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Sufism in Algeria

Topic: Religion

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 8 min
Short description: Sufism in Algeria

Sufism is considered as an essential part of Islam In Algeria.[1] Sufism was fought and oppressed by the Salafists, and now is again regaining its importance as it was there before Algerian Civil War.[2] Sufis have a considerable influence on both urban and rural society of Algeria.[3] Sufism is the part of Algeria as long as 1400 years ago, so recognised as "Home of Sufi Marabouts".[4] Most of the people in Algeria are the followers and murids of Sufism.[5] Sufism has shaped Algerian society and politics for much of the country's history.[6] Today, very few are aware of this legacy. Might the Sufis now provide an important contribution to the stability of the country.[7]

Influence

Sufism is tightly bounded to the History of Algeria as it is said that the Ottoman governors of Algiers were traditionally crowned in the presence of a great Sufi Sheikh.[8]

Before and after 1830, under the power of Emir Abdelkader, the Sufis saw their position in Algerian society consolidated and reinforced by the Algerian popular resistance against French invasion.[9]

Many non-Sufi Muslims and Sufis united to face the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, the French conquest of Algeria and the hegemony of French Algeria.

Sufi Rituals and Practices

Hizb Rateb and Salka.

Ashewiq [ar] is a devotional Sufi music which is played and sung over the country according to different versions as Imzad.[10]

Other Sufi practices includes dhikr and wird, construction of various Qubbas and Zawiyas to spread Islam.

Rahmani Sufi order is one of the most dominant Sufi order in Algeria, which is a branch of Khalwati Tariqa and it is said to be influential to the present day.

Ashura, Mawlid, Mawsim, Sebiba and Tweeza are widely celebrated by the Sufis in Algeria.[11]

The regular Sufi practice in many of the Zawiyas in Algeria sees the presence of participants to the Hizb Rateb and the Salka without performing any other Sama or Whirling.

The only music performed with the verbal Dhikr is Madih nabawi, Nasheed and Achewiq [ar], written and sung with rhythm and melody but without any musical instrument except Daf, by the poesy reciters and performers of Dhikr.

The anniversary of the birth and death of a Sufi Saint is observed annually in the so-called Mawsim.[12]

Large numbers of Murids attend these ceremonies, which are festive occasions enjoyed by the Murids as well as Scholar Muslims.

Many Murids, if not most, visit the graveside Maqams, some at least occasionally, many often, and an untold number rather regularly, throughout their lives.

People regularly visit these shrines to invoke by Tawassul the acceptance of their prayers to God (Allah) Almighty, and to offer votive prayers and donations.[13]

Involvement in politics

Official rulers of Algeria began with Sufi blessings when taking power claiming to have had the blessing of the marabouts and dervishes who endorsed the winner politicians, and the political governance always had a relationship of mutual patronage with Sufis.[14]

Impact of Sufism

Sebiba

The massive geographic presence of Islam in Algeria can be explained by the tireless activity of Sufi Khatibs and Sheikhs and Murshids.[15]

Sunni Sufism had left a prevailing impact on Algerian religious, cultural, and social life in this central region of Maghreb and North Africa.

The mystical form of Islam was introduced by Sufi saints and scholars traveling from all over continental Africa who were instrumental and influential in the social, economic, and philosophic development of Algeria.

Besides preaching in major cities and centers of intellectual thought, Sufis reached out to poor and marginalized rural communities and preached in local dialects such as Kabyle, Shilha, Mozabite, Shawiya versus Berber, and Arabic.[16]

Sufism emerged as a "moral and comprehensive socio-religious force" that even influenced other cultural traditions such as Berbers culture.

Their traditions of devotional practices and modest living attracted all people and their teachings of humanity, love for God and Prophet continue to be surrounded by mystical tales and folk songs today.

Sufis were firm in abstaining from religious and communal conflict and strived to be peaceful elements of civil society, and this attitude of accommodation, adaptation, piety, and charisma that continues to help Sufism remain as a pillar of mystical Islam in Algeria.[17]

Sufi orders

Rahmaniyya
Raising hands in Dua

Many Sufi orders were widespread in Algeria in the late 1950s, including the following:[18]


List of Notable Algerian Sufis

Emir Abdelkader

Algeria is a birthplace of many Sufis such as:

  1. Abu Madyan (died 1198)[37][38]
  2. Ahmad al-Buni (d. 1225)[39][40]
  3. Mohamed al-Waghlissi [ar] (died 1241)[41][42]
  4. Ahmed al-Ghobrini [ar] (died 1304)[43][44]
  5. Mansour al-Mechedelli [ar] (died 1331)[45][46]
  6. Mohamed al-Melikechi [ar] (died 1339)[47][48]
  7. Ahmed al-Ilouli [ar] (died 1359)[49][50]
  8. Abderrahmane al-Waghlissi [ar] (died 1384)[51][52]
  9. Ali al-Menguellati [ar] (died 1412)[53][54]
  10. Sidi El Houari (died 1439)[55][56]
  11. Mansour al-Menguellati [ar] (died 1442)[57]
  12. Sidi Boushaki (died 1453)[58][59]
  13. Sidi Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi (died 1479)[60][61]
  14. Sidi Ahmed Zouaoui (died 1488)[62][63]
  15. Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine (died 1793)[64][65][66]
  16. Sidi Ahmad al-Tijani (d.1815)[67][68]
  17. Ahmed bin Salem (d. after 1846)[69][70]
  18. Sidi Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi (d. 1859)[71][72]
  19. Emir Abdelkader (d. 1883)[73][74]
  20. Lalla Zaynab (d. 1904)[75][76]
  21. Ahmad al-Alawi (d. 1934)[77][78]
  22. Abdul Baqi Miftah (b. 1952)[79][80]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ al-Alwani, Taha J.; sadeq, A. H. M.; Osman, Fathi; Ellhyeb, Sahh Elpin El2kin; Farhan, Ishaq; Yusuf, Sakhudeen (in en). American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 69:2. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xk5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA261. 
  2. ↑ Adamson, Kay (1998-01-01) (in en). Algeria: A Study in Competing Ideologies. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-304-70012-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0N08WVek5hcC&pg=PA51. 
  3. ↑ Elmarsafy, Ziad (2014-08-20) (in en). Sufism in the Contemporary Arabic Novel. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-5566-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=kaBvAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT0. 
  4. ↑ Motadel, David (January 10, 2014). Islam and the European Empires. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199668311. https://books.google.com/books?id=wUZYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA271. 
  5. ↑ Christelow, Allan (July 14, 2014). Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400854998. https://books.google.com/books?id=S8P_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259. 
  6. ↑ Bouasria, Abdelilah (February 11, 2015). Sufism and Politics in Morocco: Activism and Dissent. Routledge. ISBN 9781317681441. https://books.google.com/books?id=gMWgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182. 
  7. ↑ Diouf, Mamadou (January 8, 2013). Tolerance, Democracy, and Sufis in Senegal. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231530897. https://books.google.com/books?id=fhzfP-McaCsC&pg=PA3. 
  8. ↑ Geaves, Ron; Gabriel, Theodore (November 7, 2013). Sufism in Britain. A&C Black. ISBN 9781441114877. https://books.google.com/books?id=AbuOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38. 
  9. ↑ Morrow, John Andrew (March 15, 2012). Religion and Revolution: Spiritual and Political Islām in Ernesto Cardenal. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443838337. https://books.google.com/books?id=HAouBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4. 
  10. ↑ Esposito, John L. (October 21, 2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199757268. https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA27. 
  11. ↑ Shinar, Pessah (January 10, 2004). Modern Islam in the Maghrib. JSAI. ISBN 9789657258026. https://books.google.com/books?id=1huFh8xcpLEC&pg=PA0. 
  12. ↑ Piraino, Francesco; Sedgwick, Mark (July 25, 2019). Global Sufism: Boundaries, Narratives and Practices. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781787381346. https://books.google.com/books?id=1MS4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212. 
  13. ↑ Sedgwick, Mark (2009). Against the Modern World. ISBN 9780195396010. https://books.google.com/books?id=kbARDAAAQBAJ. 
  14. ↑ Zhang, Chuchu (July 19, 2019). Islamist Party Mobilization: Tunisia's Ennahda and Algeria's HMS Compared, 1989–2014. Springer. ISBN 9789811394874. https://books.google.com/books?id=cwOkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191. 
  15. ↑ Geoffroy, Eric (2010). Introduction to Sufism. ISBN 9781935493105. https://books.google.com/books?id=qOaMDeBp2W4C. 
  16. ↑ Green, Nile (20 February 2012). Sufism. ISBN 9781405157612. https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEtgQa7jkIC. 
  17. ↑ Hill, Jonathan N. C. (2010). Sufism in Northern Nigeria. ISBN 9781584874430. https://books.google.com/books?id=7pYUvbG2WoMC. 
  18. ↑ Oakes, Jonathan (2008). Algeria. ISBN 9781841622323. https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyg7ViBs4JAC&pg=PA22. 
  19. ↑ "ملتقى الطريقة الصوفية العلاوية: مستغانم عاصمة للتراث الروحي و الفكر الإصلاحي". https://www.djazairess.com/ennahar/36880. 
  20. ↑ "ص275 - كتاب تاريخ الجزائر الثقافي - الشابية - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". https://al-maktaba.org/book/33512/1777. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 بليل, عبد الكريم (January 2018). التصوف والطرق الصوفية. ISBN 9789957353346. https://books.google.com/books?id=OOfiDwAAQBAJ. 
  22. ↑ مفتاح, عبد الباقي (January 2009). أضواء على الطريقة الرحمانية الخلوتية. ISBN 9782745161079. https://books.google.com/books?id=sDBxDwAAQBAJ. 
  23. ↑ بن معمر, محمد (June 30, 2004). "مدينة وهران من خلال مخطوط الرحلة الحبيبية الوهرانية". Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales (23–24): 47–60. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.5515. http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/5515. 
  24. ↑ الجزائري, الدكتور محمد حاج عيسى. "نبذة عن تاريخ الطرق الصوفية في الجزائر". https://islahway.com/v2/index.php/الأقسام/مقالات-وبحوث-تاريخية/item/543-2014-05-26-16-17-40. 
  25. ↑ "ص84 - كتاب تاريخ الجزائر الثقافي - الطريقة العيساوية - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". https://al-maktaba.org/book/33512/1575. 
  26. ↑ "ص88 - كتاب تاريخ الجزائر الثقافي - الكرزازية الأحمدية والزيانية - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". https://al-maktaba.org/book/33512/1579. 
  27. ↑ الكوثري, محمد زاهد (January 2004). البحوث السنية عن بعض رجال أسانيد الطريقة الخلوتية. ISBN 9782745143426. https://books.google.com/books?id=yAFrDwAAQBAJ. 
  28. ↑ "الطريقة الناصرية الزيانية بشمال الجزائر – الناصرية". https://www.naciriya.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 بليل, عبد الكريم; الاكاديمي, مركز الكتاب (January 1, 2018). التصوف والطرق الصوفية. مركز الكتاب الأكاديمي. ISBN 9789957353346. https://books.google.com/books?id=OOfiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128. 
  30. ↑ "بذة عن تاريخ الطّرق الصّوفية في الجزائر". https://essalihine.yoo7.com/t178-topic. 
  31. ↑ "محمد بن علي السنوسي.. شيخ الصوفية الذي غيّبه العقيد". https://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/177882. 
  32. ↑ مفتاح, عبد الباقي (January 1, 2009). أضواء على الشيخ أحمد التجاني وأتباعه. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 9782745160584. https://books.google.com/books?id=9eVhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23. 
  33. ↑ بليل, عبد الكريم; الاكاديمي, مركز الكتاب (January 1, 2018). التصوف والطرق الصوفية. مركز الكتاب الأكاديمي. ISBN 9789957353346. https://books.google.com/books?id=OOfiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144. 
  34. ↑ بليل, عبد الكريم; الاكاديمي, مركز الكتاب (January 1, 2018). التصوف والطرق الصوفية. مركز الكتاب الأكاديمي. ISBN 9789957353346. https://books.google.com/books?id=OOfiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139. 
  35. ↑ "- نبذة عن تاريخ الطّرق الصّوفية في الجزائر (2)". http://www.nebrasselhaq.com/home/item/1401-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%91%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%91%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-2. 
  36. ↑ بليل, عبد الكريم; الاكاديمي, مركز الكتاب (January 1, 2018). التصوف والطرق الصوفية. مركز الكتاب الأكاديمي. ISBN 9789957353346. https://books.google.com/books?id=OOfiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138. 
  37. ↑ "Colloque international à Tlemcen sur Sidi Boumediene". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/30241. 
  38. ↑ "Sidi Boumediène et le soufisme". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/105941. 
  39. ↑ "أعلام و أقلام". https://www.djazairess.com/elmassa/25763. 
  40. ↑ "تكريم العلاّمة الراحل أبو العباس أحمد بن علي البوني". https://www.djazairess.com/elkhabar/237123. 
  41. ↑ "جهود أمازيغية في خدمة العربية". https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/11330. 
  42. ↑ "عنوان الدراية فيمن عرف من العلماء في المائة السابعة ببجاية - الغبريني". https://archive.org/details/o_diraya/page/n281/mode/2up. 
  43. ↑ "Ahmed al Ghobrini de retour à Béjaïa". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lexpression/205764. 
  44. ↑ "Béjaïa : Colloque sur le biographe el Ghobrini". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/478750. 
  45. ↑ "العلامة منصور بن أحمد المشدالي". https://www.djazairess.com/elkhabar/263293. 
  46. ↑ "عنوان الدراية فيمن عرف من العلماء في المائة السابعة ببجاية". https://archive.org/details/anwan-adirayah/page/n227/mode/2up. 
  47. ↑ "ص401 - كتاب نيل الابتهاج بتطريز الديباج - محمد بن عمر بن علي بن محمد بن إبراهيم عرف بابن عمر المليكشي ثم التونسي الجزائري - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". https://al-maktaba.org/book/33514/402. 
  48. ↑ "نيل الابتهاج بتطريز الديباج". https://archive.org/details/Neilu_AlIbtihaj_Bi_Tatriz_Dibaj/page/n402/mode/2up. 
  49. ↑ "نيل الابتهاج بتطريز الديباج". https://archive.org/details/Neilu_AlIbtihaj_Bi_Tatriz_Dibaj/page/n100/mode/2up. 
  50. ↑ "ص99 - كتاب نيل الابتهاج بتطريز الديباج - أحمد بن إدريس البجائي الإمام العلامة الصالح المحقق كبير علماء بجاية في وقته - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". https://al-maktaba.org/book/33514/100. 
  51. ↑ "L'œuvre et la vie d'al-Waghlissi revisitées". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/168922. 
  52. ↑ "Béjaïa : Tinebdar commémore Abderrahmane el Waghlissi". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/500029. 
  53. ↑ "Sidi Abderrahmane Etha'alibi". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/213879. 
  54. ↑ "السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك 1-8 مع الفهارس ج7". January 2018. https://books.google.com/books?id=PSh0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT452. 
  55. ↑ "Colloque sur Sidi el Houari". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/540260. 
  56. ↑ "Colloque sur l'uléma Mohamed Ben Amar el Houari fin février". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/262277. 
  57. ↑ "نيل الابتهاج بتطريز الديباج". https://archive.org/details/Neilu_AlIbtihaj_Bi_Tatriz_Dibaj/page/n614/mode/2up. 
  58. ↑ "ALGER: Sidi Abderrahmane revient". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lqo/5213392. 
  59. ↑ "Boumerdès". 13 April 2017. https://www.depechedekabylie.com/national/175021-proteger-imperativement-notre-referent-religieux/. 
  60. ↑ "7e Rencontre sur cheikh AbdeRrahmane El-Thaâlibi". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/225984. 
  61. ↑ "De la spécificité de l'arabité maghrébine antique". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/83842. 
  62. ↑ "ص127 - كتاب نيل الابتهاج بتطريز الديباج - أحمد المرجولي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". https://al-maktaba.org/book/33514/128. 
  63. ↑ "Virée au cœur de la Casbah". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemidi/812270801. 
  64. ↑ "Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine (Suite et fin)". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/108643. 
  65. ↑ "Monument funéraire ou salle de prières ? Polémique autour du mausolée Sidi M'hamed". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/302210. 
  66. ↑ Burke, Edmund; Yaghoubian, David; Yaghoubian, Nejde (2006) (in en). Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East: Second Edition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24661-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=fwjEHoCBO0cC&pg=PA122. 
  67. ↑ Hanif, N. (2002) (in en). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Africa and Europe. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-267-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=2bhpr7RTLMAC&pg=PA42. 
  68. ↑ "El-Bayadh: Restauration de la Khelwa de Sidi Ahmed Tidjani au Ksar de Boussemghoune". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/404922. 
  69. ↑ "Revue de l'Orient: d'Algérie et des colonies; bulletin de la Société orientale de France". 1845. https://books.google.com/books?id=an4gAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA50. 
  70. ↑ "Les Missions catholiques: Revue générale illustrée de toutes les missions". 1879. https://books.google.com/books?id=WWA2GchD7yMC&pg=PA363. 
  71. ↑ "Al-Sanusi | Biography, Order, Family, & History". https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Sanusi. 
  72. ↑ Hanif, N. (2002). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Africa and Europe. ISBN 9788176252676. https://books.google.com/books?id=2bhpr7RTLMAC&pg=PA6. 
  73. ↑ Sedgwick, Mark (2016). Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age. ISBN 9780199977642. https://books.google.com/books?id=-oIeDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA125. 
  74. ↑ Bouyerdene, Ahmed (2012). Emir Abd El-Kader: Hero and Saint of Islam. ISBN 9781936597178. https://books.google.com/books?id=mSDczf5iy4IC&pg=PA29. 
  75. ↑ Bouasria, Abdelilah (11 February 2015). Sufism and Politics in Morocco: Activism and Dissent. ISBN 9781317681441. https://books.google.com/books?id=gMWgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73. 
  76. ↑ "Lalla Zineb, l'insoumise". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/410877. 
  77. ↑ "Mostaganem : Centenaire de la zaouïa Alawwya". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/1295062. 
  78. ↑ ""Le soufisme est le coeur de l'Islam"". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lexpression/46378. 
  79. ↑ "L'Éducation spirituelle en débat". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemidi/907270802. 
  80. ↑ "Rencontre internationale demain à Alger". https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/166528. 




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