism
- Millerism (Historical)
- Stone-Campbell movement (a.k.a. "Campbellites")
- Two by Twos (a.k.a. "No name church" and "Workers and Friends")[12]
- Swedenborgianism (a.k.a. "The New Church")
- Unitarianism
- Anabaptists (Radical Protestants)
- Roman Catholic Church/Latin Church (a.k.a. "Roman Catholicism" or "Catholicism")
- Anglican Ordinariate Catholics
- Charismatic Catholics
- Civil Constitution of the Clergy
- Gallicanism
- Hebrew Catholics
- Independent Catholic churches
- Old Catholic Church (Union of Utrecht)
- Polish National Catholic Church (Union of Scranton)
- Old Catholic Church (Union of Utrecht)
- Liberal Catholicism
- Liberation theology
- Modernist Catholics
- Traditionalist Catholics
- Sedevacantism
- Palmarian Catholic Church
- Sedeprivationism
- Sedevacantism
- Ultramontanism
Syncretic
- Aymara spirituality
- Bagnolians (Historical)
- Esoteric Christianity
- Martinism
- Christian Theosophy
- Christopaganism
- Christian Wicca
- God Worshipping Society (Historical)
- Judaizers (Judeo-Christian)
- Christian Kabbalah
- Hebrew Roots
- Makuya
- Messianic Judaism
- Sacred Name Movement
- Subbotniks
- Yehowists
- Lisu
- Raramuri religion
- Rizalista
- Spiritual Baptist
- Xueta
- Yaqui religion
Other
- American Civil Religion
- Bosnian Church (Historical)
- Christian Universalism
- Nondenominational Christianity
- Nontrinitarianism
- Tolstoyan movement
Islam
- Azraqi (Historical)
- Haruriyyah (Historical)
- Ibadi
- Najdat (Historical)
- Sufri (Historical)
- Alevism
- Alians
- Bektashism
- Kurdish Alevism
- Alawites (Nusayris)
- Isma'ilism
- Mustaali
- Dawoodi Bohra
- Alavi Bohra
- Atba-i-Malak
- Atba-i-Malak Badar
- Atba-i-Malak Vakil
- Hebtiahs Bohra
- Progressive Dawoodi Bohra
- Sulaymani
- Dawoodi Bohra
- Nizari
- Mustaali
- Twelver
- Zaidiyyah
- Jarudiyah
- Batriyya
- Bektashi Order
- Chishti Order
- Kubrawiya
- Khufiyya
- Mevlevi Order
- Mouride
- Naqshbandi
- Jahriyya
- Ni'matullāhī
- Qadiriyya
- Roshani
- Shadhili
- Suhrawardiyya
- Sufi Order International
- Tijaniyyah
- Universal Sufism
Sunni Islam
Syncretic
- Ali-Illahism
- Din-i Ilahi
- Kafirism
- Wetu Telu
- Satpanth
Other
- Ahmadiyya
- European Islam
- Jadid
- Liberal movements within Islam
- Mahdavia
- Mahdist movement
- Quranism
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
- Messiah Foundation International
- Zikrism
Judaism
Kabbalah
- Non-Rabbinic Judaism
- Haymanot
- Karaite Judaism
- Qemant Judaism
- Samaritanism
Rabbinic Judaism
- Conservative Judaism (a.k.a. Masorti Judaism)
- Humanistic Judaism
- Jewish Renewal
- Orthodox Judaism
- Haredi Judaism (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox)
- Modern Orthodox Judaism
- Open Orthodox Judaism
- Neo-Orthodox Judaism
- Neo-Hasidic Judaism
- Orthoprax Judaism
- Zionism
- Religious Zionism
- Reconstructionist Judaism
- Reform Judaism
Historical Judaism
- Essenes
- Bana'im
- Hemerobaptists (possible ancestor of Mandaeism)
- Maghāriya
- Nasoraeans (possible ancestor of Mandaeism)
- Hypsistarianism
- Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism)
- Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism)
- Zealots (Judea)
- Sicarii
- Messianic sects
- Ebionites
- Elcesaites
- Nazarenes
- Sabbateans
- Frankism
- Second Temple Judaism
- Frankism
Other Abrahamic
- Bábism
- Azali
- Baháʼí Faith
- Caravan of East and West
- Free Baháʼís
- Orthodox Baháʼí Faith
- Druze faith
- Mandaeism
Iranian religions
Manichaeism
- Athinganoi (Historical)
- Chinese Manichaeism
Yazdânism
Zoroastrianism
Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions
Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, often lacking formal doctrine. Some adherents do not consider their ways to be "religion", preferring other cultural terms.
African
Traditional African
- ǃKung religion
- Abwoi religion
- Acholi religion
- Afizere traditional religion
- Akan religion
- Asante religion
- Azande traditional religion
- Bafia religion
- Baka traditional religion
- Bantu religion
- Abagusii religion
- Akamba traditional religion
- AmaMpondomise traditional religion
- Badimo
- Balondo religion
- Baluba religion
- Bamileke religion
- Bamum traditional religion
- Banyole traditional beliefs
- Bubi spirituality
- Bushongo religion
- Bwiti
- Chaga faith
- Chokwe spiritual beliefs
- Duala traditional religion
- Fipa religion
- Furiiru traditional religion
- Giriama traditional religion
- Herero traditional faith
- Himba religion
- Kikuyu traditional religion
- Kongo religion
- Kwe faith
- Lozi religion
- Luvale religion
- Makua traditional religion
- Mbole religion
- Nyakyusa religion
- Ovambo traditional religion
- Pedi traditional religion
- Songye religion
- Suku religion
- Swazi traditional religion
- Tonga religion
- Tsonga traditional religion
- Tumbuka religion
- Xhosa traditional religion
- Zulu traditional religion
- Baoule traditional religion
- Bari traditional religion
- Bassa traditional religion
- Biri traditional religion
- Bobo religion
- Bori
- Bwa religion
- Chamba traditional religion
- Dahomean religion
- Damara religion
- Dan religion
- Dinka religion
- Dogon religion
- Ebira traditional religion
- Edo traditional religion
- Efik religion
- Ekoi religion
- Esan traditional religion
- Fali traditional religion
- Frafra beliefs
- Gbagyi traditional religion
- Hadza religion
- Hyel
- Idoma traditional religion
- Ijaw traditional religion
- Inam
- Jola traditional religion
- Asisian religion
- Khoekhoen religion
- Kissi traditional religion
- Kono traditional religion
- Koore religion
- Krahn religion
- Kuku traditional beliefs
- Lobi animism
- Lotuko ethnic religion
- Lugbara religion
- Maasai religion
- Madi traditional religion
- Manjak religion
- Mbuti religion
- Moba ethnic religion
- Mursi animism
- Nso religion
- Nuer religion
- Nyongo Society
- Bakossi beliefs
- Odinala / Odinani
- Oropom religion
- Safwa religion
- Samburu religion
- San religion
- Serer religion
- Sidama religion
- Surma religion
- Tammari traditional religion
- Temne traditional religion
- Traditional Berber religion
- Turkana traditional religion
- Urhobo traditional religion
- Vodun
- Waaqeffanna
- Yoruba religion
- Ifá
- Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe
- Shona traditional religion
Diasporic African
- Abakuá
- Arara religion
- Batuque
- Candomblé
- Candomblé Bantu
- Candomblé Jejé
- Candomblé Ketu
- Comfa
- Convince
- Cuban Vodú
- Dominican Vudú
- Espiritismo
- Haitian Vodou
- Hoodoo
- Kélé
- Kumina
- Louisiana Voodoo
- Montamentu
- Myal
- Obeah
- Palo
- Quimbanda
- Santería
- Tambor de Mina
- Trinidad Orisha
- Umbanda
- Winti
- Saramaka religion
Altaic
- Evenki shamanism
- Manchu shamanism
- Turko-Mongolic religion
- Altaic shamanism
- Dukha shamanism
- Mongolian shamanism
- Black Shamanism
- Tengrism
- Aiyy
- Tengir Ordo
- Vattisen Yaly
- Nanai shamanism
- Oroqen shamanism
- Shor shamanism
- Soyot shamanism
- Ulch shamanism
- Yakut Shamanism
American
- Ache traditional tribal religion
- Achuar religious beliefs
- Acoma traditional religion
- Aguaruna traditional beliefs
- Akawaio religion
- Alaska Native religion
- Inuit religion
- Tanana shamanism
- Yupik shamanism
- Yuit shamanism
- Sirenik shamanism
- Ancestral Pueblo religion (Basketmaker III) (Pueblo II) (Pueblo III) (Pueblo IV)
- Andoque religion
- Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
- Ojibwe spirituality
- Apache traditional tribal religion
- Arhuaco spirituality
- Atacama religious culture
- Blackfoot religion
- Bororo totemism
- Caddo religion
- Californian traditional religions
- Achomawi religion
- Acjachemen religion
- Cahuilla religion
- Kuksu
- Cahto religion
- Esselen spirituality
- Miwok religion
- Ohlone spirituality
- Pomo religion
- Northern Paiute shamanism
- Mohave religion
- Wiyot spirituality
- Calusa native religion
- Chaná religion
- Cherokee spiritual beliefs
- Chilote religion
- Choctaw religion
- Creek religion
- Croatan religious beliefs
- Crow religion
- Fuegian spirituality
- Selk'nam religion
- Garifuna spirituality
- Guarani religion
- Guarayos traditional religious beliefs
- Guayupe traditional religion
- Gwich'in traditional beliefs
- Haida religion
- Ho-Chunk religion
- Hopi religion
- Huaorani traditional animism
- Hupda cosmgony
- Incan religion
- Chauvin religion
- Nazca religious beliefs
- Wari' beliefs
- Illinois religion
- Innu religion
- Iroquois religion
- Mohawk traditional religion
- Seneca religion
- Wyandot religion
- Jivaroan religion
- Karankawa indigenous religion
- Kayabi traditional tribal religion
- Kalapalo beliefs
- Kalinago religion
- Kichwa religion
- Kogi traditional religion
- Kuikoro religion
- Kwakwakaʼwakw religion
- Lakota religion
- Lenape religion
- Lokono animist spirituality
- Maleku animism
- Mandan religion
- Mapuche religion
- Marajoara religion
- Matses animism
- Mesoamerican religion
- Aztec religion
- Classical Veracruz religion
- Cora religion
- Huichol traditional religion
- Maya religion
- Chuj traditional beliefs
- Huastec religion
- Lacandon traditional beliefs
- Mazatec traditional religion
- Maximon
- Mopan traditional religion
- Pech traditional religion
- Q'eqchi' religion
- Tzeltal religion
- Tzotzil native religion
- Tzʼutujil traditional religion
- Mixe religion
- Nagualism
- Olmec religion
- Purépecha religion
- Teotihuacan religion
- Tepehuan religious beliefs
- Tlapanec religion
- Totonac traditional religion
- Zapotec religion
- Midewiwin
- Abenaki religious beliefs
- Mi'kmaq traditional religion
- Old Miskito religion
- Muisca religion
- Muzo traditional religion
- Navajo spirituality
- Nuu-chah-nulth religion
- Omaha religion
- Osage traditional spirituality
- Pawnee religion
- Parakanã shamanism
- Pech traditional religion
- Pemon traditional tribal religion
- Penobscot spirituality
- Pericues religion
- Piaroa traditional religion
- Powhatan native religion
- Puruhá traditional religion
- Q'ero spirituality
- Quechua traditional beliefs
- Rikbaktsa traditional beliefs
- Salish narratives
- Seminole traditional native religion
- Seri religion
- Shuar shamanism
- Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (religion of the Mississippian culture)
- Taensa native tribal religion
- Taino spirituality
- Tairona religion
- Talamancan religion
- Tapirape shamanism
- Tehuelche beliefs
- Ticuna shamanism
- Toba belief system
- Tlingit religion
- Tsimshian religion
- Ute religion
- Wai-Wai religion
- Wapishana religion
- Warao traditional beliefs
- Wayuu religion
- Yaruro traditional tribal religion
- Zuni religion
Austroasiatic
- Asur religion
- Birhor traditional religion
- Bru religion
- Đạo Lương
- Đạo Mẫu
- Four Palaces
- Thánh Trần worship
- Đạo Mẫu
- Ka Niam Khasi
- Mon religion
- Muong ethnic religion
- Nicobarese traditional religion
- Ka Niamtre
- Paoch animism
- Santal religion
- Sarnaism
- Senoi ethnic religion
- Sora traditional beliefs
- Tampuan animism
- Ta Oi animism
Austronesian
- Amis native religion
- Aliran Kepercayaan/Mythology of Indonesia
- Adat Pu'un
- Aluk
- Batak Parmalim
- Dayak religion
- Jingi Tiu
- Kejawèn
- Kapitayan
- Kangeanese religion
- Karo Pemena
- Kendayan religion
- Marapu
- Rejang religion
- Rotenese religion
- Saminism Movement
- Sangirese religion
- Sumbawa religion
- Sundanese Wiwitan
- Wai Apu religion
- Dayawism
- Batak folk religion
- Bicolano religion
- Blaan folk religion
- Capiznon folk religion
- Cuyunon folk religion
- Gaddang folk religion
- Ifugao folk religion
- Ilocano folk religion
- Itneg folk religion
- Kalinga folk religion
- Kankanaey folk religion
- Karay-a folk religion
- Mangyan folk religion
- Palawan folk religion
- Pangasinan folk religion
- Sama Bajau folk religion
- Sambal folk religion
- Subanon folk religion
- Tagalog folk religion
- Tagbanwa folk religion
- Tboli folk religion
- Teduray folk religion
- Visayan folk religion
- Fomba Gasy
- Jarai religion
- Kanakanavu native religion
- Malaysian folk religion
- Datuk Keramat
- Jakun religion
- Pengarap Iban
- Melanau religion
- Momolianism
- Murut religion
- Orang Kanaq religion
- Orang Seletar religion
- Semai religion
- Semaq Beri religion
- Temuan religion
- Micronesian religion
- Carolinian religion
- Chamorro religion
- Chuukese religion
- Nauruan indigenous religion
- Polynesian narrative
- Cook Islands narrative
- Hawaiian religion
- Mangarevan narrative
- Māori religion
- Niuean narrative
- Rapa Nui narrative
- Samoan narrative
- Tahitian narrative
- Tongan narrative
- Tuvaluan narrative
- Paiwan shamanism
- Sakizaya native religion
- Taivoan animism
- Tao native religion
Caucasian
- Khabzeism
- Vainakh religion
Dravidian
- Khond traditional religion
- Kota religion
- Koyapunem
- Sauria Paharia religion
- Tamil religion
- Toda religion
Indo-European
- Kalashism
- Nagpuria religion
- Ossetian native religion
- Punjabi folk religion
- Tharu religion
Koreanic and Japonic
- Koshintō (Historical)
- Shinto
- Izumo-taishakyo
- Shinbutsu-shugo
- Konkōkyō
- Shugendō
- State Shinto
- Shinto
- Matagi spirituality
- Muism
- Gasin faith
- Ryukyuan religion
Melanesian and Aboriginal
- Australian Aboriginal spirituality
- Gamilaraay dreaming
- Larrakia dreaming
- Tasmanian Aboriginal spirituality
- Yolnu religion
- Fijian ancient religion
- Kanak traditional beliefs
- Papuan religion
- Dumo spirituality
- Fore traditional beliefs
- Kaluli religion
- Korowai religion
- Trobriand traditional beliefs
- Urapmin traditional beliefs
Negrito
- Aeta religion
- Ati animism
- Onge native religion
- Semang animism
- Vedda original religion
Paleosiberian
- Ainu religion
- Koryak religion
- Itelmen religion
- Nivkh traditional religion
- Yukaghir shamanism
Sino-Tibetan
- Banrawat religion
- Bathouism
- Benzhuism
- Biate animism
- Bimoism
- Bon
- Dongba
- Hangui
- Burmese folk religion
- Lisu religion
- Chang Naga animism
- Chutia religion
- Chinese Folk Religion
- Ancestor Worship
- Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia
- Faism
- Mazu worship
- Northeast China folk religion
- Queen Mother worship
- Shangdiism
- Shenism
- Wang Ye worship
- Wuism
- Daba
- Dingba
- Donyi-Polo
- Sangsarek
- Gurung shamanism
- Hani religion
- Hnam Sakhua
- Jingpo religion
- Kan Khwan
- Karbi animism
- Karen animism
- Kiratism
- Yumaism
- Maring beliefs
- Miji animism
- Mizo religion
- Mro religion
- Nuo folk religion
- Nyezi-No
- Qiang folk religion
- Reang religion
- Sanamahism
- Tangsa Naga animism
- Toto nature religion
- Zahv
Tai and Miao
- Hlai animism
- Kev Dab Kev Qhuas
- Kam religion
- Maonan traditional religion
- Mo
- Pa Then religion
- Qabiao religion
- Satsana Phi
- Ahom religion
- Giay animism
- Lamet religion
- Nung religion
- Saek religion
- Sui religion
- Then
Uralic
- Komi shamanism
- Mari Native Religion
Other
New religious movements
Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception.[13]
Cargo cults
- John Frum
- Johnson cult
- Prince Philip Movement
- Vailala Madness
New ethnic religions
Black
- African Zionism
- Ausar Auset Society
- Black Muslims
- American Society of Muslims
- Dini Ya Msambwa
- Five-Percent Nation
- Godianism
- Igbe religion
- Moorish Science Temple of America
- Mumboism
- Nation of Islam
- Nuwaubian Nation
Black Hebrew Israelites
- African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
- Church of God and Saints of Christ
- Commandment Keepers
- Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ
- Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge
- Nation of Yahweh
- One West Camp
Rastafari
- Bobo Ashanti
- Nyabinghi
- Twelve Tribes of Israel
White
- Ariosophy
- British Israelism
- Christian Identity
- Creativity
- French Israelism
- Nordic Israelism
- Wotansvolk
Native American
- Ghost Dance
- Indian Shaker Church
- Longhouse Religion
- Mexicayotl
- Native American Church
- Big Moon Peyotism
- Wasshat religion
World Religion-derived new religions
Abrahamic-derived
- Antoinism
- Beili Wang
- Branch Davidians
- Chrislam
- Eastern Lightning
- The Family International
- Gafatar
- Grail Movement
- Holy Spirit of Blood and Water Church
- Lalpa Kohran Thar
- Mama Tada
- Mentuhui
- Modekngei
- Noahidism
- Pai Marire
- Pilgrims of Ares
- Rātana
- Ringatu
- Spiritism
- Unification Church
- Unification Church of the United States
- World Elijah Evangelical Mission
- Zhushenjiao
Chinese salvationist religions
- Baguadao ("Way of the Eight Trigrams")
- Dejiao ("Teaching of Virtue")
- Huangjidao ("Way of the Imperial Pole")
- Huangtiandao ("Way of the Yellow Sky")
- Huazhaidao ("Way of Flowers and Fasting")
- Jiugongdao ("Way of the Nine Palaces")
- Luandao ("Phoenix Way")
- Luoism ("Way of Luo")
- Chinese religions of fasting
- Xiantiandao ("Way of Former Heaven")
- Guiyidao ("Way of the Return to the One")
- Shengdao ("Holy Way")
- Yaochidao ("Way of the Mother of Pearl Lake")
- Yiguandao ("Persistent Way")
- Yixin Tiandao ("Heart-bound Heavenly Way")
- Xiantiandao ("Way of Former Heaven")
- Dacheng
- Hongyangism
- Chinese religions of fasting
- Maitreyanism
- Sanyiism
- Shanrendao ("Way of the Virtuous Man")
- Taigu school
- Tiandihui
- Tiandiism
- Tianguangdao ("Way of the Heavenly Light")
- Tianxian Miaodao ("Way of the Temple of the Heavenly Immortals")
- Weixinism
- White Lotus
- Xuanyuandao ("Way of Xuanyuan")
- Yellow Sand Society
- Zailiism ("Way of the Abiding Principle)
- Zhongyongdao ("Way of the Golden Mean")
Hindu reform movements
- Adidam
- Adi Dharm
- Brahmoism
- Ananda
- Ananda Ashrama
- Ananda Marga[14]
- Arya Samaj[15]
- Ayyavazhi
- Chinmaya Mission
- Hare Krishna[16]
- Mahanam Sampraday
- Mahima Dharma
- Matua Mahasangha
- Oneness Movement
- Rajneesh movement
- Satsang
- Shirdi Sai Baba movement
- Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres
- Sri Aurobindo Ashram
- Sri Ramana Ashram
- Swaminarayan Sampradaya
- Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha
- Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi
- International Swaminarayan Satsang Mandal
- Swaminarayan Gurukul
- Nar Narayan Dev Gadi
- International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation
- Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal
- Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar)
- Swaminarayan Mandir Vasna Sanstha
- Transcendental Meditation
Muist-derived
Neo-Buddhism
- Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
- Hòa Hảo
- Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
- Diamond Way Buddhism
- Falun Gong
- Guanyin Famen
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Navayana
- New Kadampa Tradition[17]
- Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga
- PL Kyodan
- Reiyūkai
- Risshō Kōsei Kai
- Rimé movement
- Shambhala Buddhism
- Shinnyo-en
- Soka Gakkai
- Triratna Buddhist Community
- True Buddha School
- Won Buddhism
Perennial and interfaith
- Anandamayee Sangha
- Bell religion
- Brahma Kumaris
- Caodaism
- Đạo Dừa
- Meivazhi
- Omnism
- Open-source religion
- Satya Dharma
- Sathya Sai Baba movement
- Share International
- Subud
Shinshukyo
- Aum Shinrikyo
- Happy Science
- Ijun
- Konkokyo
- Kurozumikyō
- Oomoto
- Church of World Messianity
- Seicho-no-Ie
- Shōroku Shintō Yamatoyama
- Shumei
- Sekai Shindokyo
- Shinmeiaishinkai
- Tenrikyo
- Tenshō Kōtai Jingūkyō
- Zenrinkyo
Sikh-derived
- Contemporary Sant Mat movements
- Advait Mat
- Radha Soami
- Radha Soami Satsang Beas
- Radha Soami Satsang Dayagbal
- Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod
- Ruhani Satsang
- Manavta Mandir
- Science of Spirituality (a.k.a. Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission)
- Radha Soami-influenced[18]
- Ravidassia
Modern paganism
Ethnic neopaganism
- Hetanism
- Baltic neopaganism
- Dievturība
- Romuva
- Caucasian neopaganism
- Abkhaz neopaganism
- Assianism
- Celtic neopaganism
- Celtic reconstructionist paganism
- Druidry
- Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism)
- Hellenism
- Heraka
- Italo-Roman neopaganism
- Nova Roma
- Roman Traditional Movement
- Kemetism
- Kemetic Orthodoxy
- Semitic neopaganism
- Rodnovery (a.k.a. Slavic neopaganism)
- Native Polish Church
- Peterburgian Vedism
- Rodzima Wiara
- Rodnover Confederation
- Sylenkoism
- Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities
- Ynglism
- Uralic neopaganism
- Estonian neopaganism
- Suomenusko
- Hungarian neopaganism
- Mastorava
- Udmurt Vos
- Zalmoxianism
- Zuism
Syncretic neopaganism
- Adonism
- Christopaganism
- Christian Wicca
- Church of All Worlds
- Church of Aphrodite
- Cochrane's Craft
- Maria Lionza
- Druidry
- Ár nDraíocht Féin
- Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids
- Reformed Druids of North America
- El Tio
- Feraferia
- Goddess movement
- Huna
- Ivanovism
- Krama
- Neoshamanism
- Pow-wow
- Radical Faeries
- Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism
- Santa Muerte
- Stregheria
- Summum
- Technopaganism
- Wicca
- British Traditional Wicca
- Gardnerian Wicca
- Alexandrian Wicca
- Central Valley Wicca
- Algard Wicca
- Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
- Blue Star Wicca
- Seax-Wica
- Universal Eclectic Wicca
- Celtic Wicca
- Dianic Wicca
- Faery Wicca
- Feri Tradition
- Georgian Wicca
- Odyssean Wicca
- Wiccan church
- Covenant of the Goddess
- British Traditional Wicca
Entheogenic religions
- Church of the Universe
- Neo-American Church
- Santo Daime
- Temple of the True Inner Light
- Tensegrity
- THC Ministry
- União do Vegetal
New Age Movement
- A Course in Miracles
- Association for Research and Enlightenment
- Chaos Magic
- Conversations with God
- Eckankar
- Love Has Won
- Rainbow Family
- The Family
New Thought
- Christian Science
- Church of Divine Science
- Church of the Truth
- Church Universal and Triumphant
- Home of Truth
- Jewish Science
- Psychiana
- Religious Science
- Seicho-no-Ie
- The Infinite Way
- Unity Church
- Universal Foundation for Better Living
Parody religions and fiction-based religions
- The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters
- Bokononism
- Church of Euthanasia
- Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (a.k.a. "Pastafarianism")
- Church of the SubGenius
- The Cult of Kek
- Dinkoism
- Discordianism
- Dudeism
- Earthseed
- Terasem
- Eventualism
- First Church of the Last Laugh
- Gadgetology
- Googlism
- Iglesia Maradoniana
- Igreja Evangélica Pica das Galáxias
- Invisible Pink Unicorn
- Jediism
- Kibology
- Kopimism
- Landover Baptist Church
- Last Thursdayism
- Matrixism
- The Nine Divines
- 'Pataphysics
- Silinism
- Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
- Tarvuism
- United Church of Bacon
- Zone Theory
Post-theistic and naturalistic religions
- Abrahamites
- Cosmism
- Cult of Reason
- Cult of the Supreme Being
- Deism
- Christian Deism
- Ethical movement
- Freethought
- North Texas Church of Freethought
- God-Building
- Humanism
- Ietsism
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Pandeism
- Pantheism
- Religion of Humanity
- Saint-Simonianism
- Syntheism
- Theophilanthropy
- Unitarian Universalism
- Universal Life Church
UFO religions
- Aetherius Society
- Ashtar Galactic Command
- Chen Tao ("True Way")
- Fiat Lux
- Ground Crew Project
- Heaven's Gate
- Industrial Church of the New World Comforter
- Mark-Age
- Nuwaubian Nation
- Order of the Solar Temple
- Raëlism
- Scientology
- The Seekers
- Unarius Academy of Science
- Universe people
- Urantia movement
Western esotericism
- Anthroposophy
- Archeosophical Society
- Builders of the Adytum
- Cthulhu Mythos cults[19]
- Fourth Way
- Fraternity of the Inner Light
- Hermeticism
- Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
- The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.
- Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
- Illuminates of Thanateros
- Luciferianism
- Fraternitas Saturni
- Neo-Luciferian Church
- New Acropolis
- Occultism
- Ordo Aurum Solis
- Otherkin[20]
- Rosicrucian
- Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
- Lectorium Rosicrucianum
- Rosicrucian Fellowship
- Satanism
- Non-theistic Satanism
- Theistic Satanism
- Joy of Satan
- Order of Nine Angles
- Polytheistic Satanism
- Our Lady of Endor Coven (Historical)
- Temple of the Black Light
- Temple of Set
- Spiritualism
- Faithism
- Thelema
- A∴A∴
- Ordo Templi Orientis
- Typhonian Order
- Theosophy
- Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth
Historical religions
Prehistoric Religion
- Cucuteni–Trypillia religion
- Funnelbeaker religion
- Hemudu religion
- Hongshan religion
- Linear Pottery religion
- Paleolithic religion
- Urreligion (theorized)
- Urmonotheismus (theorized)
- Urreligion (theorized)
- Varna religion
Bronze Age
- Amorite religion
- Ancient Egyptian religion
- Atenism
- Ancient Mesopotamian religion
- Ancient Assyrian religion
- Babylonian religion
- Sabian religion
- Shamsiyah
- Sumerian religion
- Ancient Semitic religion
- Ancient Canaanite religion
- Yahwism
- Harappan religion
- Hattian religion
- Hittite religion
- Hurrian religion
- Kassite religion
- Liangzhu religion
- Longshan religion
- Luwian religion
- Minoan religion
- Mycenaean religion
- Nordic Bronze Age religion
- Proto-Indo-European religion
- Paleo-Balkan religion
- Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
- Mahabadism
- Proto-Uralic religion
- Shang religion
- Urnfield religion
Classical antiquity
- Adena religion
- Aksumite religion
- Albanian folk beliefs
- Proto-Celtic paganism
- Ancient Celtic religion
- Breton paganism
- Cantabrian paganism
- Celtic Animism
- Cornish paganism
- Irish paganism
- Manx paganism
- Scottish paganism
- Hebridean paganism
- Welsh paganism
- Ancient Celtic religion
- Ancient Greek religion
- Greco-Buddhism
- Greco-Roman mysteries
- Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus
- Cult of the Great Gods
- Cybele's Cult
- Dionysian mysteries
- Eleusinian mysteries
- Mysteries of Isis
- Hellenistic religion
- Hermeticism
- Neoplatonism
- Pythagoreanism
- Neopythagoreanism
- Stoicism
- Ancient Iranian religion
- Armenian paganism
- Basque paganism
- Cantabrian religion
- Castro religion
- Dacian religion
- Eblaite religion
- Elamite religion
- Etruscan religion
- Gallaecian religion
- Georgian paganism
- Germanic paganism
- Alpine paganism
- Anglo-Saxon paganism
- Cimbri religion
- Continental Germanic paganism
- Frankish paganism
- Gothic paganism
- Old Norse religion
- Iberian religion
- Illyrian religion
- Iapydes religion
- Ligurian religion
- Lusitanian religion
- Lydian religion
- Nuragic religion
- Paeonian religion
- Phrygian religion
- Punic religion
- Religion in ancient Rome
- Gallo-Roman religion
- Imperial cult
- Greco-Roman mysteries
- Mithraism
- Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia
- Nabataean religion
- South Arabian paganism
- Samnite religion
- Scythian religion
- Sramana
- Thracian religion
- Umbrian religion
- Marsi religion
- Urartu religion
- Vedicism
Post-classical Period
- Arioi
- Balinese religion
- Baltic paganism
- Prussian paganism
- Latvian paganism
- Lithuanian paganism
- Batak religion
- Bulgar religion
- Caucasian Albanian paganism
- Chimor religion
- Estonian shamanism
- Finnish shamanism
- Guanche religion
- Hungarian shamanism
- Hunnic religion
- Khitan religion
- Jamaican Maroon religion
- Lima religion
- Moche religion
- Sámi shamanism
- Slavic paganism
- Tiwanaku religion
- Tocharian religion
- Vainakh religion
- Wari religion
Other categorisations
By demographics
By area
- Religion in Africa
- Religion in Asia
- Religion in Oceania
- Religion in Europe
- Religion in North America
- Religion in South America
- Religions by country
- List of state-established religions
- Buddhism by country
- Buddhism in the United States
- Christianity by country
- Roman Catholicism by country
- Eastern Orthodoxy by country
- Oriental Orthodoxy by country
- Protestantism by country
- Hinduism by country
- Islam by country
- Ahmadiyya by country
- Judaism by country, Jewish population by country
- Sikhism by country
See also
- Alchemy
- Ceremonial magic
- Chaos magic
- Civil religion
- Enochian magic
- Goetia
- History of religion
- Juche
- List of Catholic rites and churches
- List of mythologies
- List of pantheons
- Lists of people by belief
- List of religious organizations
- List of religious populations
- Magic
- Major religious groups
- Mythology
- Neopagan witchcraft
- Religious fundamentalism
- Witchcraft
References
- ↑ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
- ↑ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". http://www.adherents.com.
- ↑ "About - the Parapsychological Association". http://www.parapsych.org/base/about.aspx.
- ↑ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". http://iands.org/about-ndes/key-nde-facts.html.
- ↑ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
- ↑ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
- ↑ Coogan, Michael David; Narayanan, Vasudha (2005). Eastern Religions: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195221907. https://archive.org/details/easternreligions00mich.
- ↑ Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Vol. 1-2. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd..
- ↑ Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". in Eliade, Mircea. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 14. New York: MacMillan.
- ↑ "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. http://www.jainworld.com/societies/jainsects.asp.
- ↑ Melton 2003, p. 611.
- ↑ Clarke 2006.
- ↑ Melton 2003, p. 1001.
- ↑ Melton 2003, p. 1004.
- ↑ Melton 2003, p. 997.
- ↑ Melton 2003, p. 1112.
- ↑ Clarke 2006, pp. 507–509, Radhasoami movements.
- ↑ Engle, John (2014). "Cults of Lovecraft: The Impact of H.P. Lovecraft's Fiction on Contemporary Occult Practices". Mythlore 1 (125): 85–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26815942.
- ↑ Laycock, Joseph P. Reitman (2012). "We Are Spirits of Another Sort". Nova Religio 15 (3): 65–90. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65.
Sources
- Clarke, Peter B., ed (2006). "Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements". Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=heeCAgAAQBAJ.
- Doniger, Wendy, ed (2006). "Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions". Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 978-1593392666. https://books.google.com/books?id=IDsk47MeksAC.
- Eliade, Mircea, ed (1987). "The Encyclopedia of Religion". The Encyclopedia of Religion. 16-volume Set. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0029094801.
- Juergensmeyer, Mark, ed (2012). "Encyclopedia of Global Religion". Encyclopedia of Global Religion. 1. Los Angeles, Ca: SAGE Publ.. ISBN 978-0-7619-2729-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ.
- Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed (2002). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ.
- Lewis, James R., ed (2004). "The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements". The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514986-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=srzUHo874qIC.
- Lewis, James R., ed (2016). "The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements". The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. Oxford Handbooks. 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046617-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=KisRDAAAQBAJ.
- Melton, J. Gordon (2003). "Encyclopedia of American Religions". Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1.
- "Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices". Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. 1–6 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Ca; Denver, Co; Oxford: ABC-Clio. 2010. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C.
- "Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Springfield, Ma: Merriam-Webster. 1999. ISBN 0-87779-044-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC.
External links
- Patheos World Religions library
- Statistics on religious belief or adherence
- BBC.co.uk section on major world religions
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