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Incest in folklore and mythology

Topic: Social

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Halga seducing his own daughter Yrsa, by Jenny Nyström (1895).

Incest is found in folklore and mythology in many countries and cultures in the world.[1][2][3][4][5]

Polytheistic deities

Greek

In Greek mythology, Gaia (earth) had 12 children with her own son Uranus (sky).[6][7] She bore six male and six female Titans to her son, Uranus (sky). The male Titans were Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Cronus. The female Titans were Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys. Oceanus, Coeus, Hyperion and Cronus each consorted with one of their sisters and mated with them, producing offspring of their own,[6] while Themis and Mnemosyne became wives of their nephew Zeus,[8] Iapetus married his niece Clymene,[9] and Crius married his half-sister Eurybia.[10]

Zeus also fathered a daughter, Persephone, with his other older sister, Demeter.[11] However, the orphic sources claim that Persephone was instead the daughter of Zeus and his mother Rhea.[12]

Nyx and Erebus were also married siblings. The sea god Phorcys fathered many offspring by his sister Ceto.

Among the many lovers of Zeus, some were his daughters. Persephone is the daughter of Demeter and her brother Zeus, and becomes the consort of her uncle Hades. Some legends indicate that her father impregnated her and begat Dionysus Zagreus. Other examples include Zeus's relations with the Muse Calliope, Aphrodite (his daughter in some versions) and Nemesis (his daughter in one tradition).

Virgil, one of the finest Roman poets, candidly recounts Juno as, Iovis et soror et coniunx (translation: both elder sister and consort of Jupiter),[13] without further remarks on this odd union. Ovid, a canonical poet of Latin literature, highlights Juno's dual relationship to Jupiter:

Latin

est aliquid nupsisse Iovi, Iovis esse sororem: fratre magis, dubito, glorier, anne viro.

translation

It is something to have married Jupiter and to be Jupiter’s older sister. I am uncertain whether I am prouder of my younger brother or of my husband.[14]

After Juno’s boasting about her incest, she wonders if lineage through blood ancestry trumps lineage gained by marriage.

Egyptian

Horus, the grandson of Geb, had his own mother, Isis, become his imperial consort.[15]

The goddess Hathor was simultaneously considered to be the mother, wife, and daughter of the sun god Ra.[16] Hathor was also occasionally seen as the mother and wife of Horus.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

In Egyptian mythology, there are frequent sibling marriages. For example, Shu and Tefnut are brother and sister and they produce offspring, Geb and Nut.[7][36]

Inca

The patron god on the Incas, Inti, is married to his elder sister Mama Quilla.

Inuit

Oedipus-type tales

Oedipus-type tales are stories that are very similar to Oedipus Rex, which is the most famous tale of mother–son incest. They start with the warning of the fated incest and, in response, the mother deserts her child. If his mother is a queen, princess, or an aristocrat, the son distinguishes himself among her suitors by accomplishing a certain task, thereby earning her hand in marriage as a part of the reward. However, the hero's desertion as a child makes plausible that neither the son nor mother recognize each other, leading to an inadvertent, incestuous consummation. For example, in the Indonesian legend of Tangkuban Perahu, Princess Dayang Sumbi weds a warrior, unaware he is her son, when he succeeds in recovering a prized weaving needle she lost, and the ancient Greek king Oedipus and his mother Jocasta are also setup for marriage in a similar way. If the mother and son learn the truth about their relationship, it is usually after they wed.[37]

For example, in the aforementioned Indonesian legend, Princess Dayang Sumbi, while laying aside her sleeping husband, recognizes the scar on his chest as her son's.[38]

Another way the mother-wife discovers the incest in the wedding bed is by an object that she had kept with the baby. The timing of the discovery varies from one night to many years and in some cases, as far as after multiple children are born. In the original tale, for example, Jocasta bears her son four children: Eteocles, Polynices, Antigone, and Ismene.[39][40]

The core plot, having entered into the world of folklore, is found in folktales of various nations like Greece, Indonesia, India, Albania, Britain, Malaysia, Iran, etc.[11]

Great Flood/Deluge

Siberian

In an Udege myth, a girl and her younger brother are the sole survivors of a great flood. They became the progenitors of the whole human race.[41]

Taiwanese

From Taiwan alone come twenty-eight versions of a brother–sister pair living as husband and wife to become the progenitors of mankind after a great flood.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]

Miscellaneous

Greek

Mortal

Myrrha committed incest with her father, Theias, and bore Adonis.

Thyestes raped his daughter Pelopia after an oracle advised him that a son born of them would be the one to kill Atreus, Thyestes' brother and rival.

In some versions of the story of Auge and her son by Heracles, Telephus, the two were nearly married before Heracles revealed the truth of their relation.

Nyctimene was seduced or raped by her father, King Epopeus of Lesbos. In her shame, she avoided showing herself by day, and Athena turned her into an owl.

Orestes married his uncle Menelaus' daughter Hermione.

Norse

Njörðr is sometimes said to be married to Skaði, while other times he's said to be married to his unnamed sister. Ynglinga saga chapter 4, provides an example of the latter, characterizing their union as a Vanir custom:

Old Norse

Þá er Njǫrðr var með Vǫnum, þá hafði hann átta systur sína, því at þat váru þar lǫg; váru þeira bǫrn Freyr ok Freyja.[49]

Lee M. Hollander translation (1992)

While Njorth lived with the Vanir he had his sister as wife, because that was the custom among them. Their children were Frey and Freya.[50]

In Norse legends, the hero Sigmund and his sister Signy murdered her children and begot a son, Sinfjötli. When Sinfjötli had grown up, he and Sigmund murdered Signy's husband Siggeir. The element of incest also appears in the version of the story used in Wagner's opera-cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, in which Siegfried is the offspring of Siegmund and his sister Sieglinde.

The legendary Danish king Hrólfr kraki was born from an incestuous union of Halgi and Yrsa.[51]

Chinese

In Chinese mythology, Fu Xi is a king and creator god who takes his sister, the goddess Nüwa, as his bride.[52][53][54]

Icelandic

In Icelandic folklore a common plot involves a brother and sister (illegally) conceiving a child. They subsequently escape justice by moving to a remote valley. There they proceed to have several more children. The man has some magical abilities which he uses to direct travelers to or away from the valley as he chooses. The siblings always have exactly one daughter but any number of sons. Eventually the magician allows a young man (usually searching for sheep) into the valley and asks him to marry the daughter and give himself and his sister a civilized burial upon their deaths. This is subsequently done.

British/Irish

In the Old Irish saga Tochmarc Étaíne ("The Wooing of Étaín"), Eochaid Airem, the high king of Ireland is tricked into sleeping with his daughter, whom he mistakes for her mother Étaín. The child of their union becomes the mother of the legendary king Conaire Mor.

In some versions of the medieval British legend of King Arthur, Arthur accidentally begets a son by his half sister Morgause in a night of blind lust, then seeks to have the child killed when he hears of a prophecy that it will bring about the undoing of the Round Table. The child survives and later becomes Mordred, his ultimate nemesis.[55]

Danand, a minor character in Irish mythology, is said to have conceived three sons with her own father[56][57]

Vietnamese

In an ancient Vietnamese folklore, there is a tale of a brother and a sister. As children, the brother and sister fought over a toy. The brother smashes a stone over his sister's head, and the girl falls down unconscious. The boy thinks he has killed his sister, and afraid of punishment, he flees. Years later, by coincidence, they meet again, fall in love, and marry without knowing they are siblings. They build a house along a seashore, and the brother becomes a fisherman while his sister tends to the house. Together they have a son. One day, the brother discovers a scar on his wife's head. She tells him about the childhood fight with her brother, and the brother realizes that he has married his own sister. Overwhelmed with guilt over his incest, the brother goes out on the sea. Every day, the sister climbs to the top of the hill to look for her brother, but he never comes back. She died in waiting and became "Hon Vong Phu" ("the stone waiting for her husband").[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]

Other

In fairy tales of Aarne-Thompson folktale type 510B, the persecuted heroine, the heroine is persecuted by her father, and most usually, the persecution is an attempt to marry her, as in Allerleirauh or Donkeyskin. This was taken up into the legend of Saint Dymphna. In addition, stories of tale type ATU 706, "The Maiden Without Hands", also show the motif of attempted fatherly incest connected with the mutilation of the heroine.[68]

Several child ballads have the motif of incest between brothers and sisters who are raised apart. This is usually unwitting (as in The Bonny Hind and Sheath and Knife, for example), but always brings about a tragic end.

See also

  • Incest in the Bible
  • Incest in popular culture

References

  1. ↑ Monaghan, Patricia (14 May 2014). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing. p. 259. ISBN 978-1438110370. 
  2. ↑ O'Flaherty, Wendy D. (15 November 1982). Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts. United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press. pp. 93–94, 98–99, 105–106, 168–169. ISBN 9780226618500. 
  3. ↑ Balter, Michael (16 June 2016). The Goddess and the Bull: Çatalhöyük: An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 9781315418407. 
  4. ↑ Shulman, David Dean (14 July 2014). Tamil Temple Myths. Princeton University Press. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-1400856923. 
  5. ↑ Dundes, Alan (1980). Interpreting Folklore. Indiana University Press. p. 248. ISBN 025320240X. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Chapter 3: Myths of Creation". https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195397703/student/materials/chapter3/summary/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pinch, Geraldine (2002). Handbook of Egyptian Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 76. ISBN 1576072428. https://archive.org/details/handbookegyptian00pinc_532. 
  8. ↑ Theogony 901–911.
  9. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 508
  10. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 375–377: "And Eurybia, bright goddess, was joined in love to Crius and bore great Astraeus, and Pallas, and Perses who also was eminent among all men in wisdom"
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Garry, Jane (5 July 2017). Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature: A Handbook: A Handbook. Routledge. pp. 326–327, 350–357, 433–437. ISBN 978-1351576161. 
  12. ↑ Meisner, Dwayne A. (2018-07-17) (in en). Orphic Tradition and the Birth of the Gods. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-066354-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=gthjDwAAQBAJ&q=dwayne+meisner+rhea+zeus+kore&pg=PT274. 
  13. ↑ Aeneid, 1. 46
  14. ↑ Beginning of Book 6 of the Fasti (27–8)
  15. ↑ Littleson, C. Scott (2005). Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology, Volume 4. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 076147563X. 
  16. ↑ Troy, Lana (1986) (in en). Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History. Almqvist and Wiksell. ISBN 978-91-554-1919-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=zM8VAQAAIAAJ. 
  17. ↑ Allen, James P. (2007-08-30) (in en). The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Society of Biblical Lit. ISBN 978-1-58983-678-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYTAwAAQBAJ. 
  18. ↑ Witzel, E.J. Michael (13 December 2012). The Origins of the World's Mythologies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199710157. 
  19. ↑ Doniger, Wendy (2000). The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade. University of Chicago Press. pp. 384–389. ISBN 9780226156439. 
  20. ↑ Munn, Mark H. (11 July 2006). A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. University of California Press. p. 154. ISBN 0520931580. 
  21. ↑ Champlin, Edward (2009). Nero. Harvard University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0674029361. 
  22. ↑ Stiebert, Johanna (20 October 2016). First-Degree Incest. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0567266316. 
  23. ↑ Archibald, Elizabeth (24 May 2001). Incest and the Medieval Imagination. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0191540854. 
  24. ↑ Liberalis, Antoninus (24 October 2018). The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317799481. 
  25. ↑ Frank, Matthew Gavin (17 December 2019). "On the Dumping Grounds of Fuerteventura, the Real Isle of Dogs". https://lithub.com/on-the-dumping-grounds-of-fuerteventura-the-real-isle-of-dogs/. 
  26. ↑ An Universal, Historical, Geographical, Chronological and Poetical Dictionary. J. Hartley. 1703. 
  27. ↑ Hansen, William (29 October 2019). The Book of Greek and Roman Folktales, Legends, and Myths. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press. pp. 347–348. ISBN 9780691195926. 
  28. ↑ "'The Forbidden Fruit': The Treatment of Incest in Fairy Tales". https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/133054/8/08_chapter%204.pdf. 
  29. ↑ Hasse, Donald (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: Q–Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 798. ISBN 978-0313334443. 
  30. ↑ "The Uganda Journal". The Uganda Society. September 1958. https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00065. 
  31. ↑ Johnson, Allen W.; Price-Williams, Douglass Richard (1996). Oedipus Ubiquitous: The Family Complex in World Folk Literature. Stanford University Press. pp. 107–115, 122–123, 145–146, 153–156, 187–188, 202–203. ISBN 0804725772. https://archive.org/details/oedipusubiquitou00john. 
  32. ↑ Upadhyaya, Hari S. (1968). "Indic Background of 'The Book of Sindibad.'". Asian Folklore Studies 27 (1): 110. doi:10.2307/1177802. 
  33. ↑ "MARRIAGE ii. NEXT OF KIN MARRIAGE IN ZOROASTRIANISM". January 30, 2013. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/marriage-next-of-kin. 
  34. ↑ Kirchhof, Hans Wilhelm (1869). Wendunmuth. Laupp. pp. 388–389. https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Pt5LAAAAcAAJ#page/n7/mode/2up. 
  35. ↑ Whatley, Marianne H.; Henken, Elissa R. (2000). Did You Hear about the Girl Who-- ?: Contemporary Legends, Folklore, and Human Sexuality. NYU Press. ISBN 0814793223. 
  36. ↑ el- Shamy, Hasan M. (1979). Brother and Sister Type 872: A Cognitive Behavioristic Analysis of a Middle Eastern Oikotype. Folklore Publications Group. 
  37. ↑ Lessa, William A. (1956). "Oedipus-Type Tales in Oceania". The Journal of American Folklore 69 (271): 63–73. doi:10.2307/536945. 
  38. ↑ Gill, N.S. (23 May 2019). "Top Legendary Greek Mothers". Dotdash. https://www.thoughtco.com/top-legendary-greek-mothers-121484. 
  39. ↑ Oedipus: A Folklore Casebook. Ukraine: University of Wisconsin Press. November 1955. pp. 4, 39–51, 57–60, 90–91, 113–114, 124–125, 138–140, 243. ISBN 9780299148539. 
  40. ↑ Deusen, Kira (2 February 2011). Flying Tiger: Women Shamans and Storytellers of the Amur. McGill Queen's Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0773521551. 
  41. ↑ Ho, T'ing-jui (1967). A Comparative Study of Myths and Legends of Formosan Aborigines. Indiana University. 
  42. ↑ Lin Daosheng. pp. 26–28. 
  43. ↑ Dundes, Alan (1998). The Flood Myth. University of California Press. ISBN 0520063538. 
  44. ↑ "Great Flood (大洪水)". http://folkency.nfm.go.kr/en/topic/detail/5483. 
  45. ↑ Choi, Won-Oh (10 April 2008). An Illustrated Guide to Korean Mythology. Global Oriental. p. 2. ISBN 978-9004213258. 
  46. ↑ Ho, Ting-jui (1964). "East Asian Themes in Folktales of the Formosan Aborigines". Asian Folklore Studies 23 (2): 39–41. doi:10.2307/1177748. 
  47. ↑ Isaak, Mark (2 September 2002). "Flood Stories from Around the World". http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html. 
  48. ↑ Ynglinga saga ch. 4, ed. Finnur Jónsson.
  49. ↑ Snorri Sturluson, The Saga of the Ynglings in Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1964, repr. Austin: University of Texas, 1992, ISBN:9780292730618, pp. 6–50, p. 8.
  50. ↑ "Akoma Mba and the Man Who Transformed into a Woman". Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095359544. 
  51. ↑ Hamilton, Mae. "Nuwa". https://mythopedia.com/chinese-mythology/gods/nuwa/. 
  52. ↑ Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 33. ISBN 1576074676. https://archive.org/details/handbookjapanese00ashk_903. 
  53. ↑ Palmer, Edwina (20 November 2015). Harima Fudoki: A Record of Ancient Japan Reinterpreted, Translated, Annotated, and with Commentary. BRILL, 2015. p. 163. ISBN 978-9004269378. 
  54. ↑ "Ulaid Cycle (The Ulster Cycle) Explained". https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/ulster.html. 
  55. ↑ R. A. S., Macalister (1941). Lebor Gabála Érenn: Book of the Taking of Ireland (4 ed.). Dublin: Irish Texts Society. p. 64. http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor4.html#55. Retrieved 30 April 2013. "Donann the daughter of the same Delbaeth was mother of the three last, Brian, Iucharba and Iuchar. These were the three gods of Danu, from whom is named the Mountain of the Three gods. And that Delbaeth had the name Tuirell Bicreo." 
  56. ↑ Isaac, Ali (22 June 2020). "incest in irish mythology". https://www.aliisaacstoryteller.com/post/incest-in-irish-mythology. 
  57. ↑ "Sister Sun and Brother Moon". http://folkency.nfm.go.kr/en/topic/detail/6006. 
  58. ↑ Heda, Jason; Segal, Dimitri (3 June 2011). Patterns in Oral Literature. Walter de Gruyter. p. 227. ISBN 978-3110810028. 
  59. ↑ Ojibwe Stories from the Upper Berens River. Nebraska. 2018. ISBN 9781496202253. 
  60. ↑ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 361. ISBN 0520035372. 
  61. ↑ Pangmulgwan, Kungnip Minsok (2014). Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature. Korea. p. 111. ISBN 9788928900848. 
  62. ↑ Gelder, Geert (27 March 2012). "INCEST AND INBREEDING". http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/incest-and-inbreeding. 
  63. ↑ "ESTONIAN FOLKTALES I : 1. FAIRY TALES. SUMMARY". http://www.folklore.ee/era/pub/files/EMj2009_engsummary.pdf. 
  64. ↑ Bascom, William (1983). "Malinowski's Contributions to the Study of Folklore". Folklore 94 (2): 163–172. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1983.9716274. 
  65. ↑ Petronius (100). The Satyricon. Library of Alexandria. pp. 229–235. ISBN 9781465562340. https://books.google.com/books?id=TxjazK1dacMC. 
  66. ↑ Sherman, Josepha (2015). Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore. Routledge. p. 276. ISBN 978-1317459378. 
  67. ↑ Jason, Heda. "Types of Jewish-Oriental Oral Tales". In: Fabula 7, no. Jahresband (1965): 159. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1965.7.1.115



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