Handmaiden

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A handmaiden, handmaid or maidservant is a personal maid or female servant.^[1] Depending on culture or historical period, a handmaiden may be of slave status or may be simply an employee. However, the term handmaiden explicitly implies lowly status.

In the Hebrew Bible, the term handmaid is applied to a female servant who serves her mistress, as in the case of Hagar being described as Sarai's handmaid,^[2] Zilpah being Leah's handmaid^[3] and Bilhah as Rachel's handmaid.^[4][5] In each of these cases, the mistress "gave" their handmaid to their husbands "to wife", to bear his "seed" (children). The use in the Torah of the prefix "to", as in "gave to wife", may indicate that the wife is a concubine or inferior wife.^[6] The text repeats that these people remain handmaids of their mistress though they are also the concubine of the mistress's husband. They are referred to interchangeably by the Hebrew terms אָמָה (’āmāh) and שִׁפְחָה (šip̄ḥāh).

In Christianity, Mary, the mother of Jesus is referred to as the "handmaid of the Lord" or "servant of the Lord",^[7] both of which are titles of honour for the mother of Jesus.^[8] The Gospel of Luke describes Mary as the "handmaid of the Lord" (Greek δούλη, doulē) when she gives her consent to the message of the Angel (cf. Luke 1:38), and when she proclaims the greatness of the Lord because of "the great things" he has worked in her (cf. Luke 1:49)."^[8]

• The Handmaid's Tale, а dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood.
  • The Handmaid's Tale (1990 film adaptation of the novel)
  • The Handmaid's Tale (2000 operatic adaptation of the novel)
  • The Handmaid's Tale (2017 TV serialisation of the novel)
• The Handmaiden, a 2016 South Korean film directed by Park Chan-wook.
• In the A Song of Ice and Fire book series by George R.R. Martin, the female servants of a queen or a lady are referred to as "handmaidens" and the term is used to refer to many characters, most notably Queen Margaery Tyrell's cousins, Elinor Tyrell and Megga Tyrell who serve as Margaery's handmaidens starting from her arrival in King's Landing.
• In the sci-fi Star Wars franchise, the term refers to the female assistants of a reigning queen, most notably the Royal Naboo Handmaidens on the planet Naboo.

• Domestic worker
• Henchman
• Lady's maid
• Lady-in-waiting
• Nurse stereotypes

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