Frankfurter Zeitung

Frankfurter Zeitung, 1906

The Frankfurter Zeitung (German: [ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁtɐ ˈtsaɪtʊŋ]) was a German language newspaper that appeared from 1856 to 1943. It emerged from a market letter that was published in Frankfurt. In Nazi Germany it was considered the only mass publication not completely controlled by the Propagandaministerium under Joseph Goebbels.

History

In 1856,^[1] German writer and politician Leopold Sonnemann purchased a struggling market publication in Germany; the Frankfurter Geschäftsbericht (also known as Frankfurter Handelszeitung). Sonnemann changed its name to Neue Frankfurter Zeitung (later simply Frankfurter Zeitung) and assumed the duties of publisher, editor, and contributing writer.^[2] The new title incorporated political news and commentary, and by the time of the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, the Frankfurter Zeitung had become an important mouthpiece of the liberal bourgeois extra-parliamentary opposition. It advocated peace in Europe before 1914 and during World War I.

In Constantinople, Paul Weitz, a strong critic of German militarism and the German state's secret collaboration with the genocidal politics of the Young Turks, was the head of the Frankfurter Zeitung's news bureau. His close associates included Max Rudolf Kaufmann, a Swiss-born journalist, who was arrested and deported in 1916 for his criticism of German militarism and letters by him to Berlin which reported the deplorable state of the Ottoman army in the Caucasus, and Dr. Friedrich Schrader, a journalist with (in 1914) more than two decades of experience in Constantinople who commanded all major languages of Southeastern Europe and the Middle East, and contributed much about modern Turkish culture and literature.

During the period of the Weimar Republic, the paper was treated with hostility and derision by nationalist circles, due to its pronounced support of the Weimar Republic in 1919. At this time, it no longer stood in opposition to the government, and supported Gustav Stresemann's policy of reconciliation during his time as Foreign Minister from 1923 to 1929. The Frankfurter Zeitung was one of the few democratic papers of the time. It was known in particular for its Feuilleton section, edited by Benno Reifenberg,^[3] in which works of most of the great minds of the Weimar Republic were published.

Nazi era

After the 1933 assumption of power by the Nazis, several Jewish contributors had to leave the Frankfurter Zeitung, including Siegfried Kracauer and Walter Benjamin. The paper was finally sold in June 1934 to the chemical corporation IG Farben. The company's directors, particularly Carl Bosch, were well-disposed toward the paper because of its place in traditional German life, and believed it could be useful in promoting favorable publicity for the company.^[4]

During the Nazi's early time in power, the paper was initially protected by Hitler and Joseph Goebbels primarily for its convenient public relations appeal abroad, and retained more editorial independence than the rest of the press in the Third Reich.^[4] However, within a few years IG Farben gave up on the newspaper; inexorably, it had become compromised by the increasing oversight of the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda and was quickly losing its journalistic reputation abroad. The company's directors realized it no longer needed to influence domestic public opinion, "since there was effectively no public opinion left in Germany".^[5]

The paper was quietly sold and subsumed by a subsidiary of the Nazi publishing organ, Eher Verlag, in 1938.^[5]^[6] In late 1941, the paper was faced with scandal when Richard Sorge, the longtime Tokyo correspondent of the Frankfurter Zeitung and a Nazi party member, was arrested by the Japanese police under charges of espionage for the Soviet Union. Sorge was revealed to be the top Soviet spy in Japan, his alligance to Nazism just a mere disguise for his real beliefs, and was executed in 1944. Faced with declining readership throughout the Second World War, it was closed down entirely in August 1943.^[7]

Postwar era

The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung does not consider itself a successor organisation to the original Zeitung, even though many former journalists of the earlier paper helped launch it in 1949.

Notable contributors

Theodor W. Adorno
Leopold Weiss
Walter Benjamin
Franz Blei
Margret Boveri
Alfred Döblin
Kurt Eisner
Lion Feuchtwanger
Erich Kästner
Max Rudolf Kaufmann, (correspondent in Constantinople before 1918)
Editha Klipstein
Annette Kolb
Siegfried Kracauer
Ernst Kreuder
Heinrich Mann
Thomas Mann
Sándor Márai
Franz Mehring
Soma Morgenstern
Peretz Naftali
Kurt Offenburg
Alfred Polgar
Joseph Roth
Richard Sorge
Friedrich Schrader, (correspondent in Constantinople before 1918)
Anna Seghers
Heinrich Schirmbeck
Walter Schmiele
Dolf Sternberger
Max Weber
Paul Weitz (journalist) (de), (correspondent in Constantinople before 1918)
Carl Zuckmayer
Stefan Zweig

Sources

Günther Gillessen: Auf verlorenem Posten. Die Frankfurter Zeitung im Dritten Reich. Siedler Verlag, Berlin 1986, 1987. ISBN:3-88680-223-X

References

↑ David Welch (30 July 2014). Germany and Propaganda in World War I: Pacifism, Mobilization and Total War. I.B.Tauris. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-78076-827-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=a9B7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
↑ Tuttle, Herbert (1876). German political leaders. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 197. OCLC 1536166. https://books.google.com/books?id=VrI9AAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
↑ Anthony Fothergill Reading Conrad: Melancholy in the shadow of the swastika^{[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]} Yearbook of Conrad Studies (Poland) 2007
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Richard Evans (2006). The Third Reich in Power. Penguin. p. 142. ISBN 9781440649301. https://books.google.com/books?id=3j-Aq1hAgJEC&q=Leopold%20Sonnemann&pg=PA142. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Evans, p. 143.
↑ Adam C. Stanley (2008). Modernizing Tradition: Gender and Consumerism in Interwar France and Germany. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0807133620. https://books.google.com/books?id=cEzoY_yv2OEC&pg=PA182. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
↑ E. Noelle (27 June 2002), "Die letzte Kerze. Das Verbot der Frankfurter Zeitung im August 1943" (in de), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung

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[1] David Welch (30 July 2014). Germany and Propaganda in World War I: Pacifism, Mobilization and Total War. I.B.Tauris. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-78076-827-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=a9B7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31. Retrieved 9 February 2015.

[Tuttle197-2] Tuttle, Herbert (1876). German political leaders. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 197. OCLC 1536166. https://books.google.com/books?id=VrI9AAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 28 March 2013.

[3] Anthony Fothergill Reading Conrad: Melancholy in the shadow of the swastika^{[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]} Yearbook of Conrad Studies (Poland) 2007

[Evans142-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Richard Evans (2006). The Third Reich in Power. Penguin. p. 142. ISBN 9781440649301. https://books.google.com/books?id=3j-Aq1hAgJEC&q=Leopold%20Sonnemann&pg=PA142. Retrieved 28 March 2013.

[Evans143-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Evans, p. 143.

[6] Adam C. Stanley (2008). Modernizing Tradition: Gender and Consumerism in Interwar France and Germany. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0807133620. https://books.google.com/books?id=cEzoY_yv2OEC&pg=PA182. Retrieved 28 March 2013.

[7] E. Noelle (27 June 2002), "Die letzte Kerze. Das Verbot der Frankfurter Zeitung im August 1943" (in de), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung

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