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Freedom Caucus

Topic: Social

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 48 min

Short description: Republican US congressional caucus

Freedom Caucus
ChairAndy Harris (MD–1)
FoundedJanuary 26, 2015; 10 years ago (2015-01-26)
Split fromRepublican Study Committee
Preceded byTea Party Caucus (de facto)
Ideology
Political position
National affiliationRepublican Party
Seats in the House Republican Conference
31 / Template:HouseRepublicanTally
<div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".%; height: 100%;">
Seats in the House
31 / 435
Website
Freedom Caucus Foundation
House Freedom Fund
House Freedom Action

The Freedom Caucus, also known as the House Freedom Caucus, is a congressional caucus consisting of Republican members of the United States House of Representatives. It is generally considered to be the most conservative bloc within the chamber.[1][2][3][4][5] The caucus was formed in January 2015 by a group of conservatives and Tea Party movement members, with the aim of pushing the Republican leadership to the right.[6] Its first chairman, Jim Jordan, described the caucus as a "smaller, more cohesive, more agile and more active" group of conservative representatives.[7] Its current chairman, Andy Harris, is considered by some media to be a far-right politician due to some of his radical proposals.[8][9]

The caucus is positioned right-wing to far-right on the political spectrum, and it is substantially linked to the values of national conservatism.[10][11][12] The hardline conservative group favors social conservatism and small government, along with right-wing populist beliefs such as opposition to immigration reform.[13][14][15][16][17] The group sought dozens of times to repeal the Affordable Care Act.[18] Established as a more conservative alternative to the Republican Study Committee, the group initially emphasized fiscal conservatism and concerns about House rules, favoring budget cuts and a decentralization of power within the House of Representatives.[19][20]

Known for their strategy of obstructionism and for defending false stories like the Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy, according to Samuel L. Popkin,[21] after the election of Donald Trump, the Freedom Caucus became what Politico described as "more populist and nationalist, but less bound by policy principles."[19][22][23] The caucus has included some members who are libertarians.[24][25] The caucus supports House candidates through its PAC, the House Freedom Fund.[26][27] According to the January 6th Committee, members of the Freedom Caucus were instrumental in helping Donald Trump in his failed attempts to overturn the results of the 2020 United States presidential election.[28]

History

The caucus originated during the mid–January 2015 Republican congressional retreat in Hershey, Pennsylvania.[29] Nine conservative Republican members of the House began planning a new congressional caucus separate from the Republican Study Committee and apart from the House Republican Conference. The founding members who constituted the first board of directors for the new caucus were Republican representatives Scott Garrett of New Jersey, Jim Jordan of Ohio, John Fleming of Louisiana, Matt Salmon of Arizona, Justin Amash of Michigan, Raúl Labrador of Idaho, Mulvaney of South Carolina, Ron DeSantis of Florida and Mark Meadows of North Carolina.[30]

At the retreat in Pennsylvania, the group settled on the name Freedom Caucus. Mick Mulvaney told Ryan Lizza of the New Yorker, "We had twenty names, and all of them were terrible. None of us liked the Freedom Caucus, either, but it was so generic and so universally awful that we had no reason to be against it." According to Lizza, "one of the working titles for the group was the Reasonable Nutjob Caucus."[31][32]

During the crisis over the funding of the Department of Homeland Security in early 2015, the caucus offered four plans for resolution, but all were rejected by the Republican leadership. One of the caucus leaders, Raúl Labrador, said the caucus would offer an alternative that the most conservative Republican members could support.[33][needs update]

Opposition to Speaker of the House John Boehner

The newly formed group declared that a criterion for new members in the group would be opposition to John Boehner as Speaker of the House and willingness to vote against or thwart him on legislation that the group opposed.[34]

The House Freedom Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25, 2015, and the ensuing leadership battle for the new speaker.[35] Members of the caucus who had voted against Boehner for speaker felt unfairly punished, accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments.[36][37] Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of conservative members of the Republican Party in the House, and he sparred with those House Republicans in 2013 over their willingness to shut down the government in pursuit of goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act. These Republicans later created and became members of the Freedom Caucus in 2015.[34][38][39][40]

After Boehner resigned as speaker, Kevin McCarthy, the House majority leader, was initially the lead contender to succeed him, but the Freedom Caucus withheld its support.[41] However, McCarthy withdrew from the race on October 8, 2015, after appearing to suggest that the Benghazi investigation's purpose had been to lower the approval ratings of Hillary Clinton.[42][43] On the same day as McCarthy's withdrawal, Reid Ribble resigned from the Freedom Caucus saying he had joined to promote certain policies and could not support the role that it was playing in the leadership race.[44]

On October 20, 2015, Paul Ryan announced that his bid for the speaker of the United States House of Representatives was contingent on an official endorsement by the Freedom Caucus.[45] While the group could not reach the 80% approval that was needed to give an official endorsement, on October 21, 2015, it announced that it had reached a supermajority support for Ryan.[46] On October 29, 2015, Ryan succeeded Boehner as the speaker of the House.[47]

On October 30, 2017, Vanity Fair published an interview with Boehner, who said of the Freedom Caucus: "They can't tell you what they're for. They can tell you everything they're against. They're anarchists. They want total chaos. Tear it all down and start over. That's where their mindset is."[48]

Backlash in 2016

The group faced backlash from the Republican Party establishment during the 2016 election cycle.[49] One of its members, Representative Tim Huelskamp, a Tea Party Republican representing Kansas's first district, was defeated during a primary election on August 2, 2016, by Roger Marshall.[50]

2017–2021: First Trump presidency

Following the election of Donald Trump, Mulvaney said, "Trump wants to turn Washington upside down – that was his first message and his winning message. We want the exact same thing. To the extent that he's got to convince Republicans to change Washington, we're there to help him ... and I think that makes us Donald Trump's best allies in the House."[51] Freedom Caucus vice chair Jim Jordan said that during the Trump administration, the Freedom Caucus shifted focus from passing legislation to defending the President.[52]

Rejection of American Health Care Act in 2017

On March 24, 2017, the American Health Care Act (AHCA), the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, was withdrawn by Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan because it lacked the votes to pass, due in large part to opposition from Freedom Caucus Republicans who believed that the replacement provisions had the effect of failing to repeal some elements of the original Affordable Care Act.[53][54][55]

Two days later, President Donald Trump publicly criticized the Freedom Caucus and other right-wing groups, such as the Club for Growth and Heritage Action, that opposed the bill. Trump tweeted: "Democrats are smiling in D.C. that the Freedom Caucus, with the help of Club For Growth and Heritage, have saved Planned Parenthood & Obamacare!"[56][57] On the same day, Representative Ted Poe of Texas resigned from the Freedom Caucus.[58] On March 30, 2017, Trump "declared war" on the Freedom Caucus, sending a tweet urging Republicans to "fight them" in the 2018 midterm elections "if they don't get on the team" (i.e., support Trump's proposals).[59] Vocal Freedom Caucus member Justin Amash responded by accusing Trump of "succumb[ing] to the D.C. Establishment."[60]

Trump later developed a closer relationship with the caucus chair, Mark Meadows.[61] In April 2018, Trump described three caucus members – Meadows, Jim Jordan, and Ron DeSantis – as "absolute warriors" for his defense during the course of the Special Counsel investigation.[62]

During first impeachment of Trump

In May 2019, the Freedom Caucus officially condemned one of its founding members, Justin Amash, after he called for the impeachment of President Trump over the Trump–Ukraine scandal.[63] Amash, an outspoken libertarian, announced in June 2019 that he had left the caucus; later the same year, he left the Republican Party and joined the Libertarian Party.[64][65]

During the impeachment inquiry against Trump, and subsequent first impeachment of Trump, the caucus emerged as a chief defender of Trump during the proceedings.[66][67]

Meadows's appointment as WH chief of staff and Liz Cheney criticism

In March 2020, former Freedom Caucus chair Mark Meadows was appointed as White House chief of staff, replacing Mick Mulvaney, who was also a founding member of the Freedom Caucus.[68]

Freedom Caucus members have called on Liz Cheney to resign as Chair of the House Republican Conference, because of her vocal criticism of Trump's foreign policy, response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and use of social media,[69] leading to her firing May 12, 2021, and replacement by Elise Stefanik two days later.

2020 National Defense Authorization Act

In December 2020, the caucus sided with Donald Trump and opposed the NDAA on the grounds that it did not include a provision to repeal Section 230.[70]

2021–2023: 117th Congress and embrace of populism

Role in attempting to overturn the 2020 election and opposition to second Trump impeachment

After Trump lost his bid for reelection in November 2020, many members of the Freedom Caucus supported Trump's attempt to overturn the election results. In early December 2020, amid pressure from Trump on congressional Republicans to help him subvert the election outcome, two dozen House Republicans, including many Freedom Caucus members, sent a letter to Trump asking him to order his Attorney General, William P. Barr, to appoint a Justice Department special counsel to investigate supposed election "irregularities", even though Barr had previously acknowledged that there was no evidence justifying such a step.[71] Several Freedom Caucus members met with officials at Trump's White House in December 2020, discussing ways to overturn the election results during the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count.[72] Most Freedom Caucus members objected to the counting of the electoral votes that formalized Trump's defeat.[73]

During the second impeachment of Donald Trump for incitement of insurrection, Freedom Caucus leadership and members demanded that Representative Liz Cheney, one of 10 Republicans who voted in favor of impeachment, resign from her role as chairwoman of the House Republican Conference.[74][75][76]

America First Caucus and MAGA Squad

In April 2021, a faction within the Freedom Caucus, led by Paul Gosar and Marjorie Taylor Greene, attempted to form a new splinter group called the "America First Caucus," along with Matt Gaetz. Senior members of the Freedom Caucus reportedly reacted with "fury" to the proposal, with Ken Buck publicly denouncing it.[77] The new caucus was later scrapped.[78]

An unofficial faction of Trump loyalists, sometimes referred to as the 'MAGA Squad', included Gosar, Greene, Gaetz, Madison Cawthorn, Louie Gohmert, Mo Brooks, Andy Biggs, Scott Perry, and Lauren Boebert. Described as more radical than the mainstream Freedom Caucus, The group supported primary challenges against incumbent Republicans during the 2022 United States House of Representatives elections.[79][80][81][82]

Respect for Marriage Act

In July 2022, the caucus split over the Respect for Marriage Act, which recognized a statutory right to same-sex marriage. All caucus members voted against except Chairperson Scott Perry (R-PA), who joined 46 other Republicans and all Democrats in voting for the bill. The Freedom Caucus adopted a formal position urging Senate Republicans to block the bill, and Perry later voted against its final passage.[83] To take a formal position on legislation, the Freedom Caucus requires the support of 80% of the caucus's members.[83]

2023–2024: 118th Congress and House leadership conflict

In the November 2022 elections, Republicans narrowly regained control of the House of Representatives for the 118th Congress.

In December 2022, seven hardline Republicans, including Freedom Caucus Chair Scott Perry and several other caucus members, sent a letter outlining demands for the next Speaker. Many echoed earlier requests made that summer, such as increasing Freedom Caucus representation on key committees, including the House Rules Committee and chairmanships; allowing any amendment to receive a vote if backed by at least ten percent of the Republican conference; prohibiting House Republican leaders and affiliated PACs from interfering in primaries; reinstating the motion to vacate the chair; and codifying the Hastert Rule, which bars legislation from advancing without support from a majority of House Republicans.[84][85]

2023 House leadership election

The Freedom Caucus was actively involved in the ensuing House Republican leadership elections, but was divided over whether to challenge House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy's bid to be Speaker of the House of Representatives.[86] Former caucus chair Andy Biggs launched an unsuccessful challenge to McCarthy,[87] losing 31-188 in a secret ballot vote, with five Republicans writing in other names.[88][89] McCarthy ran with the endorsement of other Freedom Caucus members, such as vice chair Jim Jordan,[90] David Schweikert,[91] and Marjorie Taylor Greene.[92] Caucus member Byron Donalds also ran for House Republican Conference chair, but lost to incumbent Elise Stefanik,[93] while member Andrew Clyde ran for House Republican Conference secretary, but lost to Lisa McClain.[94]

McCarthy needed 218 votes from the House floor to be elected speaker in the January 3, 2023, vote.[95] After McCarthy won the internal Republican nomination, some Freedom Caucus members outspokenly supported him, including Jordan, a former McCarthy rival[96] who was set to be chairperson of the House Judiciary Committee.[84] Marjorie Taylor Greene also backed McCarthy, saying that any alternative to McCarthy would be insufficiently right-wing.[84] Other caucus members resisted supporting McCarthy, with five members saying they would vote against him, although they have not coalesced around a specific alternative candidate.[84][97][96] A third group of caucus members did not publicly support or oppose McCarthy's speakership bid, seeking to extract concessions from him.[84][97] Because the House Republicans only had a narrow majority (222–212), McCarthy could not gain a majority unless nearly all Republicans voted for him.[89][97] McCarthy warned his internal opponents that the next speaker of the House could be chosen with House Democratic votes if the Republican caucus failed to unite around him.[88] In January 2023, 19 Freedom Caucus members voted against McCarthy during the House floor vote for Speaker,[98] eventually allowing McCarthy to become Speaker only after securing extensive concessions on changing the House rules.[99]

2023 conflict with Marjorie Taylor Greene

On June 21, 2023, Greene engaged in a verbal argument with fellow caucus member Lauren Boebert on the House floor, in which she called the latter a "little bitch."[100] As a result of this incident, the caucus voted by secret ballot to expel Greene.[101]

2023 debt-ceiling crisis and aftermath

In May 2023, Speaker McCarthy worked with the Biden administration to pass a compromise debt-ceiling reform and spending bill, with the Freedom Caucus supporting the bills as part of the compromise that got McCarthy elected speaker.[102] By suspending the debt ceiling until January 2025, the government avoided a default. The spending bill focused on issues such as military construction and veterans affairs.[103][104]

On May 31, during a procedural rule vote for the bill to end the debt ceiling crisis, 29 Freedom Caucus aligned Republicans voted against the rule. Rules are historically supported by all members of the majority party and opposed by minority members regardless of their feelings on the underlying bill. In order to ensure the bill's passage, Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries held up a green card to alert Democrats they could vote in favor of the measure, resulting in 52 Democrats showing their support for the procedural vote.[105][106] A majority of both the Republican and Democratic parties voted for the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, but more Republicans (71) voted against the bill than Democrats (46).[107]

Following the passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, 11 members of the Freedom Caucus voted with Democrats to block a procedural rules vote on a Republican bill that would hinder the federal government's ability to regulate gas stoves. Freedom Caucus members said the vote was a protest of McCarthy's handling of the debt-ceiling crisis.[108] On June 12, 2023, the Freedom Caucus and McCarthy reached an agreement that resulted in the Freedom Caucus not blocking procedural votes in exchange for conservative legislation being brought to the floor.[109]

Removal of Kevin McCarthy as speaker

Despite the earlier agreement, in September 2023, Freedom Caucus members once again began joining with Democrats to block procedural rule votes. On September 19 and September 21, five members of the Freedom Caucus, voted with Democrats to block a vote on a military funding bill. The Freedom Caucus was angry about a proposed continuing resolution to avert a government shutdown that they argued did not do enough to cut spending.[110][111] On September 29, twenty-one Freedom Caucus members joined with Democrats to block a continuing resolution which included spending cuts and immigration restrictions. Freedom Caucus members who voted against the resolution said they would not support a temporary spending bill under any circumstance.[112]

Because of this conflict, the federal government appeared poised to shut down.[113] The Freedom Caucus threatened to depose McCarthy if he turned to Democrats to gather more votes.[114] On September 29, Politico reported that Representative Matt Gaetz had reached out to Congressional Progressive Caucus chair Pramila Jayapal, among other Democrats about removing McCarthy.[115] The following day, hours before a shutdown was expected to occur, the House of Representatives passed a bipartisan continuing resolution to fund the government through November 17. The resolution was passed in the Senate and signed by President Joe Biden, averting a shutdown.[116] Representative Matt Gaetz, who had led resistance to McCarthy,[117] announced in an interview with CNN that he would move to remove McCarthy for working with Democrats.[118]

On October 2, Gaetz filed a motion to vacate, forcing a vote on McCarthy's removal within two legislative days.[119] Voting began the following day; McCarthy ruled out a deal with Democrats. Representative Tom Cole unsuccessfully moved to table the motion. The House proceeded with a successful vote to vacate on a 216–210 vote, the first time in congressional history that the chair was vacated.[120] Eventually, the Republican conference unanimously elected Mike Johnson Speaker of the House.[121]

Conflict with Speaker Johnson

In order to again avert a government shutdown, Mike Johnson was forced to use a suspension of the rules to pass a continuing resolution on November 14, 2023. 93 Republicans and 2 Democrats voted against the resolution.[122] The continuing resolution once again angered Freedom Caucus members. On November 15, 19 Freedom Caucus members joined with Democrats to block a rule vote on a bill funding the Justice Department.[123]

On January 7, 2024, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and House Speaker Johnson agreed to a $1.59 trillion topline spending deal. The topline spending levels agreed for 2024 that was not substantially different from the deal McCarthy and President Biden had negotiated.[124] The agreement was met by outrage by the House Freedom Caucus, essentially ensuring Democrats would be required to join Republicans to pass a finalized spending bill in the House.[125] On January 10, twelve Freedom Caucus members joined Democrats to block a rule vote on an unrelated bill about electric cars in protest of the spending deal.[126]

With the House Freedom Caucus' determination to also oppose rules on any bill they did not support, Speaker Johnson was forced to rely on suspension of rules: this special procedure allowed the immediate passage of a legislative proposal without the need for a rule vote, but required the support of two-thirds of the House. Democrats opted to vote in favor of suspension of the rules for budget legislation.[127]

On April 20, over two months after the Senate had passed a funding bill for Israel, Taiwan, and Ukraine,[128] Jeffries negotiated the legislative path for the bill and delivered a majority of Democratic votes to pass a legislative package providing aid to the three countries in separate bills, each of which passed Congress with bipartisan support and large majorities and was signed into law by President Biden.[129] The bill was voted against in committee by three Freedom Caucus members – enough to prevent it progressing under normal circumstances – but all Democrats voted for it.[130]

As the House continued to pass a series of key legislative victories that were supported by a majority of Democrats, Freedom Caucus-aligned Republicans continued to threaten to trigger another motion to vacate the chair, this time with Speaker Johnson targeted. However, Jeffries hinted at providing a lifeline to Speaker Mike Johnson in an interview with The New York Times.[131]

The House voted to table (kill) the motion by a vote of 359-43, allowing Johnson to remain speaker.[132] 196 Republicans and 163 Democrats voted to table the motion; 11 Republicans and 32 Democrats voted against tabling the motion. The Democrats who supported Johnson claimed they did so because of the vital role he had played in providing funding for the federal government and for Ukraine.[133]

2024 elections

The chair of the Freedom Caucus, Bob Good, faced backlash for voting to remove Kevin McCarthy and endorsing Ron DeSantis in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries. The leadership positions held by Good and Chip Roy in the Caucus led to a rift between the Freedom Caucus and Trump.[134] Good was ultimately defeated in a 2024 primary challenge from state senator John McGuire, who was endorsed by Donald Trump. Warren Davidson's support for McGuire led to his expulsion from the caucus, with Troy Nehls subsequently resigning from the caucus in support of Davidson.[135] McGuire won by a margin of 0.6%, with Good seeking a recount.[136] Good said he would resign as chair if he lost the recount, which he subsequently did lose.[137][138] Good stepped down as chair in September, when the House was back in session.[139]

Andy Harris was chosen as the new chair of the Freedom Caucus for the rest of 2024.[140] The Freedom Caucus supported the nomination of JD Vance as Trump's vice presidential candidate in the 2024 U.S. presidential election.[141]

2025–present: 119th Congress and Second Trump Presidency

119th Congress House Republican leadership elections (2025)

Republicans voted to nominate their speaker of the House candidate on Wednesday, November 13.[142] Before the vote, members of the Freedom Caucus and the Main Street Caucus, along with speaker Mike Johnson, reached an agreement: the proposed rule changes on Conference assignments would be withdrawn; in exchange, the holdouts pledged to support a reform of the motion to vacate, which would raise the threshold to introduce it from one member to nine members. After the deal was struck, Johnson was nominated by voice vote without opposition.[143]

Following Speaker Johnson's December 17 announcement of a continuing resolution to avert a government shutdown, which included funding opposed by many conservative Republicans, Republican representative Thomas Massie said he would vote against Johnson in the upcoming speakership election. Politico and Punchbowl News reported that privately several other Republicans were "uncommitted" to supporting Johnson.[144][145] Later, Republican senators Rand Paul and Mike Lee, as well as Republican representative Marjorie Taylor Greene, publicly announced that they are open to supporting Elon Musk to be the next Speaker of the House.[146][147] On December 20, Freedom Caucus chair Andy Harris said he was "undecided."[148] On December 30, 2024, President-elect Donald Trump endorsed Johnson through a post on Truth Social.[149][150] Despite the endorsement, multiple Republican representatives have publicly said they are uncommitted to voting for Johnson; including Victoria Spartz,[lower-alpha 1] Andy Biggs, Tim Burchett, and Chip Roy.[152][153][154] Roy also said that "Johnson does not yet have the support to be speaker."[155][156]

Initially, during the Speaker vote, Republican Representatives Thomas Massie voted for Tom Emmer, Ralph Norman voted for Jim Jordan, and Keith Self voted for Byron Donalds, while Republicans Andy Biggs, Michael Cloud, Andrew Clyde, Paul Gosar, Andy Harris, and Chip Roy (all of whom were undecided going into the vote) did not respond to the initial roll call vote. The clerk then called a second time the names of those who had not replied to the first call, and all six voted for Johnson.[157] Johnson's vote count therefore stood at 216, two short of the required majority. However, after meeting with Johnson off the floor and receiving a phone call by Trump, Norman and Self shifted to supporting Johnson before the final vote was declared.[158][159]

Resignation of Anna Paulina Luna

In March 2025, Freedom Caucus member Anna Paulina Luna worked with Democrats and some Republicans to force a vote on a bill through a discharge petition which would allow new parents to vote by proxy. The petition angered members of the Freedom Caucus, who believe that proxy voting is unconstitutional, and led them to initially vote against a procedural rules vote on Republican supported energy bills. After negotiations with House Republican leadership, the Freedom Caucus would later allow the vote to pass. Freedom Caucus leadership urged Republican leadership to raise the threshold required to force a vote on a bill through a discharge petition.[160] Paulina Luna would later resign from the Freedom Caucus. In a letter, she said her decision to resign was due to the loss of "mutual respect that has guided our caucus."[161] On April 1, Republican leadership attempted to pass a rule vote that would prevent Luna's bill from being voted on. Nine Republicans (Luna, Tim Burchett, Mike Lawler, Kevin Kiley, Nick LaLota, Jeff Van Drew, Max Miller, Greg Steube and Ryan Mackenzie) joined all Democrats to block the rule vote.[162] Afterwards, Freedom Caucus hard-liners said they would vote against any rule that did not include language preventing the proxy voting bill from coming to a vote. In response, Speaker Johnson suspended voting for the remainder of that week.[163] On April 6, Paulina Luna and Johnson reached an agreement that would allow absent members to use vote pairing. Their intended vote will still be published in the Congressional Record.[164]

2026 midterm elections

A number of Freedom Caucus members are not standing for re-election in the 2026 United States House of Representatives elections.[165] Those members include Chip Roy, Barry Moore, Ralph Norman, Andy Biggs, Byron Donalds and Tom Tiffany.[166]

Political positions

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The caucus is positioned right-wing[10] to far-right[11] on the political spectrum. On October 30, 2017, Vanity Fair published an interview with John Boehner, who said of the Freedom Caucus: "They can't tell you what they're for. They can tell you everything they're against. They're anarchists. They want total chaos. Tear it all down and start over. That's where their mindset is."[48]

After the 2016 presidential election of Donald Trump, the Freedom Caucus shifted its emphasis to loyalty to Trump,[19][23] and became what Politico described as "more populist and nationalist, but less bound by policy principles."[22] The caucus has included some members who are libertarians.[24][25]

Affiliated political and advocacy organizations

The House Freedom Caucus is affiliated with several political and advocacy organizations that support its mission and members. The House Freedom Fund is the official political action committee of the caucus, providing financial backing to conservative candidates aligned with its priorities.[167] It plays a key role in primary campaigns, often supporting challengers to Republican incumbents who are seen as insufficiently aligned with the caucus’s principles.[168][169] The Fund is closely tied to the caucus and has received support from major Republican donors to influence the outcome of competitive primaries.[170]

House Freedom Action, a Super PAC affiliated with the caucus, operates independently to run issue ads and support candidates in federal elections.[171] It has been active in high-profile races, including those involving Freedom Caucus leaders.[172][173]

In addition, the Freedom Caucus Foundation serves as a nonprofit advocacy arm that promotes the caucus’s policy goals through public outreach and media campaigns.[174] The foundation has aired television ads highlighting the legislative activities of the Caucus, including its role in shaping the 2025 budget negotiations.[175][176]

The similarly named State Freedom Caucus Network, an offshoot of the Conservative Partnership institute, is not officially affiliated with the House Freedom Caucus.[177][178][179]

Leadership

The current chair of the caucus is Representative Andy Harris from Maryland, with Representative Jim Jordan as the deputy chair. In January 2022, Representative Lauren Boebert was elected as communications chair, and Representative Chip Roy as policy chair.[180]

Name Start End District Duration Ref(s)
Jim Jordan 90px 2015 2017 OH-04 1 year, 327 days
Mark Meadows 90px 2017 2019 NC-11 2 years, 271 days [181]
Andy Biggs 90px 2019 2022 AZ-05 2 years, 92 days [182]
Scott Perry 90px Script error: No such module "Date time". January 1, 2024 (2024-01-01) PA-10 2 years, 0 days [183]
Bob Good 90px 2024 2024 VA-05 260 days [184]
Andy Harris 90px 2024 Incumbent MD-01 1 year, 130 days [140]

Membership

The map shows districts represented by Freedom Caucus members as of April 2025.

Membership policy

The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members and membership is by invitation only.[185][186] The New York Times wrote in October 2015 that the caucus usually meets "in the basement of a local pub rather than at the Capitol."[187] The caucus acts as a bloc, with decisions that are supported by 80 percent made binding on all of its members, which has strengthened its influence among House Republicans.[2]

Historical membership

As the HFC does not publicize a full membership list, the known number of members at the start of each electoral cycle is listed below.

Starting membership in election cycles
Election year Republican seats ±
2016
28 / 241
 New
2018
29 / 199
 Increase 1
2020
44 / 213
 Increase 15
2022
45 / 222
 Increase 1
2024
35 / 220
 Decrease 10

Current members

A number of members have identified themselves, or have been identified by others, as belonging to the Freedom Caucus. There are at least 31 caucus members as of March 2025; those members include:

Alabama
  • Barry Moore (AL-1)[188] – Running for Senate in Alabama in 2026
  • Gary Palmer (AL-6)[189]

Arizona

  • Eli Crane (AZ-2)[190]
  • Andy Biggs (AZ-5)[191] – Running for governor of Arizona in 2026[192]
  • Paul Gosar (AZ-9)[193]

Colorado

  • Lauren Boebert (CO-4) – Communications Chair[194]

Florida

Georgia

  • Andrew Clyde (GA-9)[200]
  • Mike Collins (GA-10)[201] − Running for Senate in Georgia in 2026

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

  • Marlin Stutzman (IN-3)[204]

Louisiana

Maryland

  • Andy Harris (MD-1) – Chair[206]

Missouri

  • Eric Burlison (MO-7)[207]

Ohio

  • Jim Jordan (OH-4) – Vice chair[208]

Oklahoma

  • Josh Brecheen (OK-2)[190]

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

  • Ralph Norman (SC-5)[210] − Running for Governor in South Carolina in 2026

Tennessee

  • Diana Harshbarger (TN-1)[204]
  • Scott DesJarlais (TN-4)[211]
  • Andy Ogles (TN-5)[190]

Texas

  • Keith Self (TX-3)[212]
  • Chip Roy (TX-21)[213] – Running for attorney general in Texas in 2026[214]
  • Brandon Gill (TX-26)[215][216]
  • Michael Cloud (TX-27)[217]

Virginia

Wisconsin

  • Tom Tiffany (WI-7)[220] – Running for governor of Wisconsin in 2026

Wyoming

  • Harriet Hageman (WY-AL)[221]

Former members

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Left caucus

  • Justin Amash of Michigan (left caucus in 2019)[64]
  • Brian Babin of Texas (left caucus in 2017)[222]
  • Doug Lamborn of Colorado (left caucus in 2016)[223]
  • Ted Poe of Texas (left caucus in 2017)[224]
  • Troy Nehls of Texas (left caucus in 2024)[225]
  • Barry Loudermilk of Georgia (declined to renew membership for the 115th Congress)[226][227]
  • Tom McClintock of California (left caucus in 2015)[228]
  • Reid Ribble of Wisconsin (left caucus in 2015)[44]
  • Keith Rothfus of Pennsylvania (left caucus in 2016)[229][230]
  • David Schweikert of Arizona (left the caucus in 2023)[231]
  • Anna Paulina Luna of Florida (left the caucus in 2025)[161]

Removed from caucus

  • Ken Buck of Colorado (voted out of caucus days before he resigned from the House in 2024)[232]
  • Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia (removed from the caucus in 2023)[233]
  • Warren Davidson of Ohio (removed from the caucus in 2024)[234]
  • Randy Weber of Texas (removed from the caucus in 2024)[235]

Lost renomination or re-election

  • Rod Blum of Iowa (lost 2018 general election)[209]
  • Dave Brat of Virginia (lost 2018 general election)[236]
  • Madison Cawthorn of North Carolina (lost renomination in 2022 primary election)[237]
  • Scott Garrett of New Jersey (lost 2016 general election)[208]
  • Bob Good of Virginia – Former Chair[238] (lost renomination in 2024 primary election)
  • Tim Huelskamp of Kansas (defeated for renomination in 2016 primary election)[239]
  • Yvette Herrell of New Mexico (lost 2022 general election)
  • Denver Riggleman of Virginia (defeated for renomination in 2020 primary election)[240]
  • Dana Rohrabacher of California (lost 2018 general election)[241][242]
  • Mark Sanford of South Carolina (defeated for renomination in 2018 primary election)[209]

Retired or died

  • Joe Barton of Texas (retired in 2018)[243]
  • Dan Bishop of North Carolina (retired in 2024 to unsuccessfully run for North Carolina Attorney General)[244]
  • Jim Bridenstine of Oklahoma (resigned in 2018 to become NASA Administrator)[228]
  • Mo Brooks of Alabama[245] (retired and lost 2022 election for senator from Alabama)
  • Ted Budd of North Carolina (retired and won 2022 election for senator from North Carolina)
  • Curt Clawson of Florida (retired in 2016)[246]
  • Ron DeSantis of Florida[208] (retired in 2018 and won election for governor of Florida)
  • Jeff Duncan (SC-3) (retired in 2025)[247]
  • John Fleming of Louisiana (retired in 2016 and lost nomination as Senator from Louisiana)[248]
  • Tom Garrett of Virginia (retired in 2018)[249]
  • Louie Gohmert of Texas (retired and lost 2022 nomination as Attorney General of Texas)[250]
  • Mark Green of Tennessee (retired in 2025)
  • Jody Hice of Georgia (retired and lost 2022 election for Georgia Secretary of State)[226]
  • Fred Keller of Pennsylvania (retired in 2022)
  • Raúl Labrador of Idaho (retired and lost 2018 nomination as Governor of Idaho)[208]
  • Debbie Lesko of Arizona (retired in 2024 to successfully run for Maricopa County Board of Supervisors)[251]
  • Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming (retired in 2016)[252]
  • Mark Meadows of North Carolina (resigned in 2020 to become White House Chief of Staff)[208][185]
  • Alex Mooney (WV-2)[253] (retired in 2024 and lost nomination as Senator from West Virginia)
  • Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina (resigned in 2017 to become OMB Director)[208]
  • Devin Nunes of California (resigned in 2022 to become CEO of TMTG)
  • Steve Pearce of New Mexico (retired and lost 2018 election for Governor of New Mexico)[252]
  • Bill Posey (FL-8) (retired in 2025)[254]
  • Matt Rosendale of Montana (retired in 2024)[255]
  • Matt Salmon of Arizona (retired in 2016)[208]
  • Ron Wright of Texas (died in 2021)[256]
  • Ted Yoho of Florida (retired in 2020)[257]

See also

  • Blue Dog Coalition
  • Caucuses of the United States Congress
  • Factions in the Republican Party (United States)
  • Liberty Caucus
  • Republican Liberty Caucus
  • Republican Main Street Partnership
  • Second Amendment Caucus
  • Sedition Caucus
  • Tea Party Caucus
  • Tuesday Group

Further reading

  1. ↑ Despite being a member of the Republican Party, Spartz is not part of the House Republican Conference.[151]

References

  1. ↑ Carl, Jeremy (October 13, 2015). "The Freedom Caucus Is a Rebellion That Could Change the GOP's Future". https://time.com/4067218/freedom-caucus/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Desilver, Drew (October 20, 2015). "House Freedom Caucus: What is it, and who's in it?" (in en-US). https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/20/house-freedom-caucus-what-is-it-and-whos-in-it/. 
  3. ↑ Ethier, Beth (January 26, 2015). "House Conservatives Form "Freedom Caucus" as Right-Wing Rebellion Continues" (in en). https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/01/freedom-caucus-right-wing-members-of-congress-form-new-group-to-rally-conservatives.html. 
  4. ↑ Fox, Lauren (March 24, 2017). "Why (almost) everyone hates the House Freedom Caucus". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/23/politics/what-is-the-freedom-caucus/. "At first, there were just nine of them, but the group, which is considered the most right flank of the Republican conference, grew" 
  5. ↑ Mark Barrett, Meadows in line to lead House's most conservative wing, ‘’Asheville Citizen-Times’’ (December 3, 2016): "the House Freedom Caucus, which occupies the furthest-right position on the ideological spectrum in the U.S. House..."
  6. ↑ French, Lauren (January 26, 2015). "9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus" (in en). https://www.politico.com/story/2015/01/house-freedom-caucus-conservative-legislation-114593. 
  7. ↑ Eaton, Sabrina (February 11, 2015). "It's official: Rep. Jim Jordan now chairs the House Freedom Caucus". http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2015/02/its_official_rep_jim_jordan_no.html. 
  8. ↑ Cheney, Kyle. "Freedom Caucus leader endorses radical proposal for North Carolina to hand its electoral votes to Trump". Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/25/trump-freedom-caucus-north-carolina-electors-00185520. 
  9. ↑ "Far-right congressman suggests N.C. Legislature should consider handing electors to Trump on Election Day" (in en). 2024-10-25. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/far-right-congressman-suggests-nc-legislature-consider-handing-elector-rcna177337. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 The Freedom Caucus has been widely described as right-wing:
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1
  12. ↑ Stening, Tanner (2023-06-05). "Is the US now a four-party system? Progressives split Democrats, and far-right divides Republicans" (in en-US). https://news.northeastern.edu/2023/06/05/four-party-system-us-politics-progressives-far-right/. 
  13. ↑ Reilly, Mollie (October 21, 2015). "House Conservatives Support Paul Ryan For Speaker, But Won't Formally Endorse Him". https://www.huffpost.com/entry/house-freedom-caucus-paul-ryan_n_56281b41e4b0bce34703ee96. "the group of hardline conservatives ... the socially conservative House Freedom Caucus" 
  14. ↑ "Paul Ryan vs. House Freedom Caucus: Who will blink first in speaker's race?". Los Angeles Times. October 16, 2015. http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-ryan-freedom-caucus-20151016-story.html. "the group's small-government, socially conservative agenda" 
  15. ↑ Cottle, Michelle (April 7, 2017). "In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/04/in-the-freedom-caucus-trump-meets-his-match/522243/. 
  16. ↑ Pally, Marcia (June 8, 2017). "A Tale of Two Covenants: Can America be Localist Without Being Exclusionary?" (in en-AU). https://www.abc.net.au/religion/a-tale-of-two-covenants-can-america-be-localist-without-being-ex/10095708. 
  17. ↑ Bade, Rachael (June 27, 2018). "'I thought you were my friend': Immigration meltdown exposes GOP hostilities". https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/27/this-is-bull-inside-the-gops-immigration-meltdown-680106. 
  18. ↑ "After Boehner ouster, quiet period, Freedom Caucus attacks on IRS, ObamaCare". Fox News. December 10, 2016. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/after-boehner-ouster-quiet-period-freedom-caucus-attacks-on-irs-obamacare. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Melanie Zanona (March 8, 2022). "Republican leaders face threat of revived Freedom Caucus in GOP-led House". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/08/politics/house-freedom-caucus-revived-republican-majority/index.html. "Past iterations of the group – which was formed as an ultra-conservative alternative to the Republican Study Committee but has since become more of a Trump loyalty club – were more focused on process and transparency concerns, as well as fiscal conservatism. Some of the more veteran members of the group are still emphasizing that as a top priority." 
  20. ↑ Jay Newton-Small (October 20, 2021). "How Paul Ryan Outfoxed House Conservatives" (in en). Time. https://time.com/4080726/speaker-paul-ryan-freedom-caucus/. "The House Freedom Caucus has had a lot of demands of late: conditions under which they'd support anyone to be Speaker, changes they'd like to see made in the House to decentralize power, ... The as-of-yet unformed bill is almost guaranteed to have levels of spending the fiscally conservative Freedom Caucus will find highly objectionable – they have never supported any bipartisan deal that has come out of the Senate.". 
  21. ↑ Popkin, Samuel L. (2021). Crackup: The Republican Implosion and the Future of Presidential Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 85, 92, 94-96. ISBN 9780197520307. OCLC 1221017448. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Inside the House Freedom Caucus' identity crisis". Politico. April 29, 2022. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/29/house-republican-freedom-caucus-challenges-00023071. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Swan, Jonathan (July 28, 2021). "Trump allies blame conservative leader for failed Texas endorsement" (in en). https://www.axios.com/trump-team-blames-conservative-failed-endorsment-17aa2dd1-b4be-4ca7-beeb-c74d1d472a09.html. "the Freedom Caucus – a group of ultra-conservative House Republicans who are fervently pro-Trump." 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Friedman, Dan (July 13, 2016). "For These House Republicans, the NRA's Seal of Approval Isn't Enough". https://www.thetrace.org/2016/07/freedom-caucus-house-conservatives-oppose-nra-backed-gun-bill/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Loiaconi, Stephen (March 24, 2017). "For Freedom Caucus, defying Trump could have consequences". http://wjla.com/news/nation-world/for-freedom-caucus-defying-trump-could-have-consequences. "The House Freedom Caucus, a cadre of conservatives, libertarians and others who have shown no hesitation to buck the party leadership, has been heavily critical of the AHCA" 
  26. ↑ Boguhn, Ally (June 21, 2016). "The House Freedom Fund Bankrolls Some of Congress' Most Anti-Choice Candidates". https://rewire.news/article/2016/06/21/house-freedom-fund-bankrolls-congress-anti-choice-candidates/. 
  27. ↑ Wong, Scott (May 22, 2018). "Freedom Caucus bruised but unbowed in GOP primary fights". https://thehill.com/homenews/house/388683-freedom-caucus-bruised-but-unbowed-in-gop-primary-fights/. 
  28. ↑ January 6th Committee (2022). The January 6 Report: Findings from the Select Committee to Investigate the Jan. 6 Attack on the U.S. Capitol with Reporting, Analysis and Visuals by the New York Times. Twelve. pp. 55, 58, 178, 265-266, 294, 319, 435. ISBN 9781538742167. OCLC 1356971630. 
  29. ↑ Wofford, Ben (July 28, 2017). "Charlie Dent's War" (in en). https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/07/28/charlie-dent-profile-moderates-trump-tuesday-group-215417/. 
  30. ↑ French, Lauren (January 26, 2015). "9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus". https://www.politico.com/story/2015/01/house-freedom-caucus-conservative-legislation-114593. 
  31. ↑ Lizza, Ryan (December 7, 2015). "The War Inside the Republican Party" (in en). The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/14/a-house-divided. 
  32. ↑ "House Freedom Caucus was Born in Hershey". Politicspa. December 7, 2015. https://www.politicspa.com/house-freedom-caucus-was-born-in-hershey/71193/. 
  33. ↑ French, Lauren (March 3, 2015). "Conservatives offer John Boehner another DHS deal". https://www.politico.com/story/2015/03/conservatives-offer-john-boehner-another-dhs-deal-115684.html#ixzz3TJnOXyH7. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lizza, Ryan. "A House Divided". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/14/a-house-divided. 
  35. ↑ Steinhauer, Jennifer (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner, House Speaker, Will Resign From Congress". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/us/john-boehner-to-resign-from-congress.html. 
  36. ↑ Marcos, Cristina. "Boehner rebels replaced on committee". The Hill. https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/238753-house-panel-replaces-members-after-boehner-rebellion/. 
  37. ↑ Wong, Scott (June 27, 2015). "The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders". The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/house/246337-the-dozen-rebels-targeted-by-gop-leaders/. 
  38. ↑ "A Brief History of the 2013 Government Shutdown" (in en). http://www.mediaite.com/tv/a-brief-history-of-the-2013-government-shutdown/. 
  39. ↑ Jacobs, Ryan (October 4, 2013). "32 Republicans Who Caused the Government Shutdown". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/10/32-republicans-who-caused-the-government-shutdown/280236/. 
  40. ↑ Lizza, Ryan (December 14, 2015). "A House Divided". http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/14/a-house-divided. 
  41. ↑ "Kevin McCarthy Announces Run for Speaker of the House". September 28, 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/09/kevin-mccarthy-announces-run-for-speaker-of-the-house/407779/. 
  42. ↑ DeBonis, Mike; Costa, Robert; Helderman, Rosalind S. (October 8, 2015). "House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy drops out of race for House speaker". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/10/08/house-majority-leader-kevin-mccarthy-drops-out-of-race-for-house-speaker/. 
  43. ↑ "In Context: What Kevin McCarthy said about Hillary Clinton and Benghazi" (in en). PolitiFact. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/oct/07/context-what-kevin-mccarthy-said-about-hillary-cli/. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Rep. Ribble leaves Freedom Caucus over moves in leadership race". Politico. October 8, 2015. https://www.politico.com/blogs/the-gavel/2015/10/ribble-leaves-freedom-caucus-214596. 
  45. ↑ David M. Herszenhorn (October 21, 2015), "Freedom Caucus Is Key to Paul Ryan House Speaker Decision", The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/us/politics/paul-ryan-house-speaker-freedom-caucus.html 
  46. ↑ DeBonis, Mike; Costa, Robert (October 21, 2015). "'Supermajority' of House Freedom Caucus to back Paul Ryan's speaker bid". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supermajority-of-house-freedom-caucus-to-back-paul-ryans-speaker-bid/2015/10/21/d7411964-781e-11e5-a958-d889faf561dc_story.html. 
  47. ↑ Steinhauer, Jennifer (October 29, 2015). "Paul Ryan Is Elected House Speaker, Hoping to Manage Chaos". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/us/politics/paul-ryan-set-to-take-over-as-speaker-hoping-to-manage-the-chaos.html. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Nguyen, Tina (October 30, 2017). ""Idiots," "Anarchists," and "Assholes": Boehner Unloads on Republicans" (in en). The Hive. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/10/john-boehner-on-republican-party. 
  49. ↑ Schneider, Elena (August 15, 2016). "The GOP establishment strikes back". Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/gop-establishment-strikes-back-house-freedom-caucus-226997. 
  50. ↑ Robertson, Joe; Tate, Curtis (August 2, 2016). "Tea party's Tim Huelskamp ousted by challenger Roger Marshall in Kansas congressional race". The Kansas City Star. http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/election/article93390117.html. 
  51. ↑ Bade, Rachael (November 13, 2016). "Can the Freedom Caucus survive Donald Trump?" (in en). https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/house-freedom-caucus-donald-trump-231258. 
  52. ↑ "House Freedom Caucus plots return to relevance as GOP eyes majority". September 22, 2022. https://www.axios.com/2022/09/22/house-freedom-caucus-relevancy-mccarthy. 
  53. ↑ "Breaking: House Republicans withdraw health care bill". CNN Wire. KFOR-TV. March 24, 2017. http://kfor.com/2017/03/24/breaking-house-republicans-withdraw-health-care-bill/. "Freedom Caucus members stood by their ideological objections to a bill they say does not go far enough in repealing Obamacare." 
  54. ↑ Shannon Pettypiece Jennifer Jacobs & Billy House, Trump Meets Freedom Caucus and Result Is Legislative Disaster, Bloomberg (March 25, 2017).
  55. ↑ Eliza Collins, Collapse of Obamacare repeal plan puts Freedom Caucus in complicated spot, USA Today (March 24, 2017): "While the bill faced critics from all factions of the party, no group played more of a role in sinking the legislation than the Freedom Caucus."
  56. ↑ "Trump tweets about Democrats, Freedom Caucus after health care bill fails". CBS News. March 26, 2017. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-tweets-about-democrats-freedom-caucus-after-health-care-bill-fails/. 
  57. ↑ Weber, Joseph (March 26, 2017). "Trump hits Freedom Caucus, Washington conservatives for nixing ObamaCare overhaul". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/26/trump-hits-freedom-caucus-washington-conservatives-for-nixing-obamacare-overhaul.amp.html. 
  58. ↑ Abby Livingston, "U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus", Texas Tribune (March 26, 2017).
  59. ↑ Glenn Thrush, "'We Must Fight Them': Trump Goes After Conservatives of Freedom Caucus", The New York Times (March 30, 2017).
  60. ↑ Jordan Fabian, Trump threatens to 'fight' Freedom Caucus in midterms, The Hill (March 30, 2017).
  61. ↑ Golshan, Tara (August 28, 2017). "Meet the most powerful man in the House". Vox. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/28/16107200/mark-meadows-freedom-caucus-explained. 
  62. ↑ Cheney, Kyle (May 7, 2018). "Trump's GOP 'warriors' lead charge against Mueller". https://www.politico.com/story/2018/05/07/trump-mueller-republican-warriors-congress-571562. 
  63. ↑ "House Freedom Caucus votes to condemn Amash's impeachment comments". The Hill. May 20, 2019. https://thehill.com/homenews/house/444691-house-freedom-caucus-votes-to-condemn-amashs-impeachment-comments/. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Byrd, Haley; Sullivan, Kate (June 11, 2019). "Justin Amash leaves the conservative Freedom Caucus". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/10/politics/justin-amash-leaves-freedom-caucus. 
  65. ↑ "Rep. Justin Amash explores Libertarian presidential run". NBC News. April 28, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/rep-justin-amash-explores-libertarian-presidential-run-n1194941. 
  66. ↑ Brufke, JulieGrace (October 8, 2019). "Freedom Caucus demands release of full Volker transcript" (in en). https://thehill.com/homenews/house/464889-freedom-caucus-demands-release-of-full-volker-transcript/. 
  67. ↑ Andrews, Natalie; Wise, Lindsay (November 8, 2019). "House Freedom Caucus Emerges as Trump's Main Defender". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-freedom-caucus-emerges-as-trumps-main-defender-11573214400. Retrieved February 28, 2021. 
  68. ↑ "Trump Names Mark Meadows Chief of Staff, Ousting Mick Mulvaney". The New York Times. March 6, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/06/us/politics/trump-mark-meadows-mick-mulvaney.html. 
  69. ↑ "House conservatives pile on Cheney at GOP conference meeting". Politico. July 21, 2020. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/21/house-cheney-gop-conference-375812. 
  70. ↑ Gould, Joe (December 8, 2020). "Defying Trump, House approves defense bill with veto-proof majority". Sightline Media Group. https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2020/12/08/defying-trump-house-oks-defense-bill-335-78/. ""The House Freedom Caucus, a bloc of roughly three-dozen conservatives, backed Trump's position Tuesday and said its members would vote against the bill."" 
  71. ↑ Rachael Bade, Josh Dawsey & Tom Hamburger, Trump pressures congressional Republicans to help in his fight to overturn the election, Washington Post (December 10, 2020).
  72. ↑ Farnoush Amiri, Evidence mounts of GOP involvement in Trump election schemes, Associated Press (May 1, 2022).
  73. ↑ Keith Newell (November 17, 2022). "2020 election objectors overwhelmingly won reelection, but largely raised less money than the average incumbent Republican". OpenSecrets.org (Center for Responsive Politics). https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2022/11/2020-election-objectors-overwhelmingly-won-reelection-but-largely-raised-less-money-than-the-average-incumbent-republican/. 
  74. ↑ Mike DeBonis, Josh Dawsey & Seung Min Kim, Several senior Republicans join impeachment push, Washington Post (January 13, 2021).
  75. ↑ Catie Edmondson, Cheney facing internal backlash for impeachment vote as Republican rifts deepen over Trump., New York Times (January 14, 2021).
  76. ↑ Lindsey McPherson, House impeaches Trump in wake of mob attack on Capitol, Roll Call (January 13, 2021).
  77. ↑ Solender, Andrew (April 17, 2021). "America First Caucus Rejected By Right-Wing Freedom Caucus". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/04/17/america-first-caucus-rejected-even-by-right-wing-freedom-caucus/?sh=4af8830336a8. Retrieved November 15, 2022. 
  78. ↑ Diaz, Daniella (April 18, 2021). "Marjorie Taylor Greene scraps planned launch of controversial 'America First' caucus amid blowback from GOP". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/17/politics/marjorie-taylor-greene-america-first-caucus/index.html. 
  79. ↑ Alemany, Jacqueline; Sotomayor, Marianna; Dawsey, Josh (November 21, 2021). "A MAGA squad of Trump loyalists sees its influence grow amid demands for political purity among Republicans". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/greene-boebert-gosar-gaetz/2021/11/20/c77dc78a-47dd-11ec-973c-be864f938c72_story.html. 
  80. ↑ Bedayn, Jesse (November 11, 2022). "Trump loyalist Boebert's reelection bid could go to recount". ABC News. Associated Press / Report for America. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/trump-loyalist-boeberts-reelection-bid-recount-93075542. 
  81. ↑ Ball, Molly (June 14, 2022). "How the 'MAGA Squad' Is Building Power to Control the Next Congress". Time. https://time.com/6186037/matt-gaetz-marjorie-taylor-greene-maga-house-republicans/. Retrieved November 15, 2022. 
  82. ↑ Itkowitz, Colby (December 26, 2021). "House MAGA squad seeks to expand by boosting challengers to fellow Republicans". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/house-maga-squad/2021/12/26/654f49ea-5448-11ec-8769-2f4ecdf7a2ad_story.html. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Carney, Jordain (August 24, 2022). "The House Freedom Caucus is urging Senate Republicans to oppose a same-sex marriage bill. Their chairperson voted for it." (in en). https://www.politico.com/minutes/congress/07-22-2022/freedom-caucus-split/. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 Emily Brooks, Seven hard-line House Republicans lay out Speaker demands amid McCarthy opposition, The Hill (December 9, 2022).
  85. ↑ Matt Fuller, Sam Brodey & Zachary Petrizzo, Kevin McCarthy's Speakership Is in Trouble Before It Starts, Daily Beast (November 10, 2022).
  86. ↑ Beavers, Olivia; Carney, Jordain (November 10, 2022). "House Freedom Caucus ties itself in knots over challenging McCarthy". Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/10/mccarthy-freedom-caucus-midterms-00066149. 
  87. ↑ Brooks, Emily (November 14, 2022). "Rep. Andy Biggs to challenge McCarthy for Speaker". The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3735560-rep-andy-biggs-to-challenge-mccarthy-for-speaker/. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Erin Doherty & Andrew Solender, McCarthy: Democrats could influence House speaker pick if GOP doesn't unite, Axios (November 29, 2022).
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Elliott, Philip (November 22, 2022). "The NeverKevins Can Still Block McCarthy's Bid for Speaker". Time. https://time.com/6236249/kevin-mccarthy-speaker-bid-challenges/. Retrieved February 13, 2025. 
  90. ↑ Tully-McManis, Katherine (November 10, 2022). "Freedom Caucus prepares to flex". Politico. https://www.politico.com/newsletters/huddle/2022/11/10/freedom-caucus-prepares-to-flex-00066164. 
  91. ↑ Solender, Andrew (November 15, 2022). "Freedom Caucus fires its warning shot at McCarthy". Axios. https://www.axios.com/2022/11/15/freedom-caucus-kevin-mccarthy-house-speaker. 
  92. ↑ Basu, Zachary (November 14, 2022). "Marjorie Taylor Greene breaks with far-right allies on McCarthy challenge". https://www.axios.com/2022/11/14/marjorie-taylor-greene-mccarthy-speaker. 
  93. ↑ Olson, Tyler (November 4, 2022). "Byron Donalds, seeking a House GOP leadership post, wants to decentralize power away from party leaders". Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/byron-donalds-seeking-house-gop-leadership-post-wants-decentralize-power-away-party-leaders. 
  94. ↑ "Rep. Lisa McClain wins race to become next House Republican conference secretary". Washington Examiner. November 15, 2022. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/house/lisa-mcclain-next-house-republican-conference-secretar. 
  95. ↑ Walsh, Deirdre (November 15, 2022). "McCarthy nominated speaker in internal GOP vote but he faces conservative resistance". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136811629/mccarthy-nominated-house-speaker-gop-republicans. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Olivia Beavers & Jordain Carney, Wanted by McCarthy critics: 1 qualified alternative speaker, Politico (December 11, 2022).
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 Andrew Solender, McCarthy's math problem, Axios (November 30, 2022).
  98. ↑ "How Far Right Are the 20 Republicans Who Voted Against McCarthy?". The New York Times. January 4, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/01/04/us/politics/house-speaker-republicans-vote-against-mccarthy.html. 
  99. ↑ "House passes rules package that was at heart of McCarthy's speaker battle". CBS News. January 10, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/house-rules-republicans-kevin-mccarthy-speaker-concessions-conservatives/. 
  100. ↑ McCann Ramirez, Nikki (June 21, 2023). "MTG Loses It, Calls Lauren Boebert a 'Little B-tch' On House Floor: Report" (in en-US). Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-lauren-boebert-little-bitch-house-floor-meltdown-1234775911/. 
  101. ↑ Carney, Jordain (July 6, 2023). "Marjorie Taylor Greene booted from House Freedom Caucus" (in en). Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/06/marjorie-taylor-greene-booted-out-of-freedom-caucus-member-says-00104997. 
  102. ↑ Cowan, Richard; Slattery, Gram (June 2, 2023). "US Congress averts historic default, approves debt-limit suspension". https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-senate-aims-quick-passage-debt-ceiling-bill-avoid-default-2023-06-01/. 
  103. ↑ Morgan, David; Walker, Josephine (July 27, 2023). "US House approves first 2024 spending bill, delays a second". https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-votes-approve-first-2024-spending-bill-2023-07-27/. 
  104. ↑ Hunnicutt, Trevor (June 5, 2023). "Biden signs debt limit bill, avoiding U.S. default". https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-signs-bill-lifting-us-debt-limit-2023-06-03/. 
  105. ↑ Weiss, Laura; Reilly, Caitlin; McPherson, Lindsey (May 31, 2023). "Debt limit rule adopted after Democrats ride to rescue" (in en-US). Roll Call. https://rollcall.com/2023/05/31/debt-limit-rule-vote-emerges-as-key-question-mark/. 
  106. ↑ Carney, Jordan; Wu, Nicholas; Ferris, Sarah (May 31, 2023). "House clears final procedural hurdle before expected passage of debt bill". Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/31/mccarthy-drags-debt-deal-towards-floor-vote-00099410. 
  107. ↑ Becket, Stefan; Watson, Kathryn (June 2, 2023). "Who voted against the debt ceiling bill in Congress, and who voted for it?" (in en-US). CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/debt-ceiling-bill-house-senate-roll-call-votes/. 
  108. ↑ Kim, Ellis; MacFarlane, Scott (June 6, 2023). "House GOP rules vote on gas stoves goes up in flames" (in en-US). CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gas-stoves-house-rules-vote-goes-up-in-flames/. 
  109. ↑ Morgan, David (June 12, 2023). "McCarthy, US House hardliners reach deal to allow votes" (in en-US). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/livid-us-house-conservatives-poised-next-battle-with-mccarthy-2023-06-12/. 
  110. ↑ Kapur, Sahil; Wong, Scott; Vitali, Ali; Kaplan, Rebecca (September 19, 2023). "Republican infighting paralyzes the House as some call a shutdown inevitable" (in en-US). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/republican-infighting-paralyzes-house-call-shutdown-inevitable-rcna105882. 
  111. ↑ Kapur, Sahil; Wong, Scott; Stewart, Kyle; Kaplan, Rebecca (September 19, 2023). "Deflated House Republicans leave town with no solution for government shutdown" (in en-US). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-republicans-still-dont-votes-government-shutdown-looms-rcna111338. 
  112. ↑ Edmondson, Catie; Guo, Kayla; Hulse, Carl (September 29, 2023). "Right Wing Tanks Stopgap Bill in House, Pushing Government Toward a Shutdown" (in en-US). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/us/politics/shutdown-mccarthy.html. 
  113. ↑ Hulse, Carl (September 10, 2023). "Congress Embarks on Spending Battle as Shutdown Looms at End of September". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/10/us/politics/congress-spending-battle.html. 
  114. ↑ Hulse, Carl (September 11, 2023). "McCarthy Is Under the Gun as the House Returns for a Spending Fight". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/11/us/politics/mccarthy-house-spending-fight.html. 
  115. ↑ Beavers, Olivia; Ferris, Sarah; Diaz, Daniella; Wu, Nicholas (September 29, 2023). "Matt Gaetz is reaching out to Dems about a McCarthy ouster". Politico. https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2023/09/29/congress/gaetz-courts-dems-00119085. 
  116. ↑ Hulse, Carl; Edmondson, Catie (September 30, 2023). "Senate Voting to Keep Government Running Through Mid-November". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/09/30/us/government-shutdown-news. 
  117. ↑ Karni, Annie (September 22, 2023). "With House Hurtling Toward a Shutdown, Gaetz Is Leading the Resistance". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/22/us/politics/house-republicans-shutdown-gaetz.html. 
  118. ↑ Demirjian, Karoun (October 1, 2023). "Gaetz Says He Will Move to Oust McCarthy for Working With Democrats". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/01/us/politics/mccarthy-speaker-gaetz.html. 
  119. ↑ Edmondson, Catie (October 2, 2023). "Gaetz Moves to Oust McCarthy, Threatening His Grip on the Speakership". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/us/politics/mccarthy-gaetz-house-speaker.html. 
  120. ↑ Edmondson, Catie; Broadwater, Luke (October 3, 2023). "House to Decide McCarthy's Future as Speaker". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/03/us/mccarthy-gaetz-speaker-news/kevin-mccarthy-speaker. 
  121. ↑ Gamio, Lazaro; González Gómez, Martín; Migliozzi, Blacki; Shao, Elena; Wu, Ashley; Murphy, John-Michael (October 25, 2023). "Vote Count: Mike Johnson Elected House Speaker After Three-Week Vacancy". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/10/17/us/politics/house-speaker-vote-tally.html. 
  122. ↑ Hulse, Carl (November 14, 2023). "In His First Big Showdown, an Unyielding Conservative Yields" (in en). https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/us/politics/mike-johnson-shutdown-spending-bill.html. 
  123. ↑ Kane, Paul (November 15, 2023). "Speaker Johnson's honeymoon period is over – or never even began" (in en). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/15/johnson-mccarthy-republican-house/. 
  124. ↑ Quigley, Aidan (2024-01-07). "Congressional leaders announce topline deal on appropriations" (in en-US). https://rollcall.com/2024/01/07/deal-reached-on-appropriations-toplines-sources-say/. 
  125. ↑ Sotomayor, Marianna (January 8, 2024). "House GOP stares down another internal fiscal fight as deadline looms". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/08/house-republicans-spending-debate/. 
  126. ↑ Morgan, David (January 10, 2024). "US House Republican hardliners challenge Johnson over spending deal". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-republican-hardliners-challenge-johnson-over-spending-deal-2024-01-10/. 
  127. ↑ Mascaro, Lisa (January 20, 2024). "GOP Speaker Mike Johnson has a House majority in name only. He's left with daunting choices ahead". The AP. https://apnews.com/article/republicans-speaker-johnson-conservatives-biden-border-shutdown-87d0a2a6a0159e0af9b7c91eac8f3b62. 
  128. ↑ Shutt, Jennifer (2024-02-13). "U.S. Senate sends to the House a $95 billion aid package for Ukraine, Israel, Taiwan • Missouri Independent" (in en-US). https://missouriindependent.com/2024/02/13/u-s-senate-sends-to-the-house-a-95-billion-aid-package-for-ukraine-israel-taiwan/. 
  129. ↑ Hulse, Carl (April 21, 2024). "Necessity Gives Rise to Bipartisanship – for Now". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/21/us/politics/house-aid-coalition-ukraine-israel.html. 
  130. ↑ Greyer, Annie; Talbot, Haley (April 19, 2024). "House takes key step forward on foreign aid bills with Democratic support, setting up final vote Saturday". CNN Politics. https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/18/politics/foreign-aid-bills-house-rule-vote/index.html. 
  131. ↑ Hulse, Carl (April 29, 2024). "Jeffries's Hint of a Lifeline Bolstered Johnson on Ukraine. Will He Need It?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/29/us/politics/hakeem-jeffries-mike-johnson-ukraine.html. 
  132. ↑ "House rejects Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene's effort to remove Speaker Mike Johnson from office" (in en). 2024-05-08. https://apnews.com/article/speaker-johnson-oust-motion-to-vacate-marjorie-taylor-greene-482da113f542b62ee00b5f1692f58a5b. 
  133. ↑ Sprunt, Barbara (May 8, 2024). "Bid to oust Speaker Johnson fails but GOP turmoil remains". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2024/05/08/1249484871/bid-to-oust-speaker-johnson-fails. 
  134. ↑ Gorman, Reese; Fuller, Matt (April 7, 2024). "Inside the Freedom Caucus and Trump's Newly Frosty Relationship". The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-the-freedom-caucus-and-trumps-newly-frosty-relationship. 
  135. ↑ "House Freedom Caucus drops two members in one night". Axios. July 8, 2024. https://www.axios.com/2024/07/09/freedom-caucus-warren-davidson-troy-nehls-bob-good. 
  136. ↑ Schmidt, Markus (June 19, 2024). "McGuire claims victory in 5th District GOP primary as his margin over Good shrinks slightly". Cardinal News. https://cardinalnews.org/2024/06/19/mcguire-claims-victory-in-5th-district-gop-primary-as-his-margin-over-good-shrinks-slightly/. 
  137. ↑ Beavers, Olivia; Carney, Jordain (August 1, 2024). "Inside the Freedom Caucus' worsening identity crisis". https://www.politico.com/news/2024/08/01/house-freedom-caucus-leadership-feuds-00172176. 
  138. ↑ Mutnick, Ally; Beavers, Olivia (August 1, 2024). "Recount confirms Bob Good's loss after GOP rallies to oust one of their own". https://www.politico.com/news/2024/08/01/recount-confirms-bob-goods-loss-after-gop-rallies-to-oust-one-of-their-own-00172424. 
  139. ↑ Schnell, Mychael (September 9, 2024). "Good to officially step down as Freedom Caucus chair by end of week". https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4870863-bob-good-freedom-caucus/. 
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Carney, Jordain; Beavers, Olivia (September 17, 2024). "Andy Harris win House Freedom Caucus chairmanship". https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/09/17/congress/andy-harris-house-freedom-caucus-chair-00179750. 
  141. ↑ Schnell, Mychael (26 July 2024). "Some House Republicans slam Vance as Trump's VP pick: 'The worst choice'". The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/4793818-vance-vp-trump-house-republicans/. 
  142. ↑ Beavers, Olivia; Carney, Jordain (November 9, 2024). "Conservatives weigh potential show of opposition against Johnson". https://www.politico.com/news/2024/11/09/conservatives-opposition-johnson-00188615. 
  143. ↑ Brooks, Emily; Schnell, Michael (November 13, 2024). "House Republicans strike deal to make it harder to oust Speaker". https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4989395-republicans-oust-speaker-motion-to-vacate-deal/. 
  144. ↑ Bade, Rachael; Olivia, Beavers; Carney, Jordain (December 18, 2024). "Johnson weighs spending plan B as Elon Musk stokes opposition". https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/12/18/congress/johnsons-spending-plan-b-00195169. 
  145. ↑ Sherman, Jake; Bresnahan, John; Zanona, Melanie; Soellner, Mica (December 18, 2024). "Trump nukes Mike Johnson". https://punchbowl.news/archive/12-18-24-am-only-special-edition-sponsored/. 
  146. ↑ Adragna, Anthony (December 19, 2024). "Rand Paul floats Musk for speaker". Politico. https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/12/19/congress/speaker-musk-00195302. 
  147. ↑ "Rand Paul floats Elon Musk for House Speaker". December 19, 2024. https://www.axios.com/2024/12/19/gop-senator-rand-paul-elon-musk-speaker-of-house. 
  148. ↑ Solender, Andrew (December 21, 2024). "Mike Johnson's GOP rebels want their own Nancy Pelosi". https://www.axios.com/2024/12/21/mike-johnson-speaker-vote-freedom-caucus-pelosi. 
  149. ↑ Sotomayor, Marianna; Kornfield, Maryl; Alfaro, Mariana (December 30, 2024). "Trump endorses Mike Johnson for reelection as House speaker ahead of perilous vote". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/12/30/trump-endorses-house-speaker-mike-johnson/. 
  150. ↑ Haberman, Maggie; Swan, Jonathan (December 30, 2024). "Trump Endorses Mike Johnson to Continue as House Speaker". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/30/us/politics/trump-johnson-house-speaker.html?unlocked_article_code=1.lU4.SjH0.CXfOhWFj61-l&smid=url-share. 
  151. ↑ Beavers, Olivia (December 16, 2024). "GOP lawmaker boycotts meetings and panels, saying she doesn't 'need to be involved in circuses'". Politico. https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/12/16/congress/spartzs-boycott-panel-meetings-gop-00194642. 
  152. ↑ Solender, Andrew (December 30, 2024). "Mike Johnson holdouts persist after Trump endorsement". https://www.axios.com/2024/12/30/mike-johnson-holdouts-trump-endorsement-jan-3. 
  153. ↑ Goldsberry, Jenny (December 30, 2024). "Victoria Spartz not committed to vote Mike Johnson as speaker over Trump's agenda". The Washington Examiner. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/3272174/victoria-spartz-mike-johnson-speakership-trump-agenda/. 
  154. ↑ Morin, Rebecca (December 30, 2024). "Trump endorses Mike Johnson for House Speaker: Which Republican lawmakers are opposed?". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/12/30/mike-johnson-house-speaker-trump-republican-holdouts/77326912007/. 
  155. ↑ Brooks, Emily (December 31, 2024). "Chip Roy on Johnson: 'I don't believe he has the votes'". The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/house/5061200-chip-roy-undecided-mike-johnson-speaker/. 
  156. ↑ Pecorin, Allison; Jones II, Arthur; Parkinson, John; Peller, Lauren (December 31, 2024). "Republicans raising questions about Johnson's reelection as House speaker". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/mike-johnsons-speaker-reelection-single-republican-vote/story?id=117230034. 
  157. ↑ Beggin, Riley; Pitofsky, Marina; Kuchar, Savannah; Venugopal Ramaswamy, Swapna; Kochi, Sudiksha; Jansen, Bart (January 3, 2025). "Live Updates: Johnson wins the battle for House speaker as holdouts relent". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/01/03/house-speaker-vote-live-updates/77242706007/. 
  158. ↑ Bonner, Annemarie (3 January 2025). "Rep. Stephanie Bice says Johnson won over holdouts by 'listening' to concerns". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/live-blog/congress-first-day-2025-live-updates-rcna184508. 
  159. ↑ Desjardins, Lisa; Midura, Kyle; Couzens, Ian (2025-01-03). "Johnson retains speakership, faces narrow GOP majority to implement Trump's agenda" (in en-us). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/johnson-retains-speakership-faces-narrow-gop-majority-to-implement-trumps-agenda. 
  160. ↑ Gorman, Reese; González, Oriana; Diaz, Daniella (March 25, 2025). "'They Want to Play Hardball': Freedom Caucus Tries to Kill Discharge Petition From One of Its Own" (in en). NOTUS. https://www.notus.org/congress/hardball-freedom-caucus-discharge-petition-proxy-voting-anna-paulina-luna. 
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 Solender, Andrew (March 31, 2025). "Freedom Caucus loses another member to internal divisions" (in en). Axios. https://www.axios.com/2025/03/31/freedom-caucus-anna-paulina-luna-proxy-voting. 
  162. ↑ Solender, Andrew (April 1, 2025). "House votes to defy Mike Johnson in painful blow" (in en). Axios. https://www.axios.com/2025/04/01/mike-johnson-anna-paulina-luna-proxy-voting. 
  163. ↑ Lee Hill, Meredith (April 2, 2025). "Johnson digs in against proxy voting, citing House's 'integrity'" (in en). Politico. https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/04/02/congress/johnson-slams-proxy-voting-00267348. 
  164. ↑ Yilek, Caitlin (April 7, 2025). "Luna reaches deal with Johnson after standoff over remote votes for new parents" (in en). CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anna-paulina-luna-mike-johnson-proxy-voting-new-parents/. 
  165. ↑ "Multiple House Freedom Caucus members on track to leave Congress - CBS News" (in en-US). https://www.cbsnews.com/video/multiple-house-freedom-caucus-members-on-track-to-leave-congress/. 
  166. ↑ "Hard-right Freedom Caucus could be gutted as key members run for new jobs in 2026" (in en). 2025-08-27. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/hard-right-freedom-caucus-gutted-key-members-run-new-jobs-2026-rcna227209. 
  167. ↑ "GOP megadonors finance major campaign against potential House rabble-rousers" (in en). 2024-03-04. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/gop-megadonors-house-freedom-caucus-primaries-rcna140792. 
  168. ↑ Kondik, Kyle (2023-01-04). "The Political Profile of McCarthy's Detractors" (in en-US). https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/the-political-profile-of-mccarthys-detractors/. 
  169. ↑ "Freedom Caucus Works to Expand Membership in Potential Majority" (in en-US). 2022-05-06. https://about.bgov.com/insights/news/freedom-caucus-works-to-expand-membership-in-potential-majority/. 
  170. ↑ Wong, Julia Carrie (2020-08-24). "'Mind-bogglingly irresponsible': meet the Republican donors helping QAnon reach Congress" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/24/mind-bogglingly-irresponsible-meet-the-republican-donors-helping-qanon-reach-congress. 
  171. ↑ "House Freedom Action" (in en-US). https://housefreedomaction.com/. 
  172. ↑ "Turmoil roils the House Freedom Caucus" (in en-US). https://punchbowl.news/article/house/bob-good-house-freedom-caucus-turmoil/. 
  173. ↑ Solender, Andrew (2024-10-15). "Mike Johnson-linked PAC rushes to bail out ex-Freedom Caucus Chair Scott Perry" (in en). https://www.axios.com/2024/10/15/mike-johnson-scott-perry-freedom-caucus. 
  174. ↑ "Freedom Caucus Foundation" (in en-US). 2025-06-12. https://freedomcaucus.org/. 
  175. ↑ Brooks, Emily (2025-06-03). "Freedom Caucus nonprofit debuts big, beautiful ad". https://thehill.com/newsletters/5329514-american-compass-think-tank-trump-populism/. 
  176. ↑ "HFC-related group touts concessions in reconciliation ad" (in en-US). https://punchbowl.news/article/house/hfc-group-touts-concessions-reconciliation-ad/. 
  177. ↑ Schaefer, Peder (2024-03-12). "The Freedom Caucus Has Been Wreaking Havoc On Washington. Now It's Exporting the Chaos to the States." (in en). https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/03/12/freedom-caucus-00146569. 
  178. ↑ Wiener, Don (2025-02-05). "State Freedom Caucuses Push MAGA Agenda, Tone Down Intra-Party Squabbles" (in en-US). https://www.exposedbycmd.org/2025/02/05/state-freedom-caucuses-push-maga-agenda-tone-down-intra-party-squabbles/. 
  179. ↑ "CPI 2022 Annual Report". https://www.cpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2022-CPI-AnnualReport-.pdf. 
  180. ↑ "Rep. Boebert Elected as House Freedom Caucus Communications Chair" (in en). January 20, 2022. https://boebert.house.gov/media/press-releases/rep-boebert-elected-house-freedom-caucus-communications-chair. 
  181. ↑ "Mark Meadows Elected House Freedom Caucus Chairperson" (in en). December 6, 2016. https://www.rollcall.com/2016/12/05/mark-meadows-elected-house-freedom-caucus-chairman. 
  182. ↑ Zanona, Melanie (September 10, 2019). "House Freedom Caucus picks Andy Biggs as new chairperson" (in en). https://politi.co/30784Cj. 
  183. ↑ Falconer, Rebecca (November 16, 2021). "House Freedom Caucus elects GOP Rep. Scott Perry as next chair". Axios. https://www.axios.com/gop-rep-scott-perry-house-freedom-caucus-chair-cf857229-80a0-4ea7-80d8-b837b55703bd.html. 
  184. ↑ Beavers, Olivia (December 11, 2023). "Freedom Caucus elects new chair: Bob Good, who voted to boot McCarthy". Politico. https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2023/12/11/congress/good-gets-ahead-00131226. 
  185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 Huetteman, Emmarie (March 20, 2017). "On Health Law, G.O.P. Faces a Formidable Policy Foe: House Republicans". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/20/us/politics/on-health-law-gop-faces-a-formidable-policy-foe-house-republicans.html. "So secretive that it will not disclose the names of its members, [...] the roughly three dozen" 
  186. ↑ Benen, Steve (February 13, 2020). "House Freedom Caucus members move from the fringe to power". MSNBC. https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/house-freedom-caucus-members-move-fringe-power-n1136351. 
  187. ↑ Herszenhorn, David M. (October 7, 2015). "Hard-Line Republicans Want to Change More Than House Speaker". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/08/us/politics/hard-line-republicans-flex-muscle-as-election-of-house-speaker-looms.html. 
  188. ↑ "Committees and Caucuses | Representative Barry Moore". January 3, 2021. https://barrymoore.house.gov/about/committees-and-caucuses. 
  189. ↑ Wong, Scott (December 4, 2020). "McCarthy woos Freedom Caucus with eye on Speakership". The Hill. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/mccarthy-woos-freedom-caucus-with-eye-on-speakership/ar-BB1bD663. "Gary Palmer (Ala.), a Freedom Caucus member" 
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  191. ↑ Hansen, Ronald J. (March 24, 2017). "Two Arizona Republican House members helped sink 'Obamacare' repeal". http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2017/03/24/two-arizona-republican-house-members-helped-sink-health-bill/99571014/. 
  192. ↑ Vakil, Cathrine (January 21, 2025). "Biggs takes step toward launching Arizona governor's bid". https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5098514-rep-andy-biggs-files-statement-of-interest/. 
  193. ↑ Garcia, Eric (July 18, 2018). "Gosar Endorses Ward Over McSally in Arizona Senate Race". https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/gosar-endorses-kelli-ward. 
  194. ↑ "Committees and Caucuses | Representative Lauren Boebert". January 3, 2021. https://boebert.house.gov/about/committees-and-caucuses. 
  195. ↑ "As House Republicans Brace for Losses, Freedom Caucus Prepares for Growth" (in en). October 31, 2018. https://www.rollcall.com/2018/10/31/as-house-republicans-brace-for-losses-freedom-caucus-prepares-for-growth/. 
  196. ↑ DeSilver, Drew (2023-01-23). "Freedom Caucus likely to play a bigger role in new GOP-led House. So who are they?" (in en-US). https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/01/23/freedom-caucus-likely-to-play-a-bigger-role-in-new-gop-led-house-so-who-are-they/. 
  197. ↑ "Byron Donalds says he'll join House Freedom and Black Congressional Caucuses · the Floridian". September 18, 2020. https://floridianpress.com/2020/09/byron-donalds-says-hell-join-house-freedom-and-black-congressional-caucuses/. 
  198. ↑ Dean, Ed (2024-04-09). "Congressional Florida House Freedom Caucus Members Earmarked Millions From Taxpayers - Florida Daily" (in en-US). https://floridadaily.com/congressional-florida-house-freedom-caucus-members-earmarked-millions-from-taxpayers/. 
  199. ↑ Matat, Stephany (February 25, 2025). "Rep. Byron Donalds, backed by Trump, says he's running for Florida governor". https://apnews.com/article/byron-donalds-florida-governor-elections-2026-trump-5884b17305d6ef64408934dbdd65a210. 
  200. ↑ Haroun, Azmi. "13 members of the pro-Trump House Freedom Caucus refused to condemn Myanmar's generals who violently overthrew elected leaders" (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/freedom-caucus-gop-members-refuse-condemn-myanmar-coup-2021-3. 
  201. ↑ "3 strikes for McCarthy – but he's not out yet". Politico. January 3, 2022. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/03/mccarthy-speaker-house-vote-00076047. 
  202. ↑ "Committees and Caucuses" (in en). https://fulcher.house.gov/committees-and-caucuses. 
  203. ↑ "Who is Mary Miller, Republican representative for Illinois' 15th Congressional District?". January 7, 2021. https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/editorials/ct-who-is-mary-miller-15th-congressional-district-candidate-20200228-qdc257smdbevdfxvpt5sfepcg4-story.html. 
  204. ↑ 204.0 204.1 Roche, Darragh (November 10, 2022). "Full list of Freedom Caucus Members after 2022 midterms results" (in en). https://www.newsweek.com/who-house-freedom-caucus-full-list-members-after-midterms-results-1758547. 
  205. ↑ "Committees & Caucuses" (in en). December 13, 2012. https://clayhiggins.house.gov/about/committees-and-caucuses. 
  206. ↑ Campbell, Colin (April 17, 2020). "Rep. Andy Harris, House Freedom Caucus send letter urging Trump to reopen economy". https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-20200417-dzzmt6wjxjdarfhe2omknfg5ja-story.html. 
  207. ↑ DeSilver, Drew (January 23, 2023). "Freedom Caucus likely to play a bigger role in new GOP-led House. So who are they?". https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2023/01/23/freedom-caucus-likely-to-play-a-bigger-role-in-new-gop-led-house-so-who-are-they/. 
  208. ↑ 208.0 208.1 208.2 208.3 208.4 208.5 208.6 French, Lauren (January 26, 2015). "9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus". https://www.politico.com/story/2015/01/house-freedom-caucus-conservative-legislation-114593.html. 
  209. ↑ 209.0 209.1 209.2 "House Freedom Caucus Forms 'Fight Club' in House". 218. http://blogs.rollcall.com/218/house-freedom-caucus-forms-fight-club/. 
  210. ↑ Lovegrove, Jamie (July 2, 2018). "Freedom Caucus chairperson Mark Meadows to headline South Carolina GOP fundraiser". https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/freedom-caucus-chairman-mark-meadows-to-headline-south-carolina-gop/article_36489cf2-7e20-11e8-a3ba-a399c63a03c5.html. 
  211. ↑ Broden, Scott (April 22, 2015). "DesJarlais raises $144,677 for 2016 campaign". http://www.dnj.com/story/news/2015/04/22/desjarlais-raises-campaign/26213755/. 
  212. ↑ Morton, Joseph (September 18, 2023). "Some Texas Republicans among those spoiling for spending fight as shutdown approaches" (in en). Dallas News. https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2023/09/18/some-texas-republicans-among-those-spoiling-for-spending-fight-as-shutdown-approaches/. 
  213. ↑ Daniella Diaz (February 25, 2021). "House Freedom Caucus members question Liz Cheney's leadership again after her latest Trump comments". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/25/politics/liz-cheney-house-freedom-caucus/index.html. 
  214. ↑ Manchester, Julia (August 21, 2025). "Chip Roy launches Texas attorney general bid". https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5463149-roy-launches-bid-texas-ag/. 
  215. ↑ Mica Soellner (January 15, 2024). "Young conservative strives to be part of HFC's next generation". Punchbowl News. https://punchbowl.news/article/campaigns/brandon-gill-freedom-caucus. 
  216. ↑ "House Freedom Caucus - Summary from LegiStorm". https://www.legistorm.com/organization/summary/128166/House_Freedom_Caucus.html. 
  217. ↑ "Accountability For China, COVID-19 Relief Package Among Issues To Be Addressed By House Freedom Caucus Today" (Press release). Falkirk Center for Faith and Liberty. PR Newswire. July 27, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2021 – via Associated Press. HFC Members: ... Michael Cloud
  218. ↑ Fox, Lauren; Raju, Manu; Grayer, Annie; Diaz, Daniella (May 12, 2021). "Elise Stefanik faces increased conservative headwinds in rise to leadership". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/12/politics/conservative-opposition-stefanik-leadership-job/index.html. "Freedom Caucus member Ben Cline" 
  219. ↑ Zanona, Melanie (July 14, 2020). "Freedom Caucus member tests positive for coronavirus" (in en). https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/14/freedom-caucus-morgan-griffith-coronavirus-361224. 
  220. ↑ Bridget Bowman (February 11, 2020), Outside groups flock to Wisconsin race to replace Sean Duffy, Roll Call, https://www.rollcall.com/2020/02/11/outside-groups-flock-to-race-to-replace-sean-duffy//, retrieved May 20, 2020 
  221. ↑ Arnsdorf, Isaac; Sotomayor, Marianna (November 2, 2022). "New class of combative MAGA candidates poised to roil House GOP" (in en). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/02/new-class-combative-maga-candidates-poised-roil-house-gop/. 
  222. ↑ Marcos, Christina (April 27, 2017). "Texas Republican departs Freedom Caucus". https://thehill.com/homenews/house/330890-texas-republican-departs-freedom-caucus/. 
  223. ↑ "Doug Lamborn: Health care bill's failure a 'setback,' not the end of effort to repeal Obamacare". Colorado Springs Gazette. March 24, 2017. https://gazette.com/government/doug-lamborn-health-care-bill-s-failure-a-setback-not/article_03417e37-4c83-5907-b2de-7f99ad2e4b55.html. 
  224. ↑ Fox, Lauren (March 26, 2017). "Rep. Poe resigns from House Freedom Caucus". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/26/politics/poe-resigns-freedom-caucus/index.html. 
  225. ↑ Tran, Ken (July 8, 2024). "Texas Republican to resign from House Freedom Caucus amid feud over Trump support". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/08/troy-nehls-resign-house-freedom-caucus-warren-davidson/74334166007/. 
  226. ↑ 226.0 226.1 Darnell, Tim (March 19, 2015). "Can the House Freedom Caucus save the GOP?". http://www.peachpundit.com/2015/03/19/can-the-house-freedom-caucus-save-the-gop/. 
  227. ↑ Hallerman, Tamar (March 2, 2017). "Barry Loudermilk quietly leaves the House Freedom Caucus". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. http://politics.blog.myajc.com/2017/03/02/barry-loudermilk-quietly-leaves-the-house-freedom-caucus/. 
  228. ↑ 228.0 228.1 Fuller, Matt (September 16, 2015). "House Freedom Caucus Loses Member Over Planned Parenthood". CNN. http://blogs.rollcall.com/218/house-freedom-caucus-loses-member-over-planned-parenthood/?dcz=. 
  229. ↑ Mauriello, Tracie (January 6, 2017). "Freedom Caucus may play role in alternate Obamacare repeal timeline". http://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2017/01/06/Freedom-Caucus-may-play-role-in-alternate-Obamacare-repeal-timeline/stories/201701060089. 
  230. ↑ Cohn, Nate; Bloch, Matthew; Quealy, Kevin (February 19, 2018). "The New Pennsylvania House Districts Are In. We Review the Mapmakers' Choices.". https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/upshot/pennsylvania-new-house-districts-gerrymandering.html. 
  231. ↑ Jones, Ja'han (February 6, 2023). "Freedom Caucus founder ditches the group for unlikely reason". MSNBC. https://www.msnbc.com/the-reidout/reidout-blog/david-schweikert-freedom-caucus-rcna69319. 
  232. ↑ Schnell, Mychael (March 20, 2024). "Freedom Caucus votes to remove Ken Buck" (in en-US). https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4545351-freedom-caucus-ken-buck/. 
  233. ↑ "Marjorie Taylor Greene is no longer a member of the Freedom Caucus after a vote last month, according to one member of the conservative group's board.". Politico. July 6, 2023. https://www.politico.com/minutes/congress/07-6-2023/mtg-freedom-caucus-ouster/. 
  234. ↑ Whedon, Ben (July 8, 2024). "House Freedom Caucus boots Rep. Warren Davidson after he endorsed Bob Good challenger: report". https://justthenews.com/government/congress/freedom-caucus-boots-rep-warren-davidson-after-he-endorsed-bob-good-challenger. 
  235. ↑ Govindarao, Sejal (March 12, 2024). "U.S. Rep. Randy Weber kicked out of House Freedom Caucus". The Texas Tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/2024/03/12/texas-randy-weber-house-freedom-caucus/. 
  236. ↑ @DaveBratVA7th (March 13, 2015). "Proud to be part of House Freedom Caucus". https://twitter.com/DaveBratVA7th/status/576445618362552320. 
  237. ↑ "Congressman Cawthorn Joins the House Freedom Caucus" (Press release). Madison Cawthorn. October 28, 2021. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  238. ↑ "Committees and Caucuses" (in en). January 3, 2021. http://good.house.gov/about/committees-and-caucuses. 
  239. ↑ "Tim Huelskamp, Anti-Establishment House Republican, Loses Primary in Kansas". The New York Times. August 3, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/03/us/politics/tim-huelskamp-roger-marshall-kansas-primary.html. 
  240. ↑ "Virginia Republican who officiated gay wedding loses nomination for Congress". The Guardian. Associated Press. June 14, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/14/virginia-republican-officiated-gay-wedding-loses-nomination-for-congress. "Riggleman, a member of the conservative House Freedom Caucus, ..." 
  241. ↑ "U.S. Rep. Dana Rohrabacher endorses Dr. Kelli Ward for United States Senate". January 23, 2018. http://kelliward.com/articles/u-s-rep-dana-rohrabacher-endorses-dr-kelli-ward-for-united-states-senate. 
  242. ↑ Schelzig, Erik (July 2, 2018). "GOP Rep. Rohrabacher campaigns for Matheny". http://onthehill.tnjournal.net/gop-rep-rohrabacher-campaigns-for-matheny/. 
  243. ↑ Livingston, Abby (March 26, 2017). "U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus". https://www.texastribune.org/2017/03/26/ted-poe-resigns-freedom-caucus. 
  244. ↑ HFF (September 13, 2019), Two Big Wins in North Carolina, House Freedom Fund, https://www.housefreedomfund.com/post/184/two-big-wins-in-north-carolina, retrieved May 20, 2020 
  245. ↑ Wong, Scott; Shabad, Rebecca; Marcos, Cristina (February 26, 2015). "House will vote Friday to prevent Homeland Security shutdown". https://thehill.com/housenews/house/234067-house-will-vote-friday-to-prevent-homeland-security-shutdown/. 
  246. ↑ Newhauser, Daniel; Mimms, Sarah; Roubein, Rachel (February 26, 2015). "Boehner Has a Plan to Avoid a DHS Shutdown – But It Might Not Pass". http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/boehner-has-a-plan-to-avoid-a-dhs-shutdown-but-it-might-not-pass-20150226. 
  247. ↑ Palmer, Anna; French, Lauren (February 5, 2015). "Ron DeSantis, Jeff Duncan quit House whip team". https://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/ron-desantis-jeff-duncan-house-whip-team-114947.html. 
  248. ↑ "Senate confirms Fleming as assistant secretary of commerce for economic development". Bossier Press-Tribune. http://bossierpress.com/senate-confirms-fleming-as-assistant-secretary-of-commerce-for-economic-development/. 
  249. ↑ Portnoy, Jenna (March 15, 2017). "Three Virginia GOP congressmen, including Rep. Tom Garrett in 5th District, line up against GOP health care plan". http://www.roanoke.com/news/politics/three-virginia-gop-congressmen-including-rep-tom-garrett-in-th/article_381db19e-3a89-5e45-8c4f-83f2f65b8396.html. 
  250. ↑ "Rep. Gohmert: Dem's Equality Act is 'All About Power', Eviscerates First Amendment" (in en). February 25, 2021. https://gohmert.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=399920. 
  251. ↑ Sanchez, Yvonne Wingett; Hansen, Ronald J. (July 16, 2018). "McCain and Flake ripped Trump's Putin performance, but other Ariz. reps mostly silent". https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2018/07/16/arizona-delegation-mostly-silent-trump-performance-putin-helsinki-summit/789576002/. 
  252. ↑ 252.0 252.1 Wong, Scott; Marcos, Cristina (June 27, 2015). "The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders". https://thehill.com/homenews/house/246337-the-dozen-rebels-targeted-by-gop-leaders/. 
  253. ↑ Zanona, Melanie (December 8, 2020). "GOP Rep. Mooney wants to condemn lawmakers who call on Trump to concede" (in en). https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/08/alex-mooney-against-trump-concession-443603. 
  254. ↑ Provenzano, Brianna (March 27, 2017). "Who's in the House Freedom Caucus? Here's a list of Republicans in the group." (in en). https://www.mic.com/articles/172235/who-s-in-the-house-freedom-caucus-here-s-a-list-of-republicans-in-the-group. 
  255. ↑ "Committees and Caucuses". https://rosendale.house.gov/about/committees-and-caucuses.htm. 
  256. ↑ Traub, Alex (February 9, 2021). "Ron Wright, Texas Conservative, Dies at 67". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/09/obituaries/ron-wright-dead-coronavirus.html. 
  257. ↑ "Freedom Caucus Member Rep. Ted Yoho Weighs In On Government Shutdown". NPR. January 3, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/01/03/682021502/freedom-caucus-member-rep-ted-yoho-weighs-in-on-government-shutdown. "Ted Yoho is a member of the Freedom Caucus." 

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