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New Atheism

Topic: Religion

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 22 min
Short description: Positions promoted by some 21st-century atheists
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The term New Atheism was coined by the journalist Gary Wolf in 2006 to describe the positions promoted by some atheists of the twenty-first century.[1][2] New Atheism advocates the view that superstition, religion and irrationalism should not simply be tolerated. Instead, they should be countered, criticized, and challenged by rational argument, especially when they exert undue influence, such as in government, education, and politics.[3][4] Major figures include Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett—collectively known as the "Four Horsemen", and Ayaan Hirsi Ali, known as the "plus one horse-woman".

New Atheism often criticised what writers such as Dawkins described as the indoctrination of children and the social harms caused by perpetuating ideologies founded on belief in the supernatural. At the time, critics of the movement deployed pejorative terms such as militant atheism and fundamentalist atheism to malign vocal atheists.[lower-alpha 1][5][6][7][8]

History

The 2004 publication of The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason by Sam Harris, a bestseller in the United States, was joined over the next couple years by a series of popular best-sellers by atheist authors.[9][10] Harris was motivated by the events of 11 September 2001, which he laid directly at the feet of Islam, while also directly criticizing Christianity and Judaism.[11] Two years later Harris followed up with Letter to a Christian Nation, which was also a severe criticism of Christianity.[12] Also in 2006, following his television documentary series The Root of All Evil?, Richard Dawkins published The God Delusion, which was on the New York Times best-seller list for 51 weeks.[13]

In a 2010 column entitled "Why I Don't Believe in the New Atheism", Tom Flynn contends that what has been called "New Atheism" is neither a movement nor new, and that what was new was the publication of atheist material by big-name publishers, read by millions, and appearing on bestseller lists.[14]

On 6 November 2015, The New Republic published an article entitled, "Is the New Atheism dead?"[15] The atheist and evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson wrote, "The world appears to be tiring of the New Atheism movement."[16] In 2017, PZ Myers who formerly considered himself a new atheist, publicly renounced the New Atheism movement.[17]

The book The Four Horsemen: The Conversation That Sparked an Atheist Revolution was released in 2019.[18]

Prominent figures

"Four Horsemen"

The 'Four Horsemen of the New Atheism' clockwise from top left: Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Daniel Dennett, and Sam Harris

On 30 September 2007, four prominent atheists (Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett) met at Hitchens' residence in Washington, D.C., for a private two-hour unmoderated discussion. The event was videotaped and titled "The Four Horsemen".[19] During "The God Debate" in 2010 featuring Christopher Hitchens versus Dinesh D'Souza, the men were collectively referred to as the "Four Horsemen of the Non-Apocalypse",[20] an allusion to the biblical Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse from the Book of Revelation.[21] The four have been described as "evangelical atheists".[22]

Sam Harris is the author of the bestselling non-fiction books The End of Faith, Letter to a Christian Nation, The Moral Landscape, and Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion, as well as two shorter works, initially published as e-books, Free Will[23] and Lying.[24] Harris is a co-founder of the Reason Project.

Richard Dawkins is the author of The God Delusion,[25] which was preceded by a Channel 4 television documentary titled The Root of All Evil?. He is the founder of the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. He wrote: "I don't object to the horseman label, by the way. I'm less keen on 'new atheist': it isn't clear to me how we differ from old atheists."[26]

Christopher Hitchens was the author of God Is Not Great[27] and was named among the "Top 100 Public Intellectuals" by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines. In addition, Hitchens served on the advisory board of the Secular Coalition for America. In 2010, Hitchens published his memoir Hitch-22 (a nickname provided by close personal friend Salman Rushdie, whom Hitchens always supported during and following The Satanic Verses controversy).[28] Shortly after its publication, Hitchens was diagnosed with esophageal cancer, which led to his death in December 2011.[29] Before his death, Hitchens published a collection of essays and articles in his book Arguably;[30] a short edition Mortality[31] was published posthumously in 2012. These publications and numerous public appearances provided Hitchens with a platform to remain an astute atheist during his illness, even speaking specifically on the culture of deathbed conversions and condemning attempts to convert the terminally ill, which he opposed as "bad taste".[32][33]

Daniel Dennett, author of Darwin's Dangerous Idea,[34] Breaking the Spell[35] and many others, has also been a vocal supporter of The Clergy Project,[36] an organization that provides support for clergy in the US who no longer believe in God and cannot fully participate in their communities any longer.[37]

"Plus one horse-woman"

After the death of Hitchens, Ayaan Hirsi Ali (who attended the 2012 Global Atheist Convention, which Hitchens had been scheduled to attend) was referred to as the "plus one horse-woman", since she was originally invited to the 2007 meeting of the "Horsemen" atheists but had to cancel at the last minute.[38] Hirsi Ali was born in Mogadishu, Somalia, fleeing in 1992 to the Netherlands in order to escape an arranged marriage.[39] She became involved in Dutch politics, rejected faith, and became vocal in opposing Islamic ideology, especially concerning women, as exemplified by her books Infidel and The Caged Virgin.[40]

Hirsi Ali was later involved in the production of the film Submission, for which her friend Theo Van Gogh was murdered with a death threat to Hirsi Ali pinned to his chest.[41] This event resulted in Hirsi Ali's hiding and later emigrating to the United States, where she now resides and remains a prolific critic of Islam.[42] She regularly speaks out against the treatment of women in Islamic doctrine and society[43] and is a proponent of free speech and the freedom to offend.[44][45]

Others

Others have either self-identified as or been classified by some commentators as New Atheists:

  • Rebecca Goldstein, philosopher and author of 36 Arguments for the Existence of God[46]
  • Peter Boghossian, philosopher and author of A Manual for Creating Atheists[47]
  • Michel Onfray, author of Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam[48]
  • Victor J. Stenger, author of God: The Failed Hypothesis / How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist[49]
  • Greta Christina, author of Why Are You Atheists So Angry?: 99 Things that Piss Off the Godless[50]
  • Jerry Coyne, author of Faith Versus Fact: Why Science and Religion Are Incompatible
  • Dan Barker, author of Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists[51] (but described as more scholarly than the New Atheists by Noam Chomsky)[52]

Some writers sometimes classified as New Atheists by others have explicitly distanced themselves from the label:

Perspective

Many contemporary atheists write from a scientific perspective. Unlike previous writers, many of whom thought that science was indifferent or even incapable of dealing with the "God" concept, Dawkins argues to the contrary, claiming the "God Hypothesis" is a valid scientific hypothesis,[56] having effects in the physical universe, and like any other hypothesis can be tested and falsified. The late Victor Stenger proposed that the personal Abrahamic God is a scientific hypothesis that can be tested by standard methods of science. Both Dawkins and Stenger conclude that the hypothesis fails any such tests,[57] and argue that naturalism is sufficient to explain everything we observe. Nowhere, they argue, is it necessary to introduce God or the supernatural to understand reality. Some New Atheists adhere to the Christ myth theory, believing the Jesus from the Bible is a strictly fictional character.[58]

Scientific testing of religion

Non-believers (in religion and the supernatural) assert that many religious or supernatural claims (such as the virgin birth of Jesus and the afterlife) are scientific claims in nature. For instance, they argue, as do deists and Progressive Christians, that the issue of Jesus' supposed parentage is a question of scientific inquiry, rather than "values" or "morals".[59] Rational thinkers believe science is capable of investigating at least some, if not all, supernatural claims.[60] Institutions such as the Mayo Clinic and Duke University have conducted studies to try to identify whether there is empirical evidence of a healing power of intercessory prayer.[61] According to Stenger, these experiments have found no evidence that intercessory prayer works.[62]

Logical arguments

Stenger also argues in his book, God: The Failed Hypothesis, that a God having omniscient, omnibenevolent and omnipotent attributes, which he termed a 3O God, cannot logically exist.[63] A similar series of alleged logical disproofs of the existence of a God with various attributes can be found in Michael Martin and Ricki Monnier's The Impossibility of God,[64] or Theodore M. Drange's article, "Incompatible-Properties Arguments: A Survey".[65]

Views on non-overlapping magisteria

Richard Dawkins has been particularly critical of the conciliatory view that science and religion are not in conflict, noting, for example, that the Abrahamic religions constantly dabble in scientific matters. In a 1998 article published in Free Inquiry magazine[59] and later in his 2006 book The God Delusion, Dawkins expresses disagreement with the view advocated by Stephen Jay Gould that science and religion are two non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA), each existing in a "domain where one form of teaching holds the appropriate tools for meaningful discourse and resolution".

In Gould's proposal, science and religion should be confined to distinct non-overlapping domains: science would be limited to the empirical realm, including theories developed to describe observations, while religion would deal with questions of ultimate meaning and moral value. Dawkins contends that NOMA does not describe empirical facts about the intersection of science and religion: "It is completely unrealistic to claim, as Gould and many others do, that religion keeps itself away from science's turf, restricting itself to morals and values. A universe with a supernatural presence would be a fundamentally and qualitatively different kind of universe from one without. The difference is, inescapably, a scientific difference. Religions make existence claims, and this means scientific claims."

Science and morality

Main page: Philosophy:Science of morality

Popularized by Sam Harris is the view that science and thereby currently unknown objective facts may instruct human morality in a globally comparable way. Harris' book The Moral Landscape[66] and accompanying TED Talk How Science can Determine Moral Values[67] propose that human well-being and conversely suffering may be thought of as a landscape with peaks and valleys representing numerous ways to achieve extremes in human experience, and that there are objective states of well-being.

Politics

In the context of international politics, the principles of New Atheism establish no particular stance in and of themselves.[68] New Atheism's key proponents are, states PZ Meyer, "a madly disorganized mob, united only by [their] dislike of the god-thing."[69] That said, the demographic that supports the New Atheism is a markedly homogeneous one; in America (and the Anglo-sphere more generally) this cohort is "more likely to be younger, male and single, to have higher than average levels of income and education, to be less authoritarian, less dogmatic, less prejudiced, less conformist and more tolerant and open-minded on religious issues."[68] Because of this homogeneity among the group, there exists not a formal dynamic but a loose consensus on broad political "efforts, objectives, and strategies."[70] For example, one of the primary aims here is to further reduce the entanglement of church and state, which derives from the "belief that religion is antithetical to liberal values, such as freedom of expression and the separation of public from private life".[70][71][72] Additionally, new atheists have engaged in the campaign "to ensure legal and civic equality for atheists", in a world considerably unwelcoming to and distrustful of non-religious 'believers'.[71][72][73] Christopher Hitchens may be the new atheist concerned most with religion's incompatibility with contemporary liberal principles, and particularly its imposed limitation on both freedom of speech and freedom of expression.[71][74] And because New Atheism's proliferation is accredited partly to the September 11 attacks and the ubiquitous, visceral response, Richard Dawkins, among many in his cohort, believes that theism (in this case, Islam) jeopardizes political institutions and national security, and he warns of religion's potency in motivating "people to do terrible things" against international polities.[75]

Criticisms

According to Nature, "Critics of new atheism, as well as many new atheists themselves, contend that in philosophical terms it differs little from earlier historical forms of atheist thought."[76]

Scientism, accusations of evangelicalism and fundamentalism

The theologians Jeffrey Robbins and Christopher Rodkey take issue with what they regard as "the evangelical nature of the New Atheism, which assumes that it has a Good News to share, at all cost, for the ultimate future of humanity by the conversion of as many people as possible." They believe they have found similarities between New Atheism and evangelical Christianity and conclude that the all-consuming nature of both "encourages endless conflict without progress" between both extremities.[77]

Political philosopher John Gray asserts that "New Atheism", humanism, and 'scientism' are extensions of religion, particularly Christianity.[78]

Sociologist William Stahl said, "What is striking about the current debate is the frequency with which the New Atheists are portrayed as mirror images of religious fundamentalists."[79]

The atheist philosopher of science Michael Ruse has made the claim that Richard Dawkins would fail "introductory" courses on the study of "philosophy or religion" (such as courses on the philosophy of religion), courses which are offered, for example, at many educational institutions such as colleges and universities around the world.[80][81] Ruse also claims that the movement of New Atheism—which is perceived, by him, to be a "bloody disaster"—makes him ashamed, as a professional philosopher of science, to be among those holding to an atheist position, particularly as New Atheism does science a "grave disservice" and does a "disservice to scholarship" at a more general level.[80][81]

Paul Kurtz, editor in chief of Free Inquiry, founder of Prometheus Books, was critical of many of the new atheists.[7] He said, "I consider them atheist fundamentalists... They're anti-religious, and they're mean-spirited, unfortunately. Now, there are very good atheists and very dedicated people who do not believe in God. But you have this aggressive and militant phase of atheism, and that does more damage than good".[8]

Jonathan Sacks, author of The Great Partnership: Science, Religion, and the Search for Meaning, feels the new atheists miss the target by believing the "cure for bad religion is no religion, as opposed to good religion". He wrote:

Atheism deserves better than the new atheists whose methodology consists of criticizing religion without understanding it, quoting texts without contexts, taking exceptions as the rule, confusing folk belief with reflective theology, abusing, mocking, ridiculing, caricaturing, and demonizing religious faith and holding it responsible for the great crimes against humanity. Religion has done harm; I acknowledge that. But the cure for bad religion is good religion, not no religion, just as the cure for bad science is good science, not the abandonment of science.[82]

The philosopher Massimo Pigliucci contends that the new atheist movement overlaps with scientism, which he finds to be philosophically unsound. He writes: "What I do object to is the tendency, found among many New Atheists, to expand the definition of science to pretty much encompassing anything that deals with 'facts', loosely conceived..., it seems clear to me that most of the New Atheists (except for the professional philosophers among them) pontificate about philosophy very likely without having read a single professional paper in that field.... I would actually go so far as to charge many of the leaders of the New Atheism movement (and, by implication, a good number of their followers) with anti-intellectualism, one mark of which is a lack of respect for the proper significance, value, and methods of another field of intellectual endeavor."[83]

In The Evolution of Atheism, Stephen LeDrew wrote that New Atheism is fundamentalist and scientist; in contrast to atheism's tradition of social justice, it is right-wing and serves to defend "the position of the white middle-class western male".[84][85][86]

Atheist professor Jacques Berlinerblau has criticised the New Atheists' mocking of religion as being inimical to their goals and claims that they have not achieved anything politically.[87]

Roger Scruton has extensively criticized New Atheism on various occasions, generally on the grounds that they do not consider the social effects and impacts of religion in enough detail. He has said, "Look at the facts in the round and it seems likely that humans without a sense of the sacred would have died out long ago. For that same reason, the hope of the new atheists for a world without religion is probably as vain as the hope for a society without aggression or a world without death." He has also complained of the New Atheists' idea that they must "set people free from religion", calling it "naive" because they "never consider that they might be taking something away from people."[88][89]

Criticisms of responses to theistic arguments

Edward Feser has critiqued the New Atheists' responses to arguments for the existence of God, especially Dawkins' and Dennett's.[90]

It can safely be said that if you haven’t both understood Aquinas and answered him – not to mention Anselm, Duns Scotus, Leibniz, Samuel Clarke, and so on, but let that pass – then you have hardly “made your case” against religion. Yet Dawkins is the only “New Atheist” to offer anything even remotely like an attempt to answer him, feeble as it is.

Accusations of bigotry

The New Atheist movement has been accused of sexism, especially prominent figures such as Richard Dawkins.[91][92] In 2014, Sam Harris noted that New Atheism was "to some degree intrinsically male".[92]

Some commentators have accused the New Atheist movement of Islamophobia.[93][94][95][96] Wade Jacoby and Hakan Yavuz assert that "a group of 'new atheists' such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens" have "invoked Samuel Huntington's 'clash of civilizations' theory to explain the current political contestation" and that this forms part of a trend toward "Islamophobia [...] in the study of Muslim societies".[95] William W. Emilson argues that "the 'new' in the new atheists' writings is not their aggressiveness, nor their extraordinary popularity, nor even their scientific approach to religion, rather it is their attack not only on militant Islamism but also on Islam itself under the cloak of its general critique of religion".[97]

Legacy

In a January 2019 retrospective article, Steven Poole of The Guardian noted that "For some, New Atheism was never about God at all, but just a topical subgenre of the rightwing backlash against the supposedly suffocating atmosphere of 'political correctness'."[98] In November 2019, Scott Alexander of UnHerd argued that New Atheism did not disappear as a political movement but instead turned to social justice as a new cause to fight for.[99]

In an April 2021 interview, Natalie Wynn, a left-wing YouTuber who runs the channel ContraPoints, opined that "The alt-right, the manosphere, incels, even the so-called SJW Internet and LeftTube all have a genetic ancestor in New Atheism."[100] In a June 2021 retrospective article, Émile P. Torres of Salon claimed that prominent figures in the New Atheist movement had aligned themselves with the far-right.[101]

In a June 2022 retrospective article, Sebastian Milbank of The Critic claimed that "As a movement, New Atheism has fractured and lost its original spirit", that "Much of what New Atheism embodied has now migrated rightwards" and that "Another portion has moved leftwards, embodied by the 'I Fucking Love Science' woke nerd of today."[102]

See also


Bibliography

  • Ata Ur Rehman, & Prof. Dr. Tahira Basharat. (2021). God’s Existence: Philosophical Discourse between New Atheists and Muslim Scholars. Pakistan Journal of Islamic Philosophy, 3(2), 1-16. Retrieved from https://pakjip.com/index.php/pjip/article/view/71

Notes

  1. ↑ The term is sometimes used benignly, for example by atheists such as Frans de Waal.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Lois Lee & Stephen Bullivant, A Dictionary of Atheism (Oxford University Press, 2016).
  2. ↑ Wolff, Gary, in The New Atheism, The Church of the Non-Believers reprinted in Wired Magazine, November 2006
  3. ↑ "New Atheists". http://www.iep.utm.edu/n-atheis/. "The New Atheists are authors of early twenty-first century books promoting atheism. These authors include Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens. The 'New Atheist' label for these critics of religion and religious belief emerged out of journalistic commentary on the contents and impacts of their books." 
  4. ↑ Hooper, Simon. "The rise of the New Atheists". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 De Waal, Frans (25 March 2013). "Has militant atheism become a religion?". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/2013/03/25/militant_atheism_has_become_a_religion/. "Why are the 'neo-atheists' of today so obsessed with God's nonexistence that they go on media rampages, wear T-shirts proclaiming their absence of belief, or call for a militant atheism? What does atheism have to offer that's worth fighting for? As one philosopher put it, being a militant atheist is like 'sleeping furiously.'" 
  6. ↑ Bullivant, Stephen; Lee, Lois (2016). "Militant atheism". Oxford Reference 1. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191816819.001.0001. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kurtz, Paul. "Religion in Conflict: Are 'Evangelical Atheists' Too Outspoken?". http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=kurtz_27_2. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hagerty, Barbara Bradley (19 October 2009). "A Bitter Rift Divides Atheists". NPR. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113889251. 
  9. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (15 August 2007). "God Bless Me, It's a Best-Seller!". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/09/hitchens200709. Retrieved 14 April 2016. "...in the last two years there have been five atheist best-sellers, one each from Professors Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett and two from the neuroscientist Sam Harris.". 
  10. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (2019) (in English). The Four Horsemen : The Conversation That Sparked an Atheist Revolution. New York: Random House. pp. 1. ISBN 9780525511953. 
  11. ↑ Harris, Sam (11 August 2004). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-7432-6809-7. 
  12. ↑ Steinfels, Peter (3 March 2007). "Books on Atheism Are Raising Hackles in Unlikely Places". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/03/books/03beliefs.html. 
  13. ↑ "The God Delusion One-Year Countdown". RichardDawkins.net. http://richarddawkins.net/article,1599,The-God-Delusion-One-Year-Countdown,RichardDawkinsnet. 
  14. ↑ Flynn, Tom (2010). Why I Don't Believe in the New Atheism. http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=flynn_30_3. Retrieved 28 July 2011. 
  15. ↑ Bruenig, Elizabeth (6 November 2015). "Is the New Atheism dead?". The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/123349/new-atheism-dead. 
  16. ↑ The New Atheism as a Stealth Religion: Five Years Later by David Sloan Wilson, Evolution Institute website
  17. ↑ "The New Atheism is dead. Long live atheism.". 31 July 2017. https://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2017/07/31/the-new-atheism-is-dead-long-live-atheism/. 
  18. ↑ "The Four Horsemen: The Conversation That Sparked an Atheist Revolution". 19 March 2019. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-525-51195-3. 
  19. ↑ "The Four Horsemen DVD" (in en-US). https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/. "On the 30th of September 2007, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris and Christopher Hitchens sat down for a first-of-its-kind, unmoderated 2-hour discussion, convened by RDFRS and filmed by Josh Timonen." 
  20. ↑ Hoffman, Claire (2 September 2014). "Sam Harris is Still Railing Against Religion" (in en-US). http://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/sam-harris-is-still-railing-against-religion/. "As Western society grappled with radical Islam, Harris distinguished himself with his argument that modern religious tolerance had placated us into allowing delusion rather than reason to prevail. Harris upended a discussion that had long been dominated by cultural relativism and a hands-off academic intellectualism; his seething contempt for the world's faiths helped launch the 'New Atheist' movement, and together with Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett, he became known as one of the 'Four Horsemen of the Non-Apocalypse.'" 
  21. ↑ The Oxford Handbook of Atheism; Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse; Oxford University Press; p. 254
  22. ↑ Stedman, Chris (18 October 2010). "'Evangelical Atheists': Pushing For What?". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-stedman/evangelical-atheists-what_b_765379.html. "something peculiarly evangelistic about what has been termed the new atheist movement ... It is no exaggeration to describe the movement popularized by the likes of Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens as a new and particularly zealous form of fundamentalism — an atheist fundamentalism." 
  23. ↑ Harris, Sam (2012). Free Will. The Free Press. p. 96. ASIN 1451683405. ISBN 978-1451683400. https://archive.org/details/freewill00harr_0/page/96. 
  24. ↑ Harris, Sam (2013). Lying. Four Elephants Press. p. 108. ASIN 1940051002. ISBN 978-1940051000. 
  25. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (2007). The God Delusion. Black Swan. ISBN 978-0-552-77429-1. 
  26. ↑ Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, 10th anniversary edition, Black Swan, 2016, page I15 (new introduction for the 10th anniversary edition).
  27. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything (First trade ed.). Atlantic Books. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-843-54574-3. 
  28. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (2010). Hitch22. Atlantic Books. p. 448. ASIN 1843549220. ISBN 978-1-843-54922-2. 
  29. ↑ "Christopher Hitchens dies at 62 after suffering cancer". BBC News. 16 December 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16212418. 
  30. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (2011). Arguably. Atlantic Books. ASIN 0857892584. ISBN 978-0857892584. 
  31. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (2012). Mortality. Atlantic Books. ASIN 1848879210. ISBN 978-1848879218. 
  32. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher. "Is there an afterlife?". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbzd6ZbCowY. 
  33. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher. "Hitchens and Paxman interview". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-s9AyNQyCw. 
  34. ↑ Dennett, Daniel (1996). Darwin's Dangerous Idea. p. 592. ASIN 014016734X. ISBN 978-0140167344. 
  35. ↑ Dennett, Daniel (2007). Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon. Penguin. p. 464. ISBN 978-0141017778. 
  36. ↑ Dennett, Daniel. "Clergy Project". http://clergyproject.org/news/2012/04/15/dan-dennett-speaks-about-the-clergy-project-at-2012-global-atheist-convention/. 
  37. ↑ "Clergy Project Home Page". 4 October 2014. http://clergyproject.org/. 
  38. ↑ Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris & Ayaan Hirsi Ali on YouTube
  39. ↑ "Ayaan Hirsi Ali". http://www.project-reason.org/about/individual_member/2663/. 
  40. ↑ Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (2008). The Caged Virgin. Free Press. ASIN 0743288343. ISBN 978-0743288347. https://archive.org/details/cagedvirginemanc00hirs. 
  41. ↑ "Controversial film maker killed". The Independent (London). November 2, 2004. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/controversial-filmmaker-shot-dead-531777.html. 
  42. ↑ Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (6 February 2012). "Christians in the Muslim world". Newsweek. http://mag.newsweek.com/2012/02/05/ayaan-hirsi-ali-the-global-war-on-christians-in-the-muslim-world.html. 
  43. ↑ Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (May 15, 2012). "Ayaan Hirsi Ali on Protecting Women From Militant Islam". Smithsonian.com. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Ayaan-Hirsi-Ali-on-Protecting-Women-From-Militant-Islam.html. 
  44. ↑ Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (May 12, 2009). "The Right to Offend". http://www.project-reason.org/archive/item/the_right_to_offend_a_speech_by_ayaan_hirsi_ali/. 
  45. ↑ Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (17 September 2012). "Muslim Rage and the Last Gasp of Islamic Hate". Project Reason. http://mag.newsweek.com/2012/09/16/ayaan-hirsi-ali-on-the-islamists-final-stand.html. 
  46. ↑ Kehe, Marjorie (10 February 2011). "Interview with Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, author of "36 Arguments for the Existence of God". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/amphtml/Books/2011/0210/Interview-with-Rebecca-Newberger-Goldstein-author-of-36-Arguments-for-the-Existence-of-God. 
  47. ↑ Schulson, Michael (2 November 2013). "Atheist Philosopher Peter Boghossian's Guide to Converting Believers". The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/atheist-philosopher-peter-boghossians-guide-to-converting-believers. 
  48. ↑ Dalrymple, Theodore. "What the New Atheists Don't See". City Journal. https://www.city-journal.org/html/what-new-atheists-don%e2%80%99t-see-13058.html?wallit_nosession=1. 
  49. ↑ The New Atheists
  50. ↑ Borninski, Ned (30 June 2015). "In Defense of New Atheism". Center for Inquiry. https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/defending_new_atheism_from_misdirected_leftists/. 
  51. ↑ Wainwright, Jon. "The Not So New Atheists?". Philosophy Now. https://philosophynow.org/issues/78/The_Not_So_New_Atheists. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Atheist Noam Chomsky disses New Atheists
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 New Atheism and the Scientistic Turn in the Atheism Movement
  54. ↑ Catto, Rebecca; Eccles, Jane (14 April 2011). "Beyond Grayling, Dawkins and Hitchens, a new kind of British atheism". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/apr/14/atheism-socialnetworking. 
  55. ↑ @loftusjohnw on Twitter: Why Did Randal Rauser Recommend "God and Horrendous Suffering"? Despite his high recommendation of my book Rauser is on a mission to discredit it, pejoratively calling me a "New Atheist" and a "Fundamentalist". Inquiring Minds Want to Know Why!
  56. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (2008). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 
  57. ↑ Stenger, 2008
  58. ↑ R. Albert Mohler Jr. (25 July 2008). Atheism Remix: A Christian Confronts the New Atheists. Crossway. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-4335-2262-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=IaaM4GEDD0MC&pg=PA56. 
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  61. ↑ Stenger, Victor J.. "Supernatural Science". mukto-mona. http://www.mukto-mona.com/Special_Event_/Darwin_day/supernatural_science300106.htm. 
  62. ↑ Stenger, Victor J. (2009). The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-59102-751-5. 
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  64. ↑ Martin, Michael; Monnier, Ricki (2003). The Impossibility of God. Prometheus Books. 
  65. ↑ "Incompatible-Properties Arguments: A Survey". Philo (2): 49–60. 1998. http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/incompatible.html. 
  66. ↑ Harris, Sam (2012). The Moral Landscape. Black Swan. ASIN 0552776386. ISBN 978-0552776387. 
  67. ↑ Harris, Sam. "How Science can Determine Moral Values". http://www.ted.com/talks/sam_harris_science_can_show_what_s_right.html. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Kettell, Steven (2013-11-21). "Faithless: The politics of new atheism" (in en). Secularism and Nonreligion 2: 61–72. doi:10.5334/snr.al. ISSN 2053-6712. 
  69. ↑ Myers, P. Z. (2011). ‘Atheism ≠ fascism’. Pharyngula, June 12, 2011 http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/06/12/atheism-fascism/
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  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 "The Politics of New Atheism - ProQuest" (in en). https://www.proquest.com/openview/daa5b8502ebbef1aa42b53a851261445/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4039926. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Kettell, Steven (2016-12-13). "What's really new about New Atheism?" (in en). Palgrave Communications 2 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1057/palcomms.2016.99. ISSN 2055-1045. 
  73. ↑ Edgell, Penny (April 2006). "Atheists as "Other": Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society". American Sociological Review 71 (2): 211–234. doi:10.1177/000312240607100203. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4529/b3da0b8f2c50023f7f2d5d02cb4d6acdd38a.pdf. 
  74. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (December 2011). "Why Even Hate Speech Needs to Be Protected". https://www.rd.com/culture/freedom-speech-most-important-first-amendment-right/. 
  75. ↑ "Richard Dawkins On Terrorism And Religion" (in en). 27 May 2017. https://www.npr.org/2017/05/27/530337283/richard-dawkins-on-terrorism-and-religion. 
  76. ↑ Kettell, Steven (2016-12-13). "What's really new about New Atheism?" (in en). Palgrave Communications 2 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1057/palcomms.2016.99. ISSN 2055-1045. https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms201699. 
  77. ↑ Jeffrey Robbins and Christopher Rodkey (2010). "Beating 'God' to Death: Radical Theology and the New Atheism". in Amarnath Amarasingam. Religion and the New Atheism A Critical Appraisal.. Haymarket Books. p. 35. ISBN 9781608462032. 
  78. ↑ Gray, John, 1948- author. (10 December 2019). Seven types of atheism. ISBN 978-1-250-23478-0. OCLC 1137728757. 
  79. ↑ William Stahl (2010). "One-Dimensional Rage: The Social Epistemology of the New Atheism and Fundamentalism". in Amarnath Amarasingam. Religion and the New Atheism A Critical Appraisal.. Haymarket Books. pp. 97–108. ISBN 9781608462032. 
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  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Ruse, Michael (August 2009). "Why I Think the New Atheists are a Bloody Disaster". The BioLogos Foundation as a columnist of Beliefnet. http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/scienceandthesacred/2009/08/why-i-think-the-new-atheists-are-a-bloody-disaster.html. "… the new atheists do the side of science a grave disservice … these people do a disservice to scholarship ... Richard Dawkins in The God Delusion would fail any introductory philosophy or religion course. Proudly he criticizes that whereof he knows nothing … the poor quality of the argumentation in Dawkins, Dennett, Hitchens, and all of the others in that group … the new atheists are doing terrible political damage to the cause of Creationism fighting. Americans are religious people ... They want to be science-friendly, although it is certainly true that many have been seduced by the Creationists. We evolutionists have got to speak to these people. We have got to show them that Darwinism is their friend not their enemy We have got to get them onside when it comes to science in the classroom. And criticizing good men like Francis Collins, accusing them of fanaticism, is just not going to do the job. Nor is criticizing everyone, like me, who wants to build a bridge to believers – not accepting the beliefs, but willing to respect someone who does have them … The God Delusion makes me ashamed to be an atheist … They are a bloody disaster …" 
  82. ↑ Sacks, Jonathan (2011). The Great Partnership: Science, Religion, and the Search for Meaning. New York: Schocken. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-805-24301-7. 
  83. ↑ Pigliucci, Massimo (2013). New Atheism and the Scientistic Turn in the Atheism Movement. Midwest Studies in Philosophy. pp. 151–152. 
  84. ↑ "The Evolution of Atheism (Review)". Publishers Weekly. 19 October 2015. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-19-022517-9. Retrieved 9 April 2022. 
  85. ↑ Sullivan, Marek (2016). "Review of The Evolution of Atheism". Secularism and Nonreligion 5 (1): 5. doi:10.5334/snr.73. https://secularismandnonreligion.org/articles/10.5334/snr.73/. 
  86. ↑ Flynn, Tom (2016). "The Evolution of Atheism (Review)". Free Inquiry 36 (3). https://secularhumanism.org/2016/03/cont-the-evolution-of-atheism-the-politics-of-a-modern-movement/. 
  87. ↑ Winston, Kimberly (17 September 2012). "Professor Jacques Berlinerblau tells atheists: Stop whining!". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/professor-jacques-berlinerblau-tells-atheists-stop-whining/2012/09/14/0fdaf7f4-feab-11e1-98c6-ec0a0a93f8eb_story.html. 
  88. ↑ Scruton, Roger (31 May 2014). "Humans hunger for the sacred. Why can't the new atheists understand that?". The Spectator. https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/05/humans-hunger-for-the-sacred-why-cant-the-new-atheists-understand-that/. 
  89. ↑ "Roger Scruton on New Atheism and Religion". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzW4NEEJI48. 
  90. ↑ "The New Philistinism". 26 March 2010. http://www.aei.org/publication/the-new-philistinism/. 
  91. ↑ Kimberly Winston (2021-10-27). "Leading atheist, accused of sexual misconduct, speaks out". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/09/06/americas-leading-atheist-accused-of-sexual-misconduct-speaks-out/. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Bianco, Marcie (2016-02-12). "Brazen sexism is pushing women out of America's atheism movement" (in en). https://qz.com/613270/brazen-sexism-is-pushing-women-out-of-americas-atheism-movement/. 
  93. ↑ Taylor, Jerome (13 April 2013). "Atheists Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris face Islamophobia backlash". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/atheists-richard-dawkins-christopher-hitchens-and-sam-harris-face-islamophobia-backlash-8570580.html. 
  94. ↑ FP Staff. "Unholy war: Atheists and the politics of Muslim-baiting". First Post. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Jacoby, Wade; Yavuz, Hakan (April 2008). "Modernization, Identity and Integration: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Islam in Europe". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 28 (1): 1. doi:10.1080/13602000802080486. 
  96. ↑ Emilsen, William (August 2012). "The New Atheism and Islam". The Expository Times 123 (11): 521–528. doi:10.1177/0014524612448737. 
  97. ↑ Emilsen, William (August 2012). "The New Atheism and Islam". The Expository Times 123 (11): 521–528. doi:10.1177/0014524612448737. 
  98. ↑ Poole, Steven (2019-01-31). "The Four Horsemen review - whatever happened to 'New Atheism'?" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/31/four-horsemen-review-what-happened-to-new-atheism-dawkins-hitchens. 
  99. ↑ West, Ed (2019-11-04). "What really happened to the New Atheists" (in en-GB). https://unherd.com/thepost/what-really-happened-to-the-new-atheists/. 
  100. ↑ Maughan, Philip (April 14, 2021). "The World According to ContraPoints" (in en). https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/contrapoints-natalie-wynn-interview/. 
  101. ↑ Torres, Émile P. (5 June 2021). "Godless grifters: How the New Atheists merged with the far right". Salon. https://www.salon.com/2021/06/05/how-the-new-atheists-merged-with-the-far-right-a-story-of-intellectual-grift-and-abject-surrender/. 
  102. ↑ Milbank, Sebastian (2022-06-15). "The strange afterlife of New Atheism" (in en-GB). https://thecritic.co.uk/the-strange-afterlife-of-new-atheism/. 

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