Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible

Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) has included study of its textual variants.

Although the Masoretic Text (MT) counts as the authoritative form of the Hebrew Bible according to Rabbinic Judaism, modern scholars seeking to understand the history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources.^[1] These include the Greek Septuagint (LXX), the Syriac language Peshitta translation, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls collection, and quotations from rabbinic manuscripts. These sources may be older than the Masoretic Text in some cases, and often differ from it.^[2] These differences have given rise to the theory that yet another text, an Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, once existed and is the source of the versions extant today.^[3] However, such an Urtext has never been found, and which of the three commonly known versions (Septuagint, Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch) is closest to the Urtext is debated.^[4]

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This list provides examples of known textual variants, and contains the following parameters: Hebrew texts written right to left, the Hebrew text romanised left to right, an approximate English translation, and which Hebrew manuscripts or critical editions of the Hebrew Bible this textual variant can be found in. Greek (Septuagint) and Latin (Vulgate) texts are written left to right, and not romanised. Sometimes additional translation or interpretation notes are added, with references to similar verses elsewhere, or in-depth articles on the topic in question.

Textual variants in the Book of Genesis

Textual variants in the Book of Exodus

Textual variants in the Book of Leviticus

Textual variants in the Book of Numbers

Textual variants in the Book of Deuteronomy

Joshua 1:1

עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙, 'e-ḇeḏ Yah-weh way-yō-mer Yah-weh, '[the] servant of Yahweh that Yahweh spoke' – WLC^[5]

εἶπεν Κύριος, '[the] Lord said' – LXX^Swete[6] LXX^Rahlfs[7] Brenton^[8]

δούλου κυρίου και είπε κύριος, '[the] servant of [the] lord and [the] lord said' – ABP^[9]

servi Domini, ut loqueretur Dominus, 'servant(s) of [the] Lord, so that [the] Lord might speak' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[10]}

Textual variants in the Book of Judges

2 Samuel 8:12

מֵאֲרָ֤ם, mê-'ă-rām, 'from Aram' – WLC^[11] AC^[12]

ἐκ τῆς Ἰδουμαίας, 'from Edom (Idumea)' – LXX^Swete[13] LXX^Rahlfs[14] Brenton^[15]

καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἰδουμαίας, 'and from Edom (Idumea)' – ABP^[16]

de Syria, 'from Syria' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[17]}

2 Samuel 8:12

וּמִפְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים, ū-mip-pə-liš-tîm, 'and from the Philistines' – WLC^[11]

καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων, 'and from the foreigners' – LXX^Swete[13] LXX^Rahlfs[14] Brenton^[15] ABP^[16]

et Philisthiim, 'and [the] Philisthiim' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[17]}

Compare 1 Kings 16:15.

2 Samuel 8:13

אֶת־אֲרָ֖ם, 'eṯ- 'ă-rām, 'of Aram' – WLC^[11]

τὴν Ἰδουμαίαν, 'Edom (Idumea)' – LXX^Swete[13] LXX^Rahlfs[14] Brenton^[15] ABP^[16]

Syria, 'Syria' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[17]}

2 Samuel 8:13

בְּגֵיא־מֶ֑לַח, bə-ḡê- me-laḥ, 'in the valley [of] salt' – WLC^[11]

ἐν Γεβέλεμ, 'in Gebelem' – LXX^Swete[13] Brenton^[15] ABP^[16]

ἐν Γαιμελε, 'in Gaimele' – LXX^Rahlfs[14]

in valle Salinarum, 'in [the] valley of (the) Salts' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[17]}

2 Samuel 8:18

כֹּהֲנִ֥ים, kō-hă-nîm, 'priests' – WLC^[11]. This noun is the origin of the surname Cohen.

αὐλάρχαι, 'chiefs/rulers/princes of the palace/court' – LXX^Swete[13] LXX^Rahlfs[14] Brenton^[15] ABP^[16]. This noun is a compound of αὐλή ("court(yard)" or "hall/chamber/house") and ἀρχή ("authority"), related to archon ("ruler" or "chief magistrate").

sacerdotes, 'priests' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[17]}. Origin of the modern term sacerdotalism.

1 Kings 16:15

בִּשְׁנַת֩ עֶשְׂרִ֨ים וָשֶׁ֜בַע שָׁנָ֗ה לְאָסָא֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יְהוּדָ֔ה מָלַ֥ךְ זִמְרִ֛י, 'in the year twenty and seven year of Asa king of Judah, Zimri reigned' – WLC^[18]

Καὶ Ζαμβρεὶ ἐβασίλευσεν, 'And Zambreì reigned' – LXX^Swete[19]

Καὶ Ζαμβρὶ ἐβασίλευσεν, 'And Zambrì reigned' – LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21]

εν τω εικοστώ και εβδόμω έτει Ασά βασιλέως Ιούδα εβασίλευσεν Ζιμβρί, 'in the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zimbrí reigned' – ABP^[22]

Anno vigesimo septimo Asa regis Juda, regnavit Zambri:, 'in the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zambri reigned:' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:15

שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים בְּתִרְצָ֑ה, šiḇ-'aṯ yā-mîm bə-ṯir-ṣāh;, 'seven days in Tirzah' – WLC^[18]

ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἐν Θερσά·, 'seven years in Thersá:' – LXX^Swete[19]

ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἐν Θερσα., 'seven days in Thersa.' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

εν Θερσά ημέρας επτά, 'in Thersá days seven' – Brenton^[21]

εν Θερσά επτά ημέρας, 'in Thersá seven days' – ABP^[22]

septem diebus in Thersa:, 'seven days in Thersa:' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:15

וְהָעָ֣ם חֹנִ֔ים, wə-hā-'ām ḥō-nîm, 'and the people [were] encamped' – WLC^[18]

καὶ ἡ παρεμβολὴ Ἰσραὴλ, 'and the camp of Israel' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21] ABP^[22]

porro exercitus obsidebat, 'further (away), the army laid siege' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:15

עַֽל־גִּבְּתֹ֖ון אֲשֶׁ֥ר לַפְּלִשְׁתִּֽים׃, 'al- gib-bə-ṯō-wn 'ă-šer lap-pə-liš-tîm., 'against Gibbethon which [belonged] to the Philistines.' – WLC^[18]

ἐπὶ Γαβαὼν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων., 'upon Gabaon of the foreigners.' – LXX^Swete.^[19] τῶν ἀλλοφύλων literally means 'of the [people] of another tribe'.

επί Γαβαθών την των αλλοφύλων, 'upon Gabathon the [city] of the foreigners.' – LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21] ABP^[22]

Gebbethon urbem Philisthinorum, '[upon] Gebbethon [the] city of the Philistines' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:16

וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ע הָעָם֙ הַחֹנִ֣ים לֵאמֹ֔ר, way-yiš-ma' hā-'ām ha-ḥō-nîm lê-mōr, 'And the encamped people heard [it], saying' – WLC^[18]

καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ λαὸς ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ λεγόντων, 'And the people in the camp heard [it], saying' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs Brenton^[21] ABP^[22]

Cumque audisset, 'And when [he/she/it] heard [it]' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:16

קָשַׁ֣ר זִמְרִ֔י וְגַ֖ם הִכָּ֣ה אֶת־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ, qā-šar zim-rî wə-ḡam hik-kāh 'eṯ- ham-me-leḵ, 'Zimi has conspired and also killed king' – WLC^[18]

Συνεστράφη Ζαμβρεὶ καὶ ἔπαισεν τὸν βασιλέα·, 'Zambreì conspired and struck the king;' – LXX^Swete[19]

Συνεστράφη Ζαμβρι καὶ ἔπαισεν τὸν βασιλέα·, 'Zambri conspired and struck the king;' – LXX^Rahlfs

συνεστράφη Ζαμβρὶ καὶ ἔπαισε τὸν βασιλέα·, 'Zambrì conspired and struck the king;' – Brenton^[21]

συνεστράφη Ζαμβρί και έπαισε τον βασιλέα, 'Zambrí conspired and struck the king' – ABP^[22]

rebellasse Zambri, et occidisse regem,, '[that] Zambri had rebelled, and killed [the] king,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:16

אֶת־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ, 'eṯ- 'ā-mə-rî, 'Omri' – WLC^[18]

τὸν Ζαμβρεί, 'Zambrei' – LXX^Swete[19]

τὸν Αμβρι, 'Ambri' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

τὸν Ἀμβρὶ, 'Ambri' – Brenton^[21]

τον Αμβρί, 'Ambri' – ABP^[22]

Amri,, 'Amri,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:16

צָבָ֧א, ṣā-ḇā, 'of the army or of the war' – WLC^[18]

τῆς στρατείας, 'of the campaign/expedition' – LXX^Swete[19]

τῆς στρατίας, 'of the army' – LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21] ABP^[22]

militiae, 'of the army or of the war/campaign' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:17

עָמְרִ֛י וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל עִמֹּ֖ו מִֽגִּבְּתֹ֑ון, 'ā-mə-rî wə-ḵāl yiś-rā-'êl 'im-mōw mig-gib-bə-ṯō-wn, 'Omri and all Israel with him from Gibbethon' – WLC^[18]

Ζαμβρεὶ καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐν Γαβαθὼν, 'Zambreì and all Israel with him in Gabathòn' – LXX^Swete[19]

Αμβρι καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ μετ' αὐτοῦ ἐκ Γαβαθων, 'Ambri and all Israel with him out of Gabathon' – LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21]

Αμβρί εκ Γαβαθών και πας Ισραήλ μετ' αυτού, 'Ambrí out of Gabathón and all Israel with him' – ABP^[22]

Amri, et omnis Israel cum eo, de Gebbethon,, 'Amri, and all Israel with him, from Gebbethon' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:18

וַיָּבֹ֖א אֶל־אַרְמֹ֣ון בֵּית־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ וַיִּשְׂרֹ֨ף עָלָ֧יו אֶת־בֵּֽית־מֶ֛לֶךְ בָּאֵ֖שׁ וַיָּמֹֽת׃, way-yā-ḇō 'el- 'ar-mō-wn bêṯ- ham-me-leḵ way-yiś-rōp̄ 'ā-lāw 'eṯ- bêṯ- me-leḵ bā-'êš way-yā-mōṯ., 'and [he] went into the citadel of the house of the king and burnt [down] the house [of the] king upon himself with fire and died.' – WLC^[18]

ἐνεπύρισεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ βασιλέως, καὶ ἀπέθανεν·, 'the king himself set fire to the house of the king, and died;' – LXX^Swete[19]

εἰσπορεύεται εἰς ἄντρον τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐνεπύρισεν ἐπ' αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν πυρὶ και απέθανεν, '[he] entered into [the] inner room of the house of the king and [he] set fire to the house of the king over himself with fire and died' – LXX^Rahlfs[20] ABP^[22]

πορεύεται εἰς άντρον του οίκου του βασιλέως, και ενεπύρισεν επ' αυτόν τον οίκον του βασιλέως, και απέθανεν, '[he] went into [the] inner room of the house of the king, and [he] set fire to the house of the king over himself, and died' – Brenton^[21]

ingressus est palatium, et succendit se cum domo regia: et mortuus est, '[he] entered [the] palace, and burnt himself with [the] royal house: and [he] died' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:19

חטאתו, ḥaṭ-ṭā-ṯōw, 'of his sin' – K^[18]

חַטֹּאתָיו֙, ḥaṭ-ṭō-ṯāw, 'of his sins' – Q^[18]

τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτοῦ, 'of his sins' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21] ABP^[22]

in peccatis suis, 'in his sins' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:19

אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה, 'ă-šer 'ā-śāh, 'which [he] did or (had) done/committed' – WLC^[18]

αις εποίησεν, 'which [he] did/committed' – ABP^[22]

quo fecit, 'which [he] did' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

omitted – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21]

1 Kings 16:20

וְקִשְׁרֹ֖ו אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָשָׁ֑ר, wə-qiš-rōw 'ă-šer qā-šār, 'and the conspiracy which [he] conspired' – WLC^[18]

καὶ τὰς συνάψεις αὐτοῦ ἃς συνῆψεν, 'and his associations [he] joined in' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21] ABP^[22]

et insidiarum ejus, et tyrannidis, 'and of his intrigues/plots, and tyranny' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:21

תִבְנִ֤י בֶן־גִּינַת֙, ṯiḇ-nî ḇen- gî-naṯ, 'Tibni son of Ginath' – WLC^[18]

Θαμνεὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ, 'Thamneì son of Gōnàth' – LXX^Swete[19]

Θαμνι υἱοῦ Γωναθ, 'Thamni son of Gōnath' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

Θαμνὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ, 'Thamnì son of Gōnàth' – Brenton^[21]

Θαβνί υιόυ Γινήθ, 'Thabní son of Ginḗth' – ABP^[22]

Thebni filium Gineth, 'Thebni son of Gineth' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:21

עָמְרִֽי׃, 'ā-mə-rî., 'Omri.' – WLC^[18]

Ζαμβρεί., 'Zambrei.' – LXX^Swete[19]

Αμβρι., 'Ambri.' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

Ἀμβρί., 'Ambri.' – Brenton^[21]

Αμβρί., 'Ambri.' – ABP^[22]

Amri., 'Amri.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:22

וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַחֲרֵ֣י עָמְרִ֔י אֶת־הָעָ֕ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַחֲרֵ֖י תִּבְנִ֣י בֶן־גִּינַ֑ת, way-ye-ḥĕ-zaq hā-'ām 'ă-šer 'a-ḥă-rê 'ā-mə-rî, 'eṯ- hā-'ām 'ă-šer 'a-ḥă-rê tiḇ-nî ḇen- gî-naṯ;, 'And/but the people who followed Omri prevailed against the people who followed Tibni son of Ginath' – WLC^[18]

καὶ ἡττήθη ὁ λαὸς ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω Θαμνεὶ υἱοῦ Γωνάθ·, 'And defeated was the people being after Thamneì son of Gōnàth:' – LXX.^Swete[19] ἡττάομαι is an Attic variation of the verb ἡσσάομαι ("to be less/weaker than, to be defeated")

Ὁ λαὸς ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω Ἀμβρί υπερεκράτησε τον λαόν τον οπίσω Θαμνὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ·, 'The people being after Ambri prevailed over the people being after Thamnì son of Gōnàth' – LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[21]

και ο λαός ο ων οπίσω Αμβρί υπερεκράτησε τον λαόν τον οπίσω Θαβνί υιόυ Γινήθ, 'And the people being after Ambri prevailed over the people being after Thabní son of Ginḗth' – ABP^[22]

Praevaluit autem populus qui erat cum Amri, populo qui sequebatur Thebni filium Gineth:, 'But the people who were with Amri prevailed, over the people who followed Thebni son of Gineth:' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:22

וַיָּ֣מָת תִּבְנִ֔י וַיִּמְלֹ֖ךְ עָמְרִֽי׃ פ, way-yā-māṯ tiḇ-nî, way-yim-lōḵ 'ā-mə-rî. p̄, 'And Tibni died, and Omri reigned.' – WLC^[18]

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Θαμνεὶ καὶ Ἰωρὰμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ζαμβρεὶ μετὰ Θαμνεί., 'And Thamneì and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Zambrei ruled after Thamneì.' – LXX^Swete[19]

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Θαμνι καὶ Ιωραμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αμβρι μετὰ Θαμνι., 'And Thamni and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Ambri ruled after Thamni.' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

καὶ ἀπέθανε Θαμνὶ καὶ Ἰωρὰμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ἀμβρί μετὰ Θαμνί., 'And Thamnì and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Ambri ruled after Thamnì.' – Brenton^[21]

και απέθανε Θαβνί και εβασίλευσεν Αμβρί., 'And Thabní died and Ambri reigned.' – ABP^[22]

mortuusque est Thebni, et regnavit Amri., 'and Thebni died, and Amri reigned.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:28

וַיִּשְׁכַּ֤ב עָמְרִי֙ עִם־אֲבֹתָ֔יו וַיִּקָּבֵ֖ר בְּשֹׁמְרֹ֑ון וַיִּמְלֹ֛ךְ אַחְאָ֥ב בְּנֹ֖ו תַּחְתָּֽיו׃ פ – WLC^[18]

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ζαμβρεὶ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ, καὶ θάπτεται ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ· καὶ βασιλεύει Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ. – LXX^Swete[19]

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αμβρι μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ, καὶ βασιλεύει Αχααβ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ αὐτοῦ. – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

Ἀμβρί., 'Ambri.' – Brenton^[21]

και εκοιμήθη Αμβρί μετά των πατέρων αυτού και θάπτεται εν Σαμαρεία και εβασίλευσεν Αχαάβ ο υιός αυτού αντ' αυτού – ABP^[22]

Dormivitque Amri cum patribus suis, et sepultus est in Samaria: regnavitque Achab filius ejus pro eo. – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

A long addition is found in the Septuagint of Codex Vaticanus following 1 Kings 16:28 (numbered as verses 28a–28h).^[24]

1 Kings 16:28a

[1] Καὶ ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ ἑνδεκάτῳ ἔτει τοῦ Ζαμβρεὶ βασιλεύει Ἰωσαφὰθ υἱὸς Ἀσά· βασιλεύει ἐτῶν τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἴκοσι πέντε ἔτη βασιλεύει ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ· καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Γαβουζά, θυγάτηρ Σελεεί. – LXX^Swete[19]

τοῦ Αμβρι...Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα ἐτῶν...ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ,...Γαζουβα θυγάτηρ Σελει. – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

τοῦ Ἀμβρί...Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα ἐτῶν...εἴκοσιπέντε...ἐβασιλευσεν....Γαζουβά, θυγάτηρ Σελί· – Brenton^[25]

omitted – WLC^[18] ABP^[22] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:28b

[2] καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Ἀσὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τοῦ ποιεῖν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον Κυρίου· πλὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν οὐκ ἐξῆραν, ἔθυον ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς καὶ ἐθυμίων., 'And he went in the way of Asa his father, and he did not deviate from it to do what is right before the Lord; only they did not remove [any] of the high places, they sacrificed and burnt incense on the high places.' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[26]

omitted – WLC^[18] ABP^[22] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:28c

[3] καὶ ἃ συνέθετο Ἰωσαφάθ, καὶ πᾶσα δυναστεία ἣν ἐποίησεν, καὶ οὓς ἐπολέμησεν, οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ἰούδα;, 'And what Josaphat composed, and all dynasty which he made, and those who fought, are these [things] not written in the book of the words of the days of the kings of Judah?' – LXX^Swete[19]

...Ιωσαφατ,...ἡ δυναστεία,... – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

...Ἰωσαφάτ μετὰ βασίλεως Ἰσραὴλ,...ἐποίησε... – Brenton^[26]

omitted – WLC^[18] ABP^[22] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:28d

[4] καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν συμπλοκῶν ἃς ἐπέθεντο ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἀσὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐξῆρεν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς. – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[26]

omitted – WLC^[18] ABP^[22] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:28e

[5] καὶ βασιλεὺς οὐκ ἦν ἐν Συρίᾳ· νασεὶβ ὁ βασιλεύς. – LXX^Swete[19]

...νασιβ. – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

...Νασὶβ. – Brenton^[26]

omitted – WLC^[18] ABP^[22] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:28f

[6] ἐποίησεν ναῦν εἰς Θαρσεὶς πορεύεσθαι εἰς Σωφείρ, πορεύεσθαι ἐπὶ τὸ χρυσίον· καὶ οὐκ ἐπορεύθη, ὅτι συνετρίβη ἡ ναῦς ἐν Γασιὼν Γάβερ. – LXX^Swete[19]

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωσαφατ ἐποίησεν...Θαρσις...Σωφιρ ἐπὶ...Γασιωνγαβερ. – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

Καὶ ὁ βασιλεύς Ἰωσαφάτ ἐποίησε...Θαρσὶς...Σωφίρ ἐπὶ... – Brenton^[26]

omitted – WLC^[18] ABP^[22] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:28g

[7] τότε εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ πρὸς Ἰωσαφάθ Ἐξαποστελῶ τοὺς παῖδάς σου καὶ τὰ παιδάριά μου ἐν τῇ νηί· καὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο Ἰωσαφάθ. – LXX^Swete[19]

...ὁ βασιλεὺς...Ἰωσαφάτ...Ἰωσαφάτ· – LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[26]

omitted – WLC^[18] ABP^[22] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:28h

[8] καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ἰωσαφὰθ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυείδ· καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ἰωρὰμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ., 'And Josaphàth slept with his fathers in the city of Daveíd: and Joram his son reigned instead of him.' – LXX^Swete[19]

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωσαφατ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ,..., 'And Josaphàt slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David,...' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

...Ἰωσαφάτ...Δαυίδ·..., '...Josaphàt...Davíd:...' – Brenton^[26]

omitted – WLC^[18] LXX^Rahlfs[20] ABP^[22] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:29

וְאַחְאָ֣ב בֶּן־עָמְרִ֗י מָלַךְ֙ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בִּשְׁנַ֨ת שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וּשְׁמֹנֶה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה לְאָסָ֖א מֶ֣לֶךְ יְהוּדָ֑ה וַ֠יִּמְלֹךְ אַחְאָ֨ב בֶּן־עָמְרִ֤י עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּשֹׁ֣מְרֹ֔ון עֶשְׂרִ֥ים וּשְׁתַּ֖יִם שָׁנָֽה׃, 'And Ahab son of Omri [became] king over Israel in the year thirty and eight years of Asa king of Judah, and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years.' – WLC^[18]

Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ἰωσαφὰθ βασιλεύει Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς Ζαμβρεί· ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., 'In the second year of Josaphath reigned Achaáb son of Zambreí; [he] reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years' – LXX^Swete[19]

Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ιωσαφατ βασιλεύει Αχααβ υἱὸς Αμβρι· ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., 'In the second year of Josaphat reigned Achaab son of Ambri: [he] reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years.' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τοῦ Ἰωσαφὰτ βασιλέως Ἰούδα, Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς Ἀμβρὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., 'In the second year of Josaphat king of Judah, Achaáb son of Ambrì reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years.' – Brenton^[26]

ο δε Αχαάβ υιός Αμβρί εβασίλευσεν επί Ισραήλ εν έτει τριακοστώ και ογδόω του Ασά βασιλέως Ιούδα βασιλεύει δε Αχαάβ υιός Αμβρί επί Ισραήλ εν Σαμαρεία είκοσι και δύο έτη, 'But Achaáb the son of Ambrí reigned over Israel in the thirtieth and eighth year of Asa king of Judah. And Achaáb the son of Ambrí reigned over Israel in Samaria for twenty and two years.' – ABP^[22]

Achab vero filius Amri regnavit super Israel anno trigesimo octavo Asa regis Juda. Et regnavit Achab filius Amri super Israel in Samaria viginti et duobus annis., 'Achab [the] real son of Amri reigned over Israel in (the) thirty-eighth year of Asa king of Judah. And Achab (the) son of Amri reigned over Israel in Samaria for twenty-two years.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:30

ἐπονηρεύσατο, '[he was] wicked' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20]

και επονηρεύσατο, 'and [he was] wicked' – Brenton^[26] ABP^[22]

omitted – WLC^[18] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:31

τὴν Ἰεζάβελ θυγατέρα Ἰεθεβάαλ βασιλέως Σιδωνίων,, 'Iezábel daughter [of] Iethebáal king of the Sidonians,' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[26]

Ιεζάβελ την θυγατέρα Εθβαάλ βασιλέως Σιδωνείων, 'Iezábel the daughter [of] Ethbaál king of the Sidonians' – ABP^[22]

1 Kings 16:32

בֵּ֣ית הַבַּ֔עַל, bêṯ hab-ba-'al, '[the] house of Baal' – WLC^[18]

בית בעל, bêṯ ba-'al, 'house Baal' – Kennicott¹⁸²

ἐν οἴκῳ τῶν προσοχθισμάτων αὐτοῦ, 'in the house of his abominations' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[26]

εν οίκω του Βάαλ, 'in [the] house of Báal' – ABP^[22]

in templo Baal, 'in [the] temple [of] Baal' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:33

וַיַּ֥עַשׂ אַחְאָ֖ב אֶת־הָאֲשֵׁרָ֑ה, way-ya-'aś 'aḥ-'āḇ 'eṯ- hā-'ă-šê-rāh;, 'And Ahab made a(n) [(wooden) image of] Asherah' – WLC^[18]

καὶ ἐποίησεν Ἀχαὰβ ἄλσος·, 'And Achaàb made/prepared [a/the] sacred grove:' – LXX^Swete[19] LXX^Rahlfs[20] Brenton^[26]

και εποίησεν Αχαάβ το άλσος, 'And Achaáb prepared the sacred grove' – ABP^[22]

et plantavit lucum:, 'and [he] planted [a] (sacred) grove:' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:33

לְהַכְעִיס֙ אֶת־יְהֹוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל, lə-haḵ-'îs 'eṯ- Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hê yiś-rā-'êl, 'to provoke the anger of Yahweh [the] god [of] Israel' – WLC^[18]

παροργίσαι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ, τοῦ ἐξολοθρευθήναι· ἐκακοποίησεν, 'to provoke the anger of his own life, so that he should be annihilated: he did evil' – LXX^Swete[19]

παροργίσαι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐξολεθρευθῆναι· ἐκακοποίησεν, 'to provoke the anger of his own life so that he should be destroyed: he did evil' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

παροργίσαι τον Κύριον Θεὸν τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐξολοθρευθῆναι, ἐκακοποίησεν, 'to provoke the anger of the Lord God of Israel, and of his own life so that he should be destroyed, he did evil' – Brenton^[26]

παροργίσαι τον κύριον θεόν του Ισραήλ, 'to provoke the anger of the lord god of Israel' – ABP^[22]

irritans Dominum Deum Israel, 'irritating [the] Lord God Israel' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:34

בְּיָמָ֞יו בָּנָ֥ה חִיאֵ֛ל בֵּ֥ית הָאֱלִ֖י אֶת־יְרִיחֹ֑ה, bə-yā-māw bā-nāh ḥî-'êl bêṯ hā-'ĕ-lî 'eṯ- yə-rî-ḥōh, 'In his days Hiel [the] Bethelite built Jericho' – WLC^[18]

ᾨκοδόμησεν Ἀχειὴλ ὁ Βαιθηλείτης τὴν Ἰερειχώ·, 'Acheièl the Baithelite built Iereicho:' – LXX^Swete[19]

ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν Αχιηλ ὁ Βαιθηλίτης τὴν Ιεριχω·, 'In his days, Achiel the Baithelite built Iericho:' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

Καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν Αχιὴλ ὁ Βαιθηλίτης τὴν Ἱεριχω·, 'And in his days, Achièl the Baithelite built Hiericho:' – Brenton^[26]

εν ταις ημέραις αυτού ωκοδόμησεν Χιήλ ο Βεθελίτης την Ιεριχώ, 'In his days, Chiél the Bethelite built Iericho' – ABP^[22]

In diebus ejus aedificavit Hiel de Bethel Jericho:, 'In his days Hiel of Bethel (has) built Jericho:' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

1 Kings 16:34

וּבִשְׂגִיב, ū-ḇiś-ḡîḇ, 'and on Segub' – K^[18]

וּבִשְׂג֤וּב, ū-ḇiś-ḡūḇ, 'and with Segub' – Q^[18]

καὶ τῷ Ζεγοὺβ, 'and on Zegoùb' – LXX^Swete[19]

καὶ τῷ Σεγουβ, 'and on Segoub' – LXX^Rahlfs[20]

καὶ τῷ Σεγουβ, 'and on Segoùb' – Brenton^[26]

και εν τω Σεγούβ, 'and on Segoúb' – ABP^[22]

et in Segub, 'and on Segub' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[23]}

Songs 1:1

שִׁ֥יר הַשִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִשְׁלֹמֹֽה׃, šîr haš-šî-rîm 'ă-šer liš-lō-mōh., '[The] song of songs that [is] of Shalomo' – WLC^[27]

ΑΣΜΑ ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστιν τῷ Σαλωμών., 'SONG of songs, which is to Salomon.' – LXX^Swete[28]

Ἆισμα ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστιν τῷ Σαλωμων., 'Song of songs, which is to Salomon.' – LXX^Rahlfs[29]

ΑΣΜΑ ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστι τῷ Σαλωμών., 'SONG of songs, which is to Salomon.' – Brenton^[30]

άσμα ασμάτων ο εστι τω Σολομώντι, '[A] song of songs which is to Solomon.' – ABP^[31]

omitted – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado}.^[32] Note: because Vg omits the first verse, it has only 16 verses in this chapter; the numbering shifts backwards, so that verse 1:2 in Hebrew and Greek becomes verse 1:1 in Latin etc.

Songs 1:3

שֶׁ֖מֶן, še-men, 'ointment/oil' – WLC^[27]

μύρον, 'perfume/ointment' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[30]

μύρου, 'of perfume/ointment' – ABP^[31]

Oleum, 'Oil' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[32]}

Songs 1:5

בְּנֹ֖ות יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם, bə-nō-wṯ yə-rū-šā-lim, 'O daughters of Jerusalem' – WLC^[27]

θυγατέρες Ἰσραήλ, 'O daughters of Israel' – LXX^Swete[28]

θυγατέρες Ιερουσαλήμ, 'O daughters of Jerusalem' – LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[30] ABP^[31]

filiae Jerusalem, '(O) daughters of Jerusalem or of/to (the) daughter Jerusalem or Jerusalem of/to [a/the] daughter' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[32]}

Songs 1:5

δέρρις Σαλωμών., '[the] hide/leathern coverings/curtains of Salomon.' – LXX^Swete[28]

δέρρεις Σαλωμων., '[the] hide/leathern coverings/curtains of Salomon.' – LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[30]

δέρρεις Σολομώντος, '[the] hide/leathern coverings/curtains of Solomon.' – ABP^[31]

Songs 1:6

אַל־תִּרְא֙וּנִי֙ שֶׁאֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת שֶׁשֱּׁזָפַ֖תְנִי הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ, 'al- tir-'ū-nî še-'ă-nî šə-ḥar-ḥō-reṯ, šeš-šĕ-zā-p̄aṯ-nî haš-šā-meš;, 'Do not look at [me], because I [am] blackened/swarthy, because the sun has seen / looked at [me];' – WLC^[27]

μὴ βλέψητέ με, ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι μεμελανωμένη, ὅτι παρέβλεψέ(ν) με ὁ ἥλιος·, 'Do not look at me, because I am being blackened, because the sun has looked over me;' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[30]

...μελανωμένη..., '...blackened...' – ABP^[31]

Nolite me considerare quod fusca sim, quia decoloravit me sol., 'Do not think that I am black/brown, because [the] sun has discoloured me.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[32]}

Songs 1:13

בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖י יָלִֽין׃, bên šā-ḏay yā-lîn., 'between [my] breasts [it] spends the night.' – WLC^[27]

ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν μαστῶν μου αὐλισθήσεται·, 'between my breasts [he] shall spend the night;' – LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[30] ABP^[31]

inter ubera mea commorabitur, 'between my breasts [it] will stay' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[32]}

omitted – LXX^Swete[28]

Songs 1:14

אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַכֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דֹּודִי֙ לִ֔י, 'eš-kōl hak-kō-p̄er dō-w-ḏî lî,, 'A cluster of henna [blooms is] my beloved to me' – WLC^[27]

βότρυς τῆς κύπρου ἀδελφιδός μου ἐμοὶ, 'A cluster of henna is my beloved [man]' – LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[30] ABP^[31]. κύπρος is a Semitic loanword identical with Hebrew כֹּפֶר / כּוֺפֶר‎ kōp̱er, meaning "henna". When capitalised, this word is identical to the Greek name of Cyprus, which may or may not have been derived from this word.

Botrus cypri dilectus meus, 'My beloved cluster of henna' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[32]}. cyprus, not to be confused with the island of Cyprus, is the latinisation of κύπρος, and the origin of the English word cypress.

omitted – LXX^Swete[28]

Songs 1:16

אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה׃, 'ap̄- 'ar-śê-nū ra-'ă-nā-nāh., 'Also, our bed is green. or Indeed, our couch is luxuriant!' – WLC^[27]

πρὸς κλίνη(ν) ἡμῶν σύσκιος,, 'to our shady bed.^[31] or overshadowing our bed.^[30]' – LXX^Swete[28] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[30] ABP^[31]

Lectulus noster floridus., 'Our couch / little bed [is] flowery.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[32]}

Songs 1:17

רחיטנו, ra-ḥî-ṭê-nū, '[And] our rafters' – K^[27]

רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ, ra-khî-ṭê-nū, '[And] our rafters' – Q^[27]

Songs 2:3

לְחִכִּֽי׃, lə-ḥik-kî., 'to (the roof of) my mouth / palate or to my taste' – WLC^[33]

ἐν λάρυγγί μου., 'in my throat/gullet.' – LXX^Swete[34] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[30] ABP.^[35] λάρυγξ is the origin of the modern English word larynx.

gutturi meo., 'in my throat.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado}.^[36] guttur is the origin of the modern English word goitre.

Songs 2:6

περιλήψεται, 'will embrace' – ABP^[35] Brenton^[37] (classical Greek spelling)

περιλήμψεται, 'will embrace' – LXX^Swete[34] LXX^Rahlfs[29] (Koine Greek spelling)

Compare Deuteronomy 22:30

Songs 2:7

ἐν δυνάμεσι(ν), 'by powers' – LXX^Swete[34] Brenton^[37]

εν ταις δυνάμεσι(ν), 'by the powers' – LXX^Rahlfs[29] ABP^[35]

Songs 2:8

זֶ֖ה, zeh, 'this [one]' – WLC^[33]

οὗτος, 'this [one]' – LXX^Swete[34] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[37]

ούτως, 'thus / in this way' – ABP^[35]

iste, 'that [one]' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[36]}

Songs 2:9

ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Βαιθήλ., 'on the mountains of Baithel' – LXX^Swete[34] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[37]

omitted – WLC^[33] ABP^[35] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[36]}

Compare Songs 2:17.

Songs 2:17

עַל־הָ֥רֵי בָֽתֶר׃ ס, 'al- hā-rê ḇā-ṯer. s, 'upon the mountains of Bether.' – WLC^[33]

ἐπὶ ὄρη κοιλωμάτων., 'encircling upon the mountains.' – LXX^Swete[34] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[37] ABP^[35]

super montes Bether., 'on/above the mountains [of] Bether.' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[36]}

Compare Songs 2:9.

Songs 3:3

רְאִיתֶֽם׃, rə-'î-ṯem., 'Have you seen....?' – WLC^[38]

εἴδετε;, 'Have you known....?' – LXX^Swete[39] LXX^Rahlfs.^[29] From the verb οἶδα ("to know").

ίδετε;, 'Do you see....?' – Brenton^[37] ABP.^[40] From the verb εἶδον ("to see").

vidistis?, 'Have you seen....?' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado}.^[41] The Latin verb vidēo ("I see") is the origin of the modern English word video.

Songs 3:7

τοῦ Σαλωμών,, 'of Salomon,' – LXX^Swete[39] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[37]

του Σολομώντος, 'of Solomon' – ABP^[40]

Songs 3:8

חֶ֔רֶב, ḥe-reḇ, 'swords' – WLC^[38]

ρομφαίαν, 'a rhomphaia / a (Greek single-edged) broadsword' – LXX^Swete[39] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[37] ABP^[40]

gladios, 'gladii / (Roman double-edged) swords' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[41]}

Compare Judges 19:29.

Songs 3:9

שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה, šə-lō-mōh, 'Shalomo' – WLC^[38]

Σαλωμών, 'Salomon' – LXX^Swete[39] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[37]

Σολομών, 'Solomon' – ABP^[40]

Salomon, 'Salomon' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[41]}

Songs 3:10

ἀργύριον, 'silver' – LXX^Swete[39] LXX^Rahlfs[29] Brenton^[42]

αργυρίου, 'of silver or silvery / a piece of silver' – ABP^[40]

Songs 3:11

צְאֶ֧ינָה ׀ וּֽרְאֶ֛ינָה בְּנֹ֥ות צִיֹּ֖ון, ṣə-'e-nāh ū-rə-'e-nāh bə-nō-wṯ ṣî-yō-wn, 'Go forth and see daughters of Zion' – WLC^[38]

ἐξέλθατε καὶ ἴδετε, 'come forth and behold' – LXX^Swete[39] LXX^Rahlfs[29]

Θυγατέρες Σιών εξέλθετε, και ίδετε, 'O daughters of Sion come forth, and behold' – Brenton^[42]

εξέλθετε και ίδετε θυγατέρες Σιών, 'Come forth and behold, o daughters of Sion' – ABP^[40]

Egredimini et videte, filiae Sion,, 'Go out and see, (o) daughters of Sion,' – Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[41]}

Religion:Isaiah 7:14

עַלְמָה, hā-'al-māh,, 'young woman^[43]' – WLC^[43][44] 1QIsa^a[43]

עוּלֶמְתָּא, hā-'al-māh tā,, 'young woman' – Targ^Jon[43]

παρθένος, 'virgin' – LXX^[43] LXX^Swete[45] ABP^[46] Brenton^[47]

virgo, 'virgin' – Vg^Clement[48] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[49]}

Isaiah 29:13

וַתְּהִ֤י יִרְאָתָם֙ אֹתִ֔י מִצְוַ֥ת אֲנָשִׁ֖ים מְלֻמָּדָֽה׃, wat-tə-hî yir-'ā-ṯām 'ō-ṯî, miṣ-waṯ 'ă-nā-šîm mə-lum-mā-ḏāh., 'and their fear towards me is taught by the commandment of men.' – MT

μάτην δὲ σέβονταί με διδάσκοντες ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων καὶ διδασκαλίας., 'and in vain they worship me, teaching [the] precepts and instructions of men.' – LXX^Swete,^[50] ABP^[51]

Compare New Testament quotation:

μάτην δὲ σέβονταί με, διδάσκοντες διδασκαλίας ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων·, 'In vain they now worship me, teaching [as] doctrines [the] precepts of men.' – Mark 7:7

Isaiah 40:3

מְסִלָּ֖ה לֵאלֹהֵֽינוּ׃, mə-sil-lāh lê-lō-hê-nū., 'a highway for our god.' – MT

τὰς τρίβους τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν., 'the roads of our God.' – LXX^Swete,^[52] ABP^[53]

semitas Dei nostri., '[the] paths of our God.' – Vg^Clement[54] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[55]}

Compare New Testament quotations:

τὰς τρίβους αὐτοῦ·, 'the roads of him.' – Mark 1:3, Matthew 3:3 Luke 3:4

τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου, 'the way of [the] Lord' – John 1:23

Isaiah 42:19

עַבְדִּ֔י, 'aḇ·dî, 'my servant' – MT

παίδες μου, 'my servants' – ABP

Isaiah 53:10

יִרְאֶ֥ה זֶ֖רַע יַאֲרִ֣יךְ יָמִ֑ים, yir-'eh ze-ra' ya-'ă-rîḵ yā-mîm;, 'he shall see [his] seed/offspring, he shall prolong [his] days;' – MT

ὄψεται σπέρμα μακρόβιον·, opsetai sperma makrobion., '[he] shall see a long-lived seed.' – LXX^Swete,^[56] ABP^[57] Brenton^[58]

videbit semen longævum,, '[he] will see long-lived seed,' – Vg^Clement[59] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[60]}

Isaiah 53:11

יִרְאֶ֣ה, yir-'eh, 'he shall see' – MT^[61]

יראה אור, yir-'eh 'ór, 'he shall see [the] light' – 4QIsa^d[61]

δείξαι αυτῴ φῶς, 'to show to him light' – LXX,^[61] LXX^Swete,^[56] ABP^[57] Brenton^[58]

videbit, '[he] will see' – Vg^Clement[59] Vg^{Colunga&Turrado[60]}

• List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
• Textual variants in the New Testament
• Textual variants in the Primary Chronicle

• Biblia: quid in hac editione praestitum sit. 1545. 
• Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Interlinear Bible (Westminster Leningrad Codex – English)". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/1.htm. 
• Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1851). "Brenton's Septuagint Translation". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/sep/genesis/1.htm. 
• Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1879). The Septuagint version of the OT, with an English translation. London: Samuel Bagster. p. 1156. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/The_Septuagint_version_of_the_OT%2C_with_an_English_translation_%281879%29.pdf. Retrieved 14 May 2022. 
• Brooke, Alan England; McLean, Norman; Thackeray, Henry St. John (1909). The Old Testament in Greek. Volume I: The Octateuch. Part II: Exodus and Leviticus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 268. https://archive.org/details/02.-otgreek.-vat.v-1.-octat.p-2.-ex.-lev.-brooke.-mc-lean.-1909./mode/2up. Retrieved 10 November 2022. 
• Everson, David L. (2014). "The Vetus Latina and the Vulgate of the Book of Exodus". The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation. Leiden: Brill. pp. 370–386. ISBN 978-90-04-28266-7. https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004282667/B9789004282667_016.xml. Retrieved 8 November 2022. 
• Rahlfs, Alfred (1935). "Η Παλαιά Διαθήκη (The Old Testament Rahlfs)" (in el). Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint. Greek Wikisource. https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%97_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_(Rahlfs). 
• Robert, Ulysse (1881). Pentateuchi versio latina antiquissima e Codice Lugdunensi. Paris: Firmin-Didot. p. 330. https://books.google.com/books?id=F4dPAQAAMAAJ. Retrieved 13 November 2022. 
• Scholz, Susanne (2021). Sacred Witness. Rape in the Hebrew Bible. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-5064-8203-3. https://www.bol.com/nl/p/sacred-witness/9300000031495453/.  (E-book edition)
• Swete, Henry Barclay (1930). "Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/sepd/genesis/1.htm. 
• Emanuel Tov, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research (TCU), 1981 (1st edition), 1997 (2nd edition), 2015 (3rd edition).
• Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (TCHB), 1992 (1st edition), 2001 (2nd edition), 2012 (3rd edition), 2022 (4th edition).
• Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Writings, Volume 3 (2015).
• Tov, Emanuel (1999). "38. The Septuagint Additions ('Miscellanies') in 1 Kings 2 (3 Reigns 2)". The Greek and Hebrew Bible: Collected Essays on the Septuagint. Vetus Testamentum Supplements. 72. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004275973_039. ISBN 978-90-04-27597-3. https://brill.com/view/book/9789004275973/B9789004275973-s039.xml. 
• Trible, Phyllis (1984). Texts of Terror: Literary-feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-1537-9. 
• van de Giessen, J. P. (2003). "Index Bijbelverzen" (in nl). bijbelaantekeningen.nl. http://www.bijbelaantekeningen.nl/files/page?1000. 
• Van der Pool, Charles (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot (ABP)". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/genesis/1.htm. 
• Wells, Bruce (2020). "On the Beds of a Woman: The Leviticus Texts on Same-Sex Relations Reconsidered". Sexuality and Law in the Torah. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 123–158. ISBN 978-0-567-68160-7. https://www.academia.edu/42810771. Retrieved 16 May 2022. 

• Digitized Hebrew and Greek Manuscripts: Access and Issues – Introduction to online biblical textual studies

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