Cold war (general term)

A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. This term is most commonly used to refer to the American-Soviet Cold War of 1947–1991. The surrogates are typically states that are satellites of the conflicting nations, i.e., nations allied to them or under their political influence. Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid, such as weapons, tactical support or military advisors, to lesser nations involved in conflicts with the opposing country.

Origins of the term

The expression "cold war" was rarely used before 1945. Some writers credit the fourteenth century Spaniard Don Juan Manuel for first using the term (in Spanish), when dealing with the conflict between Christianity and Islam as a "cold war". However he used the term "tepid" not "cold". The word "cold" first appeared in a faulty translation of his work in the 19th century.^[1]

At the end of World War II, George Orwell used the term in the essay "You and the Atomic Bomb" published on October 19, 1945, in the British magazine Tribune. Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear war, he warned of a "peace that is no peace", which he called a permanent "cold war".^[2] Orwell directly referred to that war as the ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and the Western powers.^[3] Moreover, in The Observer of March 10, 1946, Orwell wrote that "[a]fter the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a 'cold war' on Britain and the British Empire."^[4]

The definition which has now become fixed is of a war waged through indirect conflict. The first use of the term in this sense, to describe the post–World War II geopolitical tensions between the USSR and its satellites and the United States and its western European allies (which in practice acted as satellites of the opposing force) is attributed to Bernard Baruch, an American financier and presidential advisor.^[5] In South Carolina, on April 16, 1947, he delivered a speech (by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope)^[6] saying, "Let us not be deceived: we are today in the midst of a cold war."^[7] Newspaper reporter-columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency, with the book Cold War (1947).^[8]

Tensions labeled a cold war

Since the US–USSR Cold War (1947–1991), a number of global and regional tensions have also been called a cold war.

Second Cold War

The Second Cold War,^[9][10][11] also called Cold War II,^[12][13] Cold War 2.0,^[14][15] or the New Cold War,^[16][17] is a term describing post-Cold-War era of political and military tensions between the United States and China or Russia .

Middle East

Malcolm H. Kerr first coined the term "Arab Cold War" to refer to a political conflict inside the Arab world between Nasserist republics defending Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, and Arab nationalism led by Nasser's Egypt, against traditionalist monarchies led by Saudi Arabia.^[18]

An Atlantic Council member Bilal Y. Saab,^[19] an About.com writer Primoz Manfreda,^[20] an Iranian scholar Seyyed Hossein Mousavian and a Princeton University scholar Sina Toossi,^[21] journalist Kim Ghattas,^[22] Foreign Policy journalist Yochi Dreazen,^[23] Brookings Institution researcher Sultan Barakat,^[24] and Newsweek journalist Jonathan Broder^[25] use the term "cold war" to refer to tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. In February 2016, a University of Isfahan professor Ali Omidi dismissed the assumptions that the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia would grow tense.^[26]

South Asia

A commentator Ehsan Ahrari,^[27] a writer Bruce Riedel,^[28] a political commentator Sanjaya Baru^[29] and a Princeton University academic Zia Mian^[30] have used the term "cold war" since 2002 to refer to long-term tensions between India and Pakistan, which were part of the British India until its partition in 1947.

East Asia

A Naval Postgraduate School academic Edward A. Olsen,^[31][32] a British politician David Alton,^[33] a York University professor Hyun Ok Park,^[34] and a University of Southern California professor David C. Kang^[35] used the term to refer to tensions between North Korea and South Korea, which have been divided since the end of World War II in 1945. They interchangeably called it the "Korean Cold War". In August 2019, North Korean government said that further US–South Korean military cooperation would prompt North Korea to "trigger a new cold war on the Korean Peninsula and in the region."^[36]

China's Defense Ministry spokesman Geng Yansheng,^[37] The Diplomat editor Shannon Tiezzi,^[38] and The Guardian columnist Simon Tisdall^[39] used the term to refer to tensions between China and Japan.

China and the Soviet Union

British writer Edward Crankshaw used the term to also refer to the relationship between China and the Soviet Union after the Sino-Soviet split.^[40]

China and India

Imran Ali Sandano of the University of Sindh,^[41] Arup K. Chatterjee of the Jindal Global Law School,^[42] journalist Bertil Lintner,^[43] writer Bruno Maçães,^[44] politician-lawyer P. Chidambaram,^[45] politician and journalist Sanjay Jha,^[46] and some others^[47][48] use the terms like "new cold war" to refer to growing tensions between China and India.

References

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