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From the river to the sea

Topic: Social

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 24 min
Short description: Political phrase
Map showing Israel and the Palestinian Territories as outlined by the Oslo Accords. The Jordan River is on the right, and the Mediterranean Sea is on the left.

"From the river to the sea" (Arabic: من النهر إلى البحر; Palestinian Arabic: من المية للمية, romanized: min il-ṃayye la-l-ṃayye, lit. 'from the water to the water'[1][2]) is a political phrase that refers geographically to the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, an area described as Palestine,[3] which today includes Israel and the Israeli-occupied Palestinian territories, including the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.[4][5]

The phrase was popularised in the 1960s as part of a wider call for Palestinian liberation creating a democratic state freeing Palestinians from living under Israel.[6] In the 1960s, the PLO used it to call for a democratic secular state encompassing the entirety of mandatory Palestine, which was initially stated to only include the Palestinians and the descendants of Jews who had lived in Palestine before 1947, although this was later revised to only include descendants of Jews who had lived in Palestine before the first Aliyah.[7] The 1964 charter of the Palestine National Council (PNC) demanded "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety".[8] Thus, by 1969, "Free Palestine from the river to the sea" came to mean [to whom?] one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno-religious state of Israel".[9]

Palestinian progressives use the phrase to call for a united democracy over the whole territory[10] while others say "it's a call for peace and equality after ... decades-long, open-ended Israeli military rule over millions of Palestinians."[11]

Islamist militant faction Hamas used the phrase in its 2017 charter. Its use by such Palestinian militant groups has led critics to argue that it implicitly advocates for the dismantling of Israel, and a call for the removal or extermination of the Jewish population of the region.[9][11]

The phrase has also been used by Israeli politicians. The 1977 election manifesto of the right-wing Israeli Likud party said: "Between the sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."[12][13][14] Similar wording, such as referring to the area "west of the Jordan river", has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians,[3] including Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on 18 January 2024.[15] Some countries have considered criminalizing use of the phrase.[16][17]

Context

According to Elliott Colla in a Mondoweiss article, the relevant historical context for understanding 'from the river to the sea' is the history of partition and fragmentation in Palestine, along with Israeli appropriation and annexation of Palestinian lands.[18] Colla cites the 1947 UN Partition plan for Palestine, which proposed to divide the land between the river and the sea; the 1948 Nakba, in which that plan materialized; the 1967 War, after which Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza; the Oslo Accords, which fragmented the Palestinian territory in the West Bank into Palestinian enclaves or "an archipelago of Bantustans surrounded by Israeli settlements, bases, and checkpoints;" and the Israeli separation wall first erected after the Second Intifada.[18]

History of the phrase

The precise origins of the phrase are disputed.[19] According to American historian Robin D. G. Kelley, the phrase "began as a Zionist slogan signifying the boundaries of Eretz Israel."[3] Israeli-American historian Omer Bartov notes that Zionist usage of such language predates the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and began with the Revisionist movement of Zionism led by Vladimir Jabotinski, which spoke of establishing a Jewish state in all of Palestine and had a song which includes: "The Jordan has two banks; this one is ours, and the other one too," suggesting a Jewish state extending even beyond the Jordan River.[20]

Kelley writes that the phrase was adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization in the mid-1960s; the 1964 charter of the PLO's Palestinian National Council called for "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety". The 1964 charter stated that "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine", specifically defining "Palestinian" as those who had "normally resided in Palestine until 1947".[21] In the 1968 revision, the charter was further revised, stating that "Jews who had resided normally in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion" would be considered Palestinian.[21][6]

In 1977, the concept appeared in an election manifesto of the Israeli political party Likud, which stated that “between the sea and the Jordan there will be only Israeli sovereignty.”[22][23]

For Elliott Colla, "it is unclear when and where the slogan "from the river to the sea," first emerged within Palestinian protest culture."[18] In November 2023, Colla wrote that he had not encountered the phrase – in either Standard nor Levantine Arabic – in Palestinian revolutionary media of the 1960s and 1970s and noted that "the phrase appears nowhere in the Palestinian National Charters of 1964 or 1968, nor in the Hamas Charter of 1988."[18]

In 1979, the phrase was invoked by delegates attending the Palestine Congress of North America.[24]

Colla notes that activists of the First Intifada (1987-1993) "remember hearing variations of the phrase in Arabic from the late 1980s onwards" and that the phrases have been documented in graffiti from the period in works such as Saleh Abd al-Jawad's "Faṣā'il al-ḥaraka al-waṭaniyya al-Filasṭīniyya fi-l-arāḍī al-muḥtalla wa-shu'ārāt al-judrān" (1991) and Julie Peteet's "The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada" (1996).[18]

The phrase appeared in a 2021 B'Tselem report entitled "A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid" that described Israel's de facto rule over the territory from the river to the sea, through its occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip, as a regime of apartheid.[25][26]

Variations

Protest chants

The concept of "from the river to the sea" has appeared in various pro-Palestinian protest chants, typically as the first line of a rhyming couplet.

In Arabic

The version min an-nahr ʾilā l-baḥr / Filasṭīn sa-tataḥarrar (من النهر إلى البحر / فلسطين ستتحرر, "from the river to the sea / Palestine will be free") has a focus on freedom.[27]

The version min il-ṃayye la-l-ṃayye / Falasṭīn ʿarabiyye (من المية للمية / فلسطين عربية, "from the water to the water / Palestine is Arab") has an Arab nationalist sentiment, and the version min il-ṃayye la-l-ṃayye / Falasṭīn islāmiyye (من المية للمية / فلسطين إسلامية, "from the water to the water / Palestine is Islamic") has Islamic sentiment.[28] According to Colla, scholars of Palestine attest to the documentation of both versions in the graffiti of the late 1980s, the period of the First Intifada.[28]

In English

"From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free"—the translation of min an-nahr ʾilā l-baḥr / Filasṭīn sa-tatḥarrar—is the version that has circulated among English speakers expressing solidarity with Palestine since at least the 1990s.[28]

Other formulations

In Hebrew

Similar formulations have been used by Zionists and Israelis. Omer Bartov notes the song "The East Bank of the Jordan" by the Revisionist Zionist leader Vladimir Jabotinsky used the formulation שתי גדות לירדן: זו שלנו, זו גם כן "The Jordan has two banks; this one is ours, and the other one too".[20][29]

The Likud Party used the formulation בין הים לירדן תהיה רק ריבונות ישראלית "Between the sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."[30][31] Most recently this has been stated by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on 18 January 2024.[15]

Usage

Use by Palestinian militant groups

"Hamas, as part of its revised 2017 charter, rejected "any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea", referring to all areas of former Mandatory Palestine and by extension, the end of Jewish sovereignty in the region.[3][32][33] Islamic Jihad declared that "from the river to the sea – [Palestine] is an Arab Islamic land that [it] is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of, and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence, which is forbidden by law to recognize.[34] Islamists have used a version "Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea"[35]

The phrase was used as part of its 2017 revised platform where they state "Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea [...] along the lines of the 4th of June 1967".[36]

Similar sayings by the Israeli right

The phrase was also used by the Israeli ruling Likud party as part of their 1977 election manifesto which stated "Judea and Samaria will not be handed to any foreign administration; between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."[12][13][14] This slogan was repeated by Menachem Begin.[37] Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians, like Gideon Sa'ar and also Uri Ariel of The Jewish Home. In 2014 Ariel said, "Between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea there will be only one state, which is Israel."[3] The phrase has been used by the Israeli Prime Minister, Likud's Benjamin Netanyahu, in speeches.[19] Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians.[3]

Use internationally

Graffiti at the Teacher-Student Centre, University of Dhaka

Al Qaeda

Among the materials recovered by American forces during the killing of al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden was a speech addressed to the American people, in which bin Laden proposed economic and security guarantees in exchange for a "roadmap that returns the Palestine land to us, all of it, from the sea to the river, it is an Islamic land not subject to being traded or granted to any party."[38][39][40][41]

Hezbollah

On September 27, 2008, Hezbollah secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah stated at a rally "Palestine, from the sea to the river is the property of Arabs and Palestinians and no one has the right to give up even a single grain of earth or one stone, because every grain of the land is holy. The entire land must be returned to its rightful owners.”[42]

Iran

Iranian president Ebrahim Raisi, in 2023, used the phrase, saying "The only solution is a Palestinian state from the river to the sea", meaning that the only solution to the conflict would be a Palestinian state encompassing all of Israel and the Palestinian territories.[43][44][45]

Iraq

In 2003, then Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, during a speech commemorating the anniversary of the Iraqi Army's establishment, referred to the Palestinian people and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, stating "Long live Palestine, free and Arab, from the sea to the river".[46]

United Kingdom

On 30 October 2023, British Member of Parliament Andy McDonald was suspended from the Labour Party after stating in a pro-Palestine rally speech: "We won't rest until we have justice, until all people, Israelis and Palestinians, between the river and the sea can live in peaceful liberty". The party described McDonald's comment as "deeply offensive".[14][47] McDonald said at the time, "These words should not be construed in any other way than they were intended, namely as a heartfelt plea for an end to killings in Israel, Gaza, and the occupied West Bank, and for all peoples in the region to live in freedom without the threat of violence."[11]

As of 1 November 2023, the UK Football Association barred the use of the phrase by its players, stating they made clear to teams "that this phrase is considered offensive to many" and that the league will seek police guidance on how [they] should treat it and respond" if players have used it.[48]

United States

Pro-Palestinian protestor holding a sign in Colombus, Ohio

On November 30, 2018, CNN fired American academic Marc Lamont Hill from his position as a political commentator after he delivered a speech at the United Nations on the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People[3][49] ending with the words: "...we have an opportunity, to not just offer solidarity in words, but to commit to political action, grassroots action, local action, and international action that will give us what justice requires. And that is a free Palestine, from the river to the sea."[50] Critics focused on his use of the phrase 'from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' because Hamas also uses it.[3] The ADL accused Hill of using the phrase "from the river to the sea" as code for the destruction of Israel.[49] Hill apologized, but later tweeted ""You say "River to the Sea" is "universally" understood to mean the destruction of the Jewish State? On what basis do you make this claim? Did it signify destruction when it was the slogan of the Likud Party? Or when currently used by the Israeli Right?"[3]

On 7 November 2023, United States Representative Rashida Tlaib was censured by the House of Representatives in part for using the phrase,[3][51] which Tlaib defended as "an aspirational call for freedom, human rights and peaceful coexistence, not death, destruction or hate". Before the vote, House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries criticized the phrase as something which is "widely understood as calling for the complete destruction of Israel".[52] On 8 November 2023, the White House condemned Tlaib for using the phrase. White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said that "when it comes to the phrase that was used, 'from the river to the sea,' it is divisive, it is hurtful, many find it hurtful and many find it antisemitic," and added that the White House "categorically reject[s] applying the term to the (2023 Israel–Hamas) conflict."[53]

Use on social media

The phrase has been used across social media,[54][55] including on TikTok.[56]

On November 15, 2023, Jewish influencers and celebrities confronted TikTok executives in a private call, to press them to moderate use of the phrase on the platform. Adam Presser, head of operations for TikTok, stated that only content "where it is clear exactly what they mean...that content is violative and we take it down," adding that if "someone is just using it casually, then that has been considered acceptable speech." In a statement, TikTok said that content using the phrase "in a way that threatens violence and spreads hate" is not allowed on the platform.[56] A report by Fortune described an additional Zoom call between "about 40 mostly Jewish tech leaders," including Anthony Goldbloom, and TikTok executives, on November 16, claiming that the platform's algorithm favored "content that supports Palestine over pro-Israel content" and pushing the platform to "reexamine its community guidelines", with the company rejecting "blunt comparisons" of hashtags on the platform and stating that the imbalance of content is not the result of "any kind of intended or unintended bias in its algorithms."[57]

On November 17, 2023, Elon Musk, the owner of Twitter, announced a policy change, stating that users who use terms like "decolonization" and "from the river to the sea," or similar expressions would be suspended. He claimed these terms were used as euphemisms for extreme violence or genocide.[58] Musk's announcement came after he was criticized for "endorsing an antisemitic post" on the platform two days before, and companies such as IBM, Comcast, Apple, Paramount Global, Disney, and Lionsgate announced a pause of ads on the platform.[59][60][61]

Jonathan Greenblatt, the CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, applauded Musk's action on November 17, calling it "an important and welcome move" and praising his "leadership in fighting hate."[60] Greenblatt's statement was reported by The Guardian as being part of an effort to gain influence on the far right, and that the head of the ADL's Center for Technology and Society (CTS), Yael Eisenstat, quit her position in protest.[62][63] Other ADL staffers expressed their opposition to Greenblatt's move.[64] Rolling Stone stated that it was "doubtful" that Twitter users would be suspended for "repeating either phrase."[58] Noah Lanard of Mother Jones wrote that the new policy would "presumably apply only to those who use the phrase [from the river to the sea] in support of Palestinians" and argued that Musk is "trying to cover up for his own bigotry."[65] Pro-Palestinian users criticized Musk's new policy, arguing he was conflating legitimate political speech with "calls for violence" and was "limiting free speech."[66]

Civic usage

Pro-Palestinian rally in London, 9 October 2023
Pro-Palestinian rally in Columbus, Ohio, 12 October 2023

The phrase has been used widely in pro-Palestinian protest movements.[67] It has often been chanted at pro-Palestinian demonstrations, usually followed or preceded by the phrase "Palestine will be free" (the phrase rhymes in English, not Arabic).[68][69][70] Interpretations differ amongst its supporters. In a survey conducted by the Arab World for Research and Development on November 14, 74.7% Palestinians agreed that they support a single Palestinian state "from the river to the sea", while only 5.4% of respondents supported a "one-state for two peoples" solution.[71][72][73]

Civic figures, activists, and progressive publications have said that the phrase calls for a one-state solution: a single, secular state in all of Historic Palestine where people of all religions have equal citizenship.[74] This stands in contrast to the two-state solution, which envisions a Palestinian state existing alongside a Jewish state.[32][10][75][76] This usage has been described as speaking out for the right of Palestinians "to live freely in the land from the river to the sea", with Palestinian writer Yousef Munayyer describing the phrase as "a rejoinder to the fragmentation of Palestinian land and people by Israeli occupation and discrimination."[14] Others have said it stands for "the equal freedom and dignity of the Palestinian people."[75][9] Elliott Colla traces the first evidence of use of the phrase in Palestinian protest culture to the First Intifada (1987-1993), with documentation in graffiti from the period.[18][77][78]

On November 8, 2023, Amazon told Newsweek that they would not be removing pro-Palestinian merchandise, including garments bearing the phrase, stating that the items do not "contravene our policies," which prohibit sale of products which "promote, incite, or glorify hatred, violence, racial, sexual, or religious intolerance."[79]

Criticism

Some politicians and advocacy groups such as the Anti-Defamation League[6] and American Jewish Committee[6] consider the phrase to be antisemitic, hate speech and incitement to genocide,[6][80] suggesting that it denies the right of Jews for self-determination in their ancestral homeland,[6] or advocates for their removal or extermination.[17][81][82] Such critics of the phrase claim that it has been explicitly used to call for the land to be placed entirely under Arab rule at the cost of the State of Israel and its Jewish citizens.[34][83][84][85] ADL regional director Jonah Steinberg stated that from the time of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and thereafter “there was a catchphrase of ‘pushing the Jews into the sea’ and the phrase, ‘from the river to the sea’ echoes that trope in a menacing way.”[86]

On 9 November 2023, Harvard University president Claudine Gay condemned the phrase.[87]

Response to criticism

Oxford researcher Ahmad Khalidi has responded to those who characterize it as genocidal, "It is perfectly possible for both people to be free between the river and the sea, is ‘free’ necessarily in itself genocidal? I think any reasonable person would say no. Does it preclude the fact that the Jewish population in the area between the sea and the river cannot also be free? I think any reasonable person would also say no."[88]

Palestinian-American writers such as Yousef Munayyer and University of Arizona professor Maha Nassar have written that accusations that the phrase is a call to genocide, rely on racist and Islamophobic assumptions about Palestinian intent.[18] Nadia Abu El Haj notes that critics who characterize it as "threatening," "intimidating," or a call to "genocidal violence" when it is used in support of Palestine do not make equivalent claims when used by Israelis.[89]

In describing the criticism of the phrase, scholar of politics in the Arab world Elliott Colla writes:

It is the first phrase of the slogan—"from the river to the sea"—that has caused so much fury. Dominant Jewish communal institutions, most prominently the ADL and AJC, have insisted that this phrase is antisemitic. Throughout recent years, they have composed new definitions of antisemitism that render many common expressions of Palestine solidarity as ipso facto instances of anti-Jewish hate speech … the slogan "from the river to the sea" figures prominently in their accusations of antisemitic doublespeak.[18]

Legal status

Following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the British home secretary at the time, Suella Braverman, proposed prosecuting those using the phrase in certain contexts.[90] On 11 October 2023, Vienna police banned a pro-Palestinian demonstration, citing the inclusion of the phrase "from the river to the sea" in invitations, as a justification.[81][91]

A majority of the Dutch parliament declared the phrase to be a call for violence. The judiciary, however, ruled in August 2023 that the phrase was protected on free speech grounds, being "subject to various interpretations", including those that "relate to the state of Israel and possibly to people with Israeli citizenship, but do not relate to Jews because of their race or religion". The decision was later upheld by the Dutch Supreme Court.[16][55][92]

Politicians in Austria have also considered declaring use of the phrase to be a criminal offense, with Austrian chancellor Karl Nehammer saying that the phrase would be interpreted as a call for murder.[93][94]

On November 5, 2023, in Tallinn (Estonia), the police opened criminal proceedings against five rally participants who used "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free".[95][96]

On November 11, 2023, the phrase was banned in Bavaria (Germany), and "the prosecutor's office and the Bavarian police warned that henceforth its use, regardless of language, will be considered as the use of symbols of terrorist organizations. This may result in punishment of up to three years in prison or a fine."[97][98]

On November 16, 2023, it was reported that users of the phrase may now face criminal prosecution in the Czech Republic.[99][100][101]

On November 17, 2023, it was reported that the case of a man charged by the police in Calgary, Canada for using the phrase, had been stayed.[102]

See also

References

  1. ↑ سلامة غمري, هبة (3 Nov 2023). ""فلسطين من النهر إلى البحر".. ماذا يعني الشعار ومن أين جاء؟". https://icona.almasryalyoum.com/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%8A/. 
  2. ↑ عرب ٤٨ (2017-11-02). "الاحتلال يقمع وقفة منددة بوعد بلفور بالقدس". https://www.arab48.com/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/2017/11/02/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Sales, Ben (8 November 2023). "'From the river to the sea': The slogan that led to Rashida Tlaib's censure, explained". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/from-the-river-to-the-sea-the-slogan-that-led-to-rashida-tlaibs-censure-explained/. 
  4. ↑ "The culture war over the Gaza war". The Economist. 28 October 2023. https://www.economist.com/international/2023/10/28/the-culture-war-over-the-gaza-war. 
  5. ↑ Stripling, Jack (31 December 2023). "Colleges braced for antisemitism and violence. It's happening." (in en). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/10/31/antisemitism-college-campuses-jewish-hamas-gaza/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Hernandez, Joe (9 Nov 2023). "How interpretations of the phrase 'from the river to the sea' made it so divisive". https://www.npr.org/2023/11/09/1211671117/how-interpretations-of-the-phrase-from-the-river-to-the-sea-made-it-so-divisive. 
  7. ↑ Kelley, Robin (Summer 2019). "From the River to the Sea to Every Mountain Top: Solidarity as Worldmaking". Journal of Palestine Studies (Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis) 48 (4): 69–91. doi:10.1525/jps.2019.48.4.69. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26873236. 
  8. ↑ Karmi, Ghada (2011). "The One-State Solution: An Alternative Vision for Israeli-Palestinian Peace". Journal of Palestine Studies 40 (2): 62–76. doi:10.1525/jps.2011.xl.2.62. ISSN 0377-919X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2011.xl.2.62. Retrieved 18 December 2023. "This remained the Palestinian position after 1948, when the aim of the newly formed PLO in 1964 was “the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety,” as the preamble to the 1964 Palestine National Charter phrased it.". 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "'From the river to the sea': Why a chant for the freedom of an occupied people became so provocative" (in en). 28 October 2023. https://www.dawn.com/news/1784138. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Zhang, Jane (October 29, 2023). "What does 'From the river to the sea' mean to Palestinians, Jews?" (in en). https://chicago.suntimes.com/2023/10/29/23926878/river-sea-palestine-free-israel-hamas-war-protest-gaza. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "'From the river to the sea': Why a 6-word phrase sparks fury and passion over the Israel-Hamas war". Associated Press News. 10 November 2023. https://apnews.com/article/river-sea-israel-gaza-hamas-protests-d7abbd756f481fe50b6fa5c0b907cd49. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Laquer, Walter; Rubin, Barry (2001). The Israel-Arab Reader: a Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict. New York City: Penguin Books. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0143113799. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Likud Party: Original Party Platform 1977". https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/original-party-platform-of-the-likud-party. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Boffey, Daniel (October 31, 2023). "'From the river to the sea': where does the slogan come from and what does it mean?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/from-the-river-to-the-sea-where-does-the-slogan-come-from-and-what-does-it-mean-israel-palestine. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Israel’s Netanyahu reiterates rejection of Palestinian state after Gaza war". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/18/israels-netanyahu-reiterates-rejection-of-palestinian-state-after-gaza-war. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "'From the river to the sea'-leus is geweldsoproep, vindt Kamermeerderheid" (in nl). 25 October 2023. https://nos.nl/artikel/2495345-from-the-river-to-the-sea-leus-is-geweldsoproep-vindt-kamermeerderheid. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Eichner, Itamar (25 October 2023). "Austria's Nehammer says pro-Hamas chants will become criminal offense" (in en). Ynetnews. https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hybmet8ma. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 Colla, Elliott (November 16, 2023). "On the history, meaning, and power of "From the River To the Sea"" (in en-US). https://mondoweiss.net/2023/11/on-the-history-meaning-and-power-of-from-the-river-to-the-sea/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Coryton, Demitri (22 November 2023). ""From the river to the sea" – is this slogan anti-Semitic?". Education Journal (542). 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 ""من النهر إلى البحر" شعار أثار الجدل في أوروبا وبريطانيا، فما تاريخ هذا الشعار؟" (in ar). 2023-11-14. https://www.bbc.com/arabic/67420634. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Muslih, Muhammad (1990-07-01). "Towards Coexistence: An Analysis of the Resolutions of the Palestine National Council" (in en). Journal of Palestine Studies 19 (4): 3–29. doi:10.2307/2537386. ISSN 0377-919X. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2307/2537386. 
  22. ↑ "Original Party Platform of the Likud Party". https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/original-party-platform-of-the-likud-party. 
  23. ↑ "Zionism's Political Unconscious" (in en). https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/zionism-s-political-unconscious. 
  24. ↑ Turki, Fawaz (1980). "The Passions of Exile: The Palestine Congress of North America". Journal of Palestine Studies 9 (4): 38. doi:10.2307/2536123. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536123. Retrieved 1 December 2023. 
  25. ↑ Iraqi, Amjad (2021-01-12). "Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea" (in en-US). https://www.972mag.com/btselem-israel-apartheid-supremacy/. 
  26. ↑ "B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid" (in en). January 12, 2021. https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1650915. 
  27. ↑ Ioanes, Ellen (November 24, 2023). "The controversial phrase "from the river to sea," explained" (in en). https://www.vox.com/world-politics/23972967/river-to-sea-palestine-israel-hamas. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Colla, Elliott (November 16, 2023). "On the history, meaning, and power of "From the River To the Sea"" (in en-US). https://mondoweiss.net/2023/11/on-the-history-meaning-and-power-of-from-the-river-to-the-sea/. 
  29. ↑ ""From the River to the Sea": Omer Bartov on Contested Slogan & Why Two-State Solution Is Not Viable" (in en). https://www.democracynow.org/2023/11/10/bartov_two_state. 
  30. ↑ אדלסון, דניאל; יורק, ניו (2023-11-10). ""מהנהר לים פלסטין תהיה חופשית": הסיסמה שמעוררת סערה עולמית" (in he). Ynet. https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/ryjgqisxt. 
  31. ↑ Khalidi, Rashid (2023-11-22). "It's Time to Confront Israel's Version of "From the River to the Sea"" (in en-US). ISSN 0027-8378. https://www.thenation.com/article/world/its-time-to-confront-israels-version-of-from-the-river-to-the-sea/. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Nasser, Maha (December 3, 2018). "'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means". https://forward.com/opinion/415250/from-the-river-to-the-sea-doesnt-mean-what-you-think-it-means/. 
  33. ↑ "A Document of General Principles and Policies (Hamas General Charter, rev. 2017)". Hamas. https://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/hamas-2017.pdf. "Hamas believes that no part of the land of Palestine shall be compromised or conceded, irrespective of the causes, the circumstances and the pressures and no matter how long the occupation lasts. Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea." 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Islamic Jihad Movement". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.net/2004/10/03/حركة-الجهاد-الإسلامي-3. "الالتزام بأن فلسطين -من النهر إلى البحر- أرض إسلامية عربية يحرم شرعا التفريط في أي شبر منها، والوجود الإسرائيلي في فلسطين وجود باطل، يحرم شرعا الاعتراف به." 
  35. ↑ Oliver, Anne Marie; Steinberg, Paul F. (1 February 2005). The Road to Martyrs' Square: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-802756-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=YRsvH8M8CesC&pg=PA33. "... a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan 'Palestine is ours from the river to the sea,' which in the hands of the Islamists became 'Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea.'" 
  36. ↑ Demirjian, Karoun; Stack, Liam (November 9, 2023). "What Does 'From the River to the Sea' Mean?". https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/us/politics/river-to-the-sea-israel-gaza-palestinians.html. 
  37. ↑ Steinberg, Gerald M.; Rubinovitz, Ziv (2019). Menachem Begin and the Israel-Egypt Peace Process Between Ideology and Political Realism. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 1976. ISBN 978-0143113799. 
  38. ↑ bin Laden, Osama. "To The American People". Director of National Intelligence. https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ubl2016/english/To%20the%20American%20people.pdf. 
  39. ↑ R. Wootson Jr., Cleve (November 1, 2017). "Osama bin Laden's video collection included 'Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?'". https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/11/01/osama-bin-ladens-video-collection-included-where-in-the-world-is-osama-bin-laden/. 
  40. ↑ "CIA Releases Nearly 470,000 Additional Files Recovered in May 2011 Raid on Usama Bin Ladin's Compound". Langley, Virginia: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. November 1, 2017. https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2017-press-releases-statements/cia-releases-additional-files-recovered-in-ubl-compound-raid.html. 
  41. ↑ "Bin Laden's Bookshelf". Office of the Director of National Intelligence. https://www.dni.gov/index.php/features/bin-laden-s-bookshelf?start=2. 
  42. ↑ Rubin, Barry (Fall 2008). "Israel's "Northern Front": Relations with Syria and Lebanon". The Ambassadors Review (Council of American Ambassadors). https://www.americanambassadors.org/publications/ambassadors-review/fall-2008/israel-s-northern-front-relations-with-syria-and-lebanon. Retrieved 26 December 2023. 
  43. ↑ "Iran's Raisi: The only solution is 'a Palestinian state from the river to the sea'". The Times of Israel. 11 November 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irans-raisi-the-only-solution-is-a-palestinian-state-from-the-river-to-the-sea/. ""The only solution for this conflict is the resistance continuing against the Israeli oppression until the establishment of the Palestinian state from the river to the sea," he says, echoing protest chants seen as calling for the destruction of Israel." 
  44. ↑ "Establishment of Palestinian state is 'only solution': Iran's Raisi" (in en). https://en.royanews.tv/news/46359/2023-11-11. 
  45. ↑ "Israel-Hamas war, Day 36 LIVE updates | Iran's Raisi hails Hamas, urges Islamic states' sanctions on Israel" (in en-IN). The Hindu. November 11, 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/israel-hamas-gaza-palestine-war-conflict-live-updates-november-11-2023/article67523936.ece. 
  46. ↑ "Full text: Saddam Hussein's speech" (in en-GB). The Guardian. 2003-01-06. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jan/06/iraq1. 
  47. ↑ Gutteridge, Nick (30 October 2023). "Labour MP Andy McDonald suspended over 'between the river and the sea' speech". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/10/30/labour-mp-andy-mcdonald-suspended-river-sea-speech/. 
  48. ↑ Ofori, Morgan (November 1, 2023). "FA will consult police if players use 'river to sea' phrase on social media". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/nov/01/fa-will-consult-police-if-players-use-river-to-sea-phrase-on-social-media. ""After careful consideration, we will be writing to all clubs to make it clear that this phrase is considered offensive to many, and should not be used by players in social media posts. "The player has apologised and deleted the tweet. We are strongly encouraging clubs to ensure that players do not post content which may be offensive or inflammatory to any community. "If this phrase is used again by a football participant, we will seek police guidance on how we should treat it and respond."" 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "CNN fires analyst Marc Lamont Hill after UN speech on Israel". Associated Press News. 29 November 2018. https://apnews.com/article/0ac22d83c0d7454d939f0009d0049a91. 
  50. ↑ Hill 2018.
  51. ↑ "House censures Rep. Rashida Tlaib over Israel remarks". NBC News. November 7, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-vote-censure-rashida-tlaib-israel-hamas-palestine-remarks-rcna124005. 
  52. ↑ Guo, Kayla (November 7, 2023). "House Moves Closer to Censuring Tlaib, Citing 'River to the Sea' Slogan". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/07/us/politics/tlaib-censure-house-israel-gaza.html. 
  53. ↑ Friedman, Lisa (November 8, 2023). "The White House condemns Rashida Tlaib's embrace of the 'River to the Sea' slogan". https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/world/middleeast/rashida-tlaib-palestine-israel.html. 
  54. ↑ Kellman, Laurie (November 10, 2023). "'From the river to the sea': Why these 6 words spark fury and passion over the Israel-Hamas war". Associated Press News. https://apnews.com/article/river-sea-israel-gaza-hamas-protests-d7abbd756f481fe50b6fa5c0b907cd49. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Pietch, Bryan (November 14, 2023). "'From the river to the sea': Why a Palestinian rallying cry ignites dispute". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/14/river-sea-free-palestine-meaning/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Maheshwari, Sapna (November 16, 2023). "Jewish Celebrities and Influencers Confront TikTok Executives in Private Call". https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/16/technology/tiktok-jewish-open-letter-antisemitism.html. 
  57. ↑ Lev-Ram, Michael (November 30, 2023). "Jewish tech leaders met with TikTok's CEO to raise concerns that the platform is biased toward Pro-Palestine content". https://fortune.com/2023/11/30/40-tech-leaders-founders-bonobos-tinder-gusto-meeting-tiktok-ceo-israel-palestine-content/. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Klee, Miles (November 17, 2023). "Musk Tries to Clean Up His Antisemitic Remark With New Twitter Rule". https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/musk-from-the-river-to-the-sea-twitter-suspension-1234886216/. 
  59. ↑ "Elon Musk: Genocidal terms like 'from the river to the sea' to result in suspension". November 18, 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/elon-musk-genocidal-terms-like-from-the-river-to-the-sea-to-result-in-suspension/. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Vanian, Jonathan (November 17, 2023). "Apple, Disney, other media companies pause advertising on X after Elon Musk boosted antisemitic tweet". https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/17/apple-has-paused-advertising-on-x-after-musk-promoted-antisemitic-tweet.html. 
  61. ↑ Korach, Natalie; Roe, Mike (November 17, 2023). "Disney, Apple, Warner Bros. Among Mass Advertiser Exodus From Elon Musk's X Following Antisemitic Post". https://www.thewrap.com/apple-lionsgate-elon-musk-antisemitic-x-twitter-advertising/. 
  62. ↑ "Top Executive Leaves ADL Over CEO's Praise of Elon Musk". Jewish Currents. 4 January 2024. https://jewishcurrents.org/top-executive-leaves-adl-over-ceos-praise-of-elon-musk. Retrieved 5 January 2024. 
  63. ↑ "At Leading Anti-Hate Group, Boss's Embrace of Elon Musk Raises Tensions". Vice. 21 December 2023. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxjkzm/adl-elon-musk-controversy. Retrieved 5 January 2024. 
  64. ↑ "Anti-Defamation League staff decry 'dishonest' campaign against Israel critics". The Guardian. 5 January 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2024/jan/05/adl-pro-israel-advocacy-zionism-antisemitism. Retrieved 5 January 2024. "Critics of the group argue that these and other actions risk undermining the civil rights organization’s counter-extremism work and say the group has foregone much of its historical mission to fight antisemitism in favor of doing advocacy for Israel." 
  65. ↑ Lanard, Noah (November 18, 2023). "ADL Celebrates Elon Musk's Crackdown on Pro-Palestinian Speech". https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/11/elon-musk-river-sea-antidefamation-league/. 
  66. ↑ "X boss Elon Musk says using 'from the river to the sea' to result in suspension from platform". November 18, 2023. https://www.newarab.com/news/say-river-sea-get-suspended-x-musk. 
  67. ↑ Rubin, Barry (2010). The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-230-10687-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=so3GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124. "Thus, the MAB slogan 'Palestine must be free, from the river to the sea' is now ubiquitous in anti-Israeli demonstrations in the UK ..." 
  68. ↑ Marsi, Federica (2 November 2023). "'From the river to the sea': What does the Palestinian slogan really mean?". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/from-the-river-to-the-sea-what-does-the-palestinian-slogan-really-mean. 
  69. ↑ "From the river to the sea, Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/may/23/river-to-sea-jews-and-arabs-must-forge-shared-future. 
  70. ↑ Munayyer, Yousef (June 11, 2021). "What Does "From the River to the Sea" Really Mean?" (in en). https://jewishcurrents.org/what-does-from-the-river-to-the-sea-really-mean. 
  71. ↑ Greyman-Kennard, Danielle (November 17, 2023). "Palestinians in Gaza, West Bank strongly support Hamas, October 7 attack" (in en-US). https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-773791. "When asked "Do you support the solution of establishing one state or two states?" the majority (74.7%) of respondents answered that they support a single Palestinian state "from the river to the sea." The support for a single Palestinian state was more commonly held by Palestinians living in the West Bank (77.7%) than Palestinians living in Gaza (70.4%.) A total of 17.2% of respondents said they supported a two-state solution, with Palestinians in Gaza (22.7%) supporting this solution to a greater extent than Palestinians living in the West Bank (13.3%.) Only 5.4% of respondents said they would support a "one-state for two peoples" solution." 
  72. ↑ Koningsveld, Akiva Van (November 17, 2023). "Three in four Palestinians support Hamas's massacre" (in en-US). https://www.jns.org/three-in-four-palestinians-support-hamass-massacre/. 
  73. ↑ i24NEWS (November 16, 2023). "Survey finds majority in the West Bank support the Oct 7 massacre" (in en). https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/palestinian-territories/1700158968-survey-finds-majority-in-the-west-bank-justify-the-oct-7-massacre. 
  74. ↑ Bandler, Aaron (1 November 2021). "Dem NH Lawmaker Apologizes for 'From the River to the Sea' Tweet". The Jewish Journal. https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/341941/dem-nh-lawmaker-apologizes-for-from-the-river-to-the-sea-tweet/. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Sculos, Bryant W. (2019). ""A Free Palestine from the River to the Sea": The 9 Dirty Words You Can't Say (on T.V. or Anywhere Else)". Class, Race and Corporate Power (Miami, Florida: Florida International University) 7 (1): Article 6. doi:10.25148/crcp.7.1.008322. ISSN 2330-6297. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1139&context=classracecorporatepower. Retrieved 31 October 2023. 
  76. ↑ MacDonald, Alex (23 October 2023). "'From the river to the sea': What does the pro-Palestine chant actually mean?" (in en). https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/palestine-israel-from-river-to-sea-chant-mean-actually. 
  77. ↑ Abd al-Jawad, Saleh. "[Faṣā'il al-ḥaraka al-waṭaniyya al-Filasṭīniyya fi-l-arāḍī al-muḥtalla wa-shu'ārāt al-judrān فصائل الحركة الوطنية الفلسطينية في الأراضي المحتلة وشعارات الجدران"] (in ar). https://www.palestine-studies.org/ar/node/35257. 
  78. ↑ Peteet, Julie (1996). "The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada". Cultural Anthropology 11 (2): 139–159. doi:10.1525/can.1996.11.2.02a00010. ISSN 0886-7356. https://www.jstor.org/stable/656446. 
  79. ↑ Phillips, Aleks (November 8, 2023). "Amazon Backlash Grows Over Selling Pro-Palestinian Merchandise—'Disgusting'". https://www.newsweek.com/amazon-backlash-pro-palestinian-merchandise-river-sea-1841866. 
  80. ↑ Mitnick, Joshua (1 May 2017). "A revised Hamas charter will moderate its stance toward Israel — slightly". The Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-hamas-charter-20170501-story.html. "While that may be a tacit acknowledgment of Israel's existence, the revision stops well short of recognizing Israel and reasserts calls for armed resistance toward a 'complete liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea.'... "Hamas is attempting to fool the world, but it will not succeed," said a statement from the Israeli prime minister's office. "Daily, Hamas leaders call for genocide of all Jews and the destruction of Israel."" 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "'From the river to the sea' prompts Vienna to ban pro-Palestinian protest" (in en). Reuters. 11 October 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/from-river-sea-prompts-vienna-ban-pro-palestinian-protest-2023-10-11/. 
  82. ↑ Angelos, James (21 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas war cuts deep into Germany's soul". Politico Europe. https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-hamas-war-germany-germany-berlin/. ""Hamas' ideology of extermination against everything Jewish is also having an effect in Germany," said the Central Council of Jews in Germany, the country's largest umbrella Jewish organization."" 
  83. ↑ Patterson, David (18 October 2010). A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-139-49243-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=lMLmK-fmf8kC&pg=PA249. "... except the boundary indicated in their slogan 'From the river to the sea', which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state." 
  84. ↑ Muslih, Muhammad (1990-07-01). "Towards Coexistence: An Analysis of the Resolutions of the Palestine National Council" (in en). Journal of Palestine Studies (New York City: Taylor & Francis) 19 (4): 3–29. doi:10.2307/2537386. ISSN 0377-919X. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2307/2537386. "PLO and its leaders remained at bottom committed to Israel's destruction". 
  85. ↑ Trigano, Shmuel (2019). "Deconstructing the Three Stages of the Nakba Myth". Jewish Political Studies Review 30 (3/4): 45–54. ISSN 0792-335X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26801117. "Meanwhile the endeavor to exterminate the Jews and destroy the state". 
  86. ↑ Scales, Maggie (November 10, 2023). "'From the river to the sea': What does the common pro-Palestinian chant mean?". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/11/10/world/from-the-river-to-the-sea-meaning/. 
  87. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (November 11, 2023). "Harvard, Columbia and Penn Pledge to Fight Antisemitism on Campus". https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/us/harvard-columbia-antisemitism.html. 
  88. ↑ Demirjian, Karoun; Stack, Liam (2023-11-09). "In Congress and on Campuses, 'From the River to the Sea' Inflames Debate" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/us/politics/river-to-the-sea-israel-gaza-palestinians.html. 
  89. ↑ El-Haj, Nadia Abu (17 November 2023). "Zionism's Political Unconscious" (in en). https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/zionism-s-political-unconscious. 
  90. ↑ Syal, Rajeev; Allegretti, Aubrey (10 October 2023). "Waving Palestinian flag may be a criminal offence, Braverman tells police". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/10/people-supporting-hamas-in-uk-will-be-held-to-account-says-rishi-sunak. "I would encourage police to consider whether chants such as: 'From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' should be understood as an expression of a violent desire to see Israel erased from the world, and whether its use in certain contexts may amount to a racially aggravated section 5 public order offence." 
  91. ↑ "'From the river to the sea' prompts Vienna to ban pro-Palestinian protest". Reuters. October 11, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/from-river-sea-prompts-vienna-ban-pro-palestinian-protest-2023-10-11/. 
  92. ↑ Brown, Rivkah (18 Oct 2023). "Dutch Court Rules 'From the River to the Sea' Protected Speech and Not Antisemitic". https://novaramedia.com/2023/10/18/dutch-court-rules-from-the-river-to-the-sea-protected-speech-and-not-antisemitic/. 
  93. ↑ Glenn, Matis (25 October 2023). "Austrian Chancellor Visits Israel, Says 'From the River...' Will Be Considered Call to Murder". https://hamodia.com/2023/10/25/austrian-chancellor-visits-israel-says-from-the-river-will-be-considered-call-to-murder/. 
  94. ↑ Rajvanshi, Astha (20 October 2023). "In Europe, Free Speech Is Under Threat For Palestine Supporters". Time (magazine). https://time.com/6326360/europe-palestine-protests-free-speech/. Retrieved 28 October 2023. 
  95. ↑ "Полиция объяснила случившееся на митинге в поддержку Палестины: мы неоднократно говорили о том, чего делать нельзя". https://rus.delfi.ee/statja/120246175/policiya-obyasnila-sluchivsheesya-na-mitinge-v-podderzhku-palestiny-my-neodnokratno-govorili-o-tom-chego-delat-nelzya. 
  96. ↑ Tambur, Silver (November 9, 2023). "Anti-Jewish leaflets distributed in Tallinn, people arrested for chanting Hamas slogans at protest". https://estonianworld.com/security/anti-jewish-leaflets-distributed-in-tallinn-people-arrested-for-chanting-hamas-slogans-at-protest/. 
  97. ↑ "В Баварии запретили пропалестинский лозунг "От реки до моря"". https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/19261133. 
  98. ↑ Zylm, Wojciech (December 9, 2023). "Germany Bans Pro-Palestinian Slogan Amid Rising Tension". https://bnnbreaking.com/politics/germany-bans-pro-palestinian-slogan-amid-rising-tension/. 
  99. ↑ "Stanovisko NSZ: Závažnější jednání reagující na dění v Izraeli mohou být trestná" (in cs). https://verejnazaloba.cz/nsz/stanovisko-nsz-zavaznejsi-jednani-reagujici-na-deni-v-izraeli-mohou-byt-trestna/. 
  100. ↑ "СМИ: в Чехии начнут преследовать за использование лозунга палестинских радикалов" (in ru). https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/19294451. 
  101. ↑ "В Чехии намерены возбуждать уголовные дела за лозунги о свободной Палестине" (in ru). 15 November 2023. https://ria.ru/20231115/chekhiya-1909701426.html. 
  102. ↑ "Charge stayed against Calgary pro-Palestinian protester who chanted 'from the river to the sea'". November 17, 2023. https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/from-the-river-to-the-sea-phrase. 

Bibliography

  • Kelley, Robin (Summer 2019). "From the River to the Sea to Every Mountain Top: Solidarity as Worldmaking". Journal of Palestine Studies (Taylor & Francis, Ltd.) 48 (4): 69–91. doi:10.1525/jps.2019.48.4.69. 
  • Hill, Marc Lamont (30 November 2018). Speech on the 70th Anniversary of the Nakba (Speech). Special Meeting of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People. New York City. Retrieved 11 October 2023.



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