Sultanate of Banjar

Sultanate of Banjar كسلطانن بنجر Kasultanan Banjar
1526-1860
Flag Coat of arms
frameless Show under Surianshah frameless Show under Mustain Billah, c. 1603 frameless Show under Sulaiman, 1810s frameless Show map of the influence of the sultanate since the 2010 Restoration
Status	Tributary state of Demak Sultanate (1526–1548) Sovereign state (1548–1826) Protectorate of the Dutch East Indies (1826–1960) Fugitive remnant government (1862–1905) Customary cultural institution under Indonesia (since 2010)
Common languages	Banjar (official), Malay, Dayak languages (including Ngaju, Ot Danum, Ma'anyan, etc), Kutai.
Religion	Sunni Islam (official) Kaharingan Confucianism Christianity
Government	Monarchy Sultanate based on mandala
Sultan
• 1526–1540	Surianshah (first)
• 1862–1905	Muhammad Seman (last sovereign)
• 2010–now	Khairul Saleh (bjn) (restoration 2010)
History
• Inauguration of Surianshah	1526-1860
• Sultanate established	1526
• Karang Intan agreement	1826[1]
• Banjarmasin War	1859–1906
• Pagustian regency	1862–1905
• Annexation into the Dutch East Indies	1905
• Restoration	2010[2]
Area
1700s	31,911,149 km2 (12,320,964 sq mi)
Website kesultananbanjar.or.id
Preceded by Succeeded by Negara Daha Dutch East Indies
Today part of	Indonesia

The Sultanate of Banjar (Banjar: كسلطانن بنجر, romanized: Kasultanan Banjar) was a nation-state of the Banjar in the form of a Islamic sultanate in Borneo which was founded in 1526 and existed until its dissolution in 1860 by the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies and its collapse in 1905.^{[3][4][5][6][7]} The Banjar Sultanate was restored in the 2010 restoration, but without political power.^{[8][9][10][11]}

When the capital was in Kayu Tangi, the Sultanate was referred to as the "Kayu Tangi Kingdom". After a long civil war that destroyed the Negara Daha, Surianshah of Banjar (r. 1526–1540) emerged victorious and crowned himself as the first Sultan of Banjar, and founded the Banjar sultanate with its capital in Kuin. Soon after the stabilization of the new state, he ordered a massive expansion to Sambas and the Sulu Archipelago. The vast territory was maintained by his son, Rahmatullah of Banjar (r. 1540–1570).^[12]

Despite the loss of a number of territories, the reign of Mustain Billah of Banjar (r. 1595–1642)^[12] was the peak of Banjar's glory with the development of the pepper trade and Banjar's dominance over the surrounding seas, which became a strategic trading point from the Straits of Malacca and Brunei to Gowa and Maluku. At the end of his reign, Mustain Billah faced conflict with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) which culminated in a failed attack on Banjarmasin in 1633. This failed VOC attack strengthened Mustain Billah's position and the conflict continued during the reign of his son, Inayatullah of Banjar (bjn) (r. 1642–1645). In the end, the Dutch agreed to sign a peace treaty during the reign of Rakyatullah of Banjar (bjn) (r. 1660–1663).

From 1663 to 1679, there was a civil war between Sultan Agung of Banjar (bjn) (r. 1663–1679) based in Banjarmasin and Tahlilullah of Banjar (r. 1663–1679; 1679–1708) based in Batang Alai. Dutch support for Tahlilullah and Tahlilullah's victory in the invasion of Banjar in 1679 gave the VOC more economic authority and slowly dominated Banjar. After extensive expansion and negotiations, Tamjidillah I of Banjar (r. 1734–1759) and his son-in-law, Muhammad of Banjar (r. 1759–1761) managed to recover most of the Banjar territory, the latter taking a tough stance against the Dutch. Tahmidullah II of Banjar (r. 1761–1801) succeeded in reducing the influence of the VOC in Banjar, although he again handed over many areas to the VOC, these areas were again controlled by Banjar during the time of Sulaiman of Banjar (r. 1801–1825). The Banjar Sultanate then became a Dutch protectorate during the reign of Adam of Banjar (r. 1825–1857), and the sultan's influence was suppressed.

The succession crisis of Adam of Banjar, and the unilateral appointment of Tamjidillah II of Banjar (r. 1857–1859) by the Dutch led to the outbreak of the Banjar War, in which opposition forces supporting Sultan Hidayatullah II of Banjar (r. 1859–1862) managed to win the succession battle. The Dutch, who did not accept this, dissolved the Sultanate in 1960 and exiled Hidayatullah II to Cianjur. Prince Antasari (r. 1862) was installed as Sultan of Banjar and led a brief resistance before dying of smallpox. Muhammad Seman (r. 1862–1905) led a government in exile in Puruk Cahu, known as Pagustian, before being killed in 1905, marking the collapse of the Banjar Sultanate.^[12] In 2010, the Banjar Sultanate was restored with the coronation of Khairul Saleh (bjn) as Sultan of Banjar.

The second king of Negara Daha, Maharaja Sukarama, had four commoner wives, and four sons and one daughter. As Maharaja Sukarama followed the traditional belief of Negara Dipa requiring the king to be of royal blood, he arranged the marriage of his sole daughter, Putri Galuh Baranakan, and the son of his brother, Raden Bagawan, with the name Raden Mantri. The goal of this union (of Mantri and Galuh) was to produce the ideal heir to rule Daha as they would have patrilineal and matrilineal royal blood. The union resulted in Raden Samudra, who was prepared by Sukarama to rule.^[13]

As of 2010, the sultanate was revived for cultural purposes in Martapura by Ir. Haji Gusti Khairul Saleh, an Indonesian politician and regent of Banjar Regency who claimed to be a descendant of the royal family.^[14] He also planned to rebuild the Banjar royal palace using his own private fund.^{[15][16][17][18]}

• Banjar people

Template:Precolonial states in Indonesia Template:Family trees

[ ⚑ ] 3°19′19″S 114°46′26″E / 3.322°S 114.77378°E / -3.322; 114.77378

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