Intangible cultural heritage

Short description: Class of UNESCO designated cultural heritage

An intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, or skill considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage. Buildings, historic places, monuments, and artifacts are cultural property. Intangible heritage consists of nonphysical intellectual wealth, such as folklore, customs, beliefs, traditions, knowledge, and language. Intangible cultural heritage is considered by member states of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture. In 2001, UNESCO made a survey^[1] among states and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage^[2] was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion.

Definition

The Viennese coffee house culture, a special form of cultural heritage^[3]

The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage^[4] defines the intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, as well as the knowledge and skills (including instruments, objects, artifacts, cultural spaces), that communities, groups, and, in some cases, individuals, recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is sometimes called living cultural heritage, and is manifested in the following domains, among others:^[5]

Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage;
Performing arts;
Social practices, rituals and festive events;
Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;
Traditional craftsmanship

Cultural heritage in general consists of the products and processes of a culture that are preserved and passed on through the generations.^[6] Some of that heritage takes the form of cultural property, formed by tangible artefacts such as buildings or works of art. Many parts of culture, however are intangible, including song, music, dance, drama, skills, cuisine, sport,^[7] crafts, and festivals. These are forms of culture that can be recorded but cannot be touched or stored in physical form, like in a museum, but only experienced through a vehicle giving expression to it. Such cultural vehicles are called "Human Treasures" by the UN. The protection of languages, as the largest and most important intangible cultural heritage, should also be mentioned in this context. According to Karl von Habsburg, former President of Blue Shield International, protection of languages is important in the age of identity wars, because language in particular can become a target for attack as a symbolic cultural asset.^[8]

According to the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) – or living heritage – is the mainspring of humanity's cultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuing creativity. It is defined as follows:

Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development.

Oral history

Food heritage

With sustainable development gaining momentum as a priority of UNESCO heritage policies, an increasing number of food-related nominations are being submitted for inscription on the lists of the convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage.^[10] The Mediterranean diet,^[11] the traditional Mexican cuisine and the Japanese dietary culture of washoku are some examples of this.

Dishes

Thieboudienne^[12]

Dance heritage

Other dance forms,^[13] however, even if they are officially recognized as heritage from their country of origin, are practiced and enjoyed all over the world. For example, flamenco from Spain and tango, from Argentina and Uruguay, have an international dimension. Dance is a complex phenomenon, which involves culture, traditions, the use of human bodies, artefacts (such as costumes and props), as well as a specific use of music, space and sometimes light. As a result, a lot of tangible and intangible elements^[14] are combined within dance, making it a challenging but interesting type of heritage to safeguard.

Digital heritage

Mapping of intangible heritage phenomena (GIS technology)^[15]

Digital heritage is a representation of heritage in the digital realm and is a sub-category of Intangible Cultural Heritage.^[16] It refers primarily to the use of digital media in the service of preserving cultural or natural heritage.^[17]^[18]^[19] Examples of this include mapping of intangible heritage phenomena, such as folk beliefs linked to the supernatural beings.^[20]

Sports heritage

Oral continuity

Greek polyphonic group from Dropull wearing skoufos and fustanella
Albanian polyphonic group from Skrapar wearing qeleshe and fustanella

Intangible cultural heritage is passed orally within a community, and while there may be individuals who are known tradition bearers, ICH is often broader than one individual's own skills or knowledge. A 2006 report by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador said, regarding oral culture in their area, "The processes involved in the continuation of this traditional knowledge constitute one of the most interesting aspects of our living heritage. Each member of the community possesses a piece of the shared knowledge.^[21] Crucial knowledge is passed on during community activities, frequently without any conscious attention to the process."^[22]

Preservation

Prior to the UNESCO Convention, efforts had already been made by a number of states to safeguard their intangible heritage.^[23] Japan, with its 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, was the first to introduce legislation to preserve and promote intangible as well as tangible culture: Important Intangible Cultural Properties are designated and "holders" recognized of these craft and performance traditions, known informally as Living National Treasures.^[9]^[24] Other countries, including South Korea (Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea), the Philippines, Ukraine, the United States, Thailand, France, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Poland, have since created similar programs.^[24]

According to academic Yi Sun publishing in 2024, "China has played an increasingly dynamic role in energizing" the Intangible Cultural Heritage Cooperation program.^[25]^: 157

Recently there has been much debate over protecting intangible cultural heritage through intellectual property rights, as well as the desirability to do so through this legal framework and the risks of commodification derived from this possibility.^[26] The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.

List of countries with Intangible Cultural Heritages

Note: Each country may maintain its own cultural heritage lists, items of which are not necessarily inscribed into UNESCO lists.

Rank	Country	ICHs^{[lower-alpha 1]}
1	China^[28]	44
2	Turkey^[29]	31
3	France^[30]	30
4	Iran,^[31] Spain^[32]	26
5	Azerbaijan^[33]	24
6	Japan,^[34] South Korea^[35]	23
7	Croatia^[36]	22
8	Belgium,^[37] Italy^[38]	20
9	Mongolia^[39]	17
10	Indonesia,^[40] Oman,^[41] Saudi Arabia,^[42] United Arab Emirates,^[43] Uzbekistan,^[44] Vietnam^[45]	16
11	Colombia,^[46] India,^[47] Kyrgyzstan,^[48] Morocco^[49]	15
12	Kazakhstan,^[50] Peru^[51]	14
13	Algeria^[52]	13
14	Austria,^[53] Mexico,^[54] Tajikistan^[55]	12
15	Greece,^[56] Portugal^[57]	11
16	Brazil,^[58] Czech Republic,^[59] Egypt,^[60] Germany,^[61] Hungary,^[62] Iraq,^[63] Romania,^[64] Slovakia,^[65] Switzerland,^[66] Venezuela^[67]	10
17	Bolivia,^[68] Malaysia,^[69] Mali,^[70] Tunisia^[71]	9
18	Armenia,^[72] Bulgaria,^[73] Mauritania,^[74] Nigeria,^[75] Palestine^[76]	8
19	Cambodia,^[77] Cuba,^[78] Cyprus,^[79] Estonia,^[80] Jordan,^[81] Slovenia,^[82] Syria,^[83] Ukraine^[84]	7
20	Belarus,^[85] Bosnia and Herzegovina,^[86] Ethiopia,^[87] Luxembourg,^[88] Malawi,^[89] North Macedonia,^[90] Norway,^[91] Philippines,^[92] Poland,^[93] Serbia,^[94] Thailand,^[95] Uganda,^[96] Zambia^[97]	6
21	Bangladesh,^[98] Guatemala,^[99] Ireland,^[100] Ivory Coast,^[101] Kenya,^[102] Kuwait,^[103] Netherlands,^[104] North Korea,^[105] Qatar,^[106] Sudan,^[107] Yemen^[108]	5
22	Afghanistan,^[109] Albania,^[110] Andorra,^[111] Bahrain,^[112] Botswana,^[113] Dominican Republic,^[114] Ecuador,^[115] Finland,^[116] Georgia,^[117] Lithuania,^[118] Mauritius,^[119] Moldova,^[120] Panama,^[121] Sweden^[122]	4
23	Argentina,^[123] Jamaica,^[124] Latvia,^[125] Madagascar,^[126] Mozambique,^[127] Pakistan,^[128] Paraguay^[129]	3