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Kipchak languages

Topic: Social

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 5 min

Short description: Sub-branch of the Turkic language family
For the extinct Turkic language, see Kipchak language.
Kipchak
Northwestern Turkic
EthnicityKipchaks
Geographic
distribution		Central Asia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, Balkans, Lithuania, Romania, Ukraine, China
Linguistic classificationTurkic
Subdivisions
  • Kipchak–Bulgar
  • Kipchak–Cuman
  • Kipchak–Nogai
  • Kipchak–Kyrgyz
Glottologkipc1239[1]

The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Romania to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tatar.

Linguistic features

The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.

Shared features

  • Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
  • Loss of initial *h, see above example

Unique features

Family-specific

  • Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
  • Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")

Language-specific

  • In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:
Old Turkic Tatar
(for example)
Mid → high
*e /e/ i /i/
*o /o/ u /u/
*ö /ø/ ü /y/
High → Mid
*i /i/ e /ɪ/
*ı /ɯ/ î /ɤ/
*u /u/ o /ʊ/
*ü /y/ ö /ø/

Classification

The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):

Proto-Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)
Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)
Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)
Kipchak–Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.[3]

References

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kipchak". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kipc1239. 
  2. ↑ Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.
  3. ↑ Yazyki mira. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20. 
  4. ↑ Махмутова Л. Т. Опыт исследования тюркских диалектов: мишарский диалект татарского языка. — М.: Наука, 1978
  5. ↑ "Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)". http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html. 
  6. ↑ Nevskaya, I. A.. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml. 

Bibliography

  • Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5. 
  • Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1. 



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