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List of Soviet assassinations

Topic: Social

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This is a list of people confirmed and alleged to have been assassinated by the government of the Soviet Union.[1] Some of the assassinations or targeted killings took place overseas.

Soviet assassinations

Assassinations confirmed or generally accepted to have been committed by the Soviet Union.

Target Position Date City Country Perpetrator Method
Fyodor Kokoshkin Member of the First Russian State Duma 1918-01-20 Leningrad  Russian SFSR Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee Shot.
Nicholas II last Tsar of Russia 1918-07-17 Yekaterinburg Cheka Execution.[2]
Francis Cromie British naval attaché 1918-08-31 Petrograd Bolsheviks Killed in combat
Alexander Dutov Russian Cossacks 1921-02-07 Suiding China Bolsheviks Shot.[3][4]
Vladimir Nesterovich Defected Red Army commander and intelligence officer 1925-08-06 Mainz  Germany GRU Poisoning.[5][6]
Pyotr Wrangel Russian White Army General 1928-04-25 Brussels  Belgium Soviet agent Poisoning.
Alexander Kutepov White Army General 1930-01-26 Paris  France OGPU Heart attack during kidnapping.[7]
Noe Ramishvili former Prime Minister of Georgia 1930-12-07 Paris  France Shot.[8][9][10]
Sergey Kirov First Secretary of the Leningrad City Bolsheviks 1934-12-01 Leningrad  Soviet Union NKVD Shot by revolver.
Faizal Maksum One of the leaders of the Basmachi movement 1935-??-?? Kashgar Template:Country data East Turkestan
Nester Lakoba Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Abkhaz ASSR 1936-12-28 Tbilisi Template:Country data Georgian SSR
Andreu Nin Leader of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) 1937-06-20 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Template:Country data Second Spanish Republic Tortured to death.[11][12][13][14]
Aghasi Khanjian First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia 1937-07-09 Tbilisi Template:Country data Georgian SSR Shot.[15]
Georges Agabekov Defected OGPU agent 1937-08-?? Pyrenees Mountains Unsure French or Spanish side in the Pyrenees Mountains Unknown.
Ignace Reiss Soviet spy 1937-09-04 Lausanne  Switzerland Strangulation and/or machine gun.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
Yevhen Konovalets Leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 1938-05-23 Rotterdam  Netherlands Explosive hidden in box of chocolates.
Rudolf Klement Senior official in the Fourth International and longtime confidant of Trotsky 1938-07-13 Paris  France Unknown. Possible beheading.[16]
Zinaida Reich Soviet actress 1939-07-15 Moscow  Soviet Union Stabbing.
Jadwiga Szeptycka Archaeologist and ethnographer 1939-09-27 Prylbychi  Second Polish Republic Shot.[17]
Leon Trotsky Soviet politician and Marxist revolutionary theorist 1940-08-21 Coyoacán  Mexico Exsanguination from attack by ice pick[18]
Nikolai Koltsov Soviet biologist 1940-12-02 Leningrad  Soviet Union Poisoning.[19]
Mairbek Sheripov Chechen nationalist 1942-11-07 Chechnya  Soviet Union Soviet security force Soviet reprisal raid.
Wilhelm Kube Generalkommissar of Weissruthenien 1943-09-22 Minsk  Soviet Union Yelena Mazanik Timed explosive.
Solomon Mikhoels Soviet actor and the artistic director of the Moscow State Jewish Theatre. 1948-01-13 MGB Death staged as traffic accident.[20]
Khasan Israilov Chechen nationalist 1944-12-29 Chechnya Soviet security force Unknown.
Yurii Lypa Ukrainian nationalist 1944-08-20 Shutova  Ukrainian SSR NKVD Tortured to death.[21]
Konstantin Volkov Soviet diplomat and NKVD officer 1945-09-?? Istanbul  Turkey Disappeared from his post.
Isaiah Oggins American-born spy for the Soviet secret police 1947-??-?? Norilsk  Russian SFSR Poisoned with curare.[22][23]
Theodore Romzha Bishop of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo 1947-10-31 Uzhhorod  Ukrainian SSR Poisoned with curare.[24][25]
Wolfgang Salus Czechoslovak Trotskyist 1953-03-05 Munich  West Germany KGB Poisoned.[26][27]
Alexander Trushnovich Chairman of the Committee for Aid to Russian Refugees, leader of the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists 1954-04-13 West Berlin  West Germany Choked to death during botched kidnapping.[28]
Danylo Skoropadskyi Leader of the Hetmanite movement 1957-02-23 London  United Kingdom Poisoned with air gun.[29][30]
Lev Rebet Leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 1957-10-10 Munich  West Germany Poisoning with vapor gun.[31]
Imre Nagy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary 1958-06-16 Budapest  Hungary Soviet show trial Execution.
Stepan Bandera Leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 1959-10-15 Munich  West Germany KGB Poisoning by cyanide gas.[31]
Nicholas Shadrin Defected Soviet naval officer 1975-12-20 Vienna  Austria KGB Accidental forced overdose during kidnapping.[32][33][34]
Mohammed Daoud Khan President of Afghanistan 1978-04-28 Kabul Afghanistan Afghanistan KGB / PDPA
  • KGB was most likely involved as the Saur Revolution was a Soviet-backed coup
 Shot.
Georgi Markov Bulgarian dissident journalist 1978-09-11 London  United Kingdom KGB Poisoning by ricin-filled pellet by Bulgarian umbrella.[35]
Hafizullah Amin President of Afghanistan 1979-12-27 Kabul Afghanistan Afghanistan Targeted assault on the Tajbeg Palace (see: Operation Storm-333)[36][37]

Alleged assassinations

Assassinations alleged or suspected to have been carried out by the Soviet Union.

Target Position Date City Country Perpetrator Method
Nikolay Vtorov Russian industrialist 1918-05-20 Moscow  Russian SFSR Bolsheviks Unknown.[38]
Juliet Stuart Poyntz CPUSA member and soviet intelligence agent 1937-06-03 New York  United States NKVD Possible execution.[39]
Lev Sedov Leon Trotsky's eldest son 1938-02-16 Paris  France Shot.
Walter Krivitsky Defected Soviet intelligence officer 1941-02-10 Washington, D.C.  United States Shot by revolver.[40]
Arkadi Maslow Leading figure in the Communist Party of Germany 1941-11-20 Havana  Cuba Shot.[41]
Leonid Karas Belarusian writer and journalist for Radio Liberty 1954-09-?? Munich  West Germany KGB Drowning.[42]
Abdurrahman Fatalibeyli Defected Soviet army major; CIA agent and later chief of the Azerbaijani desk for Radio Liberty 1954-11-22 Munich  West Germany Strangulation.
Ilie Motrescu Romanian writer 1969-07-26 Near Krasnoilsk  Ukrainian SSR
Alla Horska Ukrainian Soviet dissident 1970-11-28 Vasylkiv Shot and disguised as a murder-suicide.[43][44]
Sultan Ibraimov Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan 1980-12-04 Cholpon Ata  Soviet Union Shot twice in the head.

Attempted assassinations

Target Position Date City Country Killer Method
Indalecio Prieto Minister of the National Defence 1937 Bilbao Template:Country data Second Spanish Republic NKVD Unspecified.[14]
Georgiy Okolovich Anti-communist dissident 1954 Frankfurt  West Germany KGB Cigarette case disguised poison gun.[45][46]
Nikolai Khokhlov Soviet defector 1957-09 Frankfurt  West Germany Poisoning with thallium.[47][31]
Vladimir Kostov Bulgarian journalist 1978-08-26 Paris  France Poisoning with Bulgarian umbrella.[48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Filipov, David (2017-03-23). "Here are 10 critics of Vladimir Putin who died violently or in suspicious ways" (in en-US). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/03/23/here-are-ten-critics-of-vladimir-putin-who-died-violently-or-in-suspicious-ways/. 
  2. ↑ "The Execution of Tsar Nicholas II, 1918". 2005. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/nicholas.htm. 
  3. ↑ Ganin, Andrey (8 June 2018). "Казачий путь. Атаман Дутов в борьбе с диктатурой большевиков - Российское историческое общество". https://historyrussia.org/tsekh-istorikov/kazachij-put-ataman-dutov-v-borbe-s-diktaturoj-bolshevikov.html. 
  4. ↑ Ганин, Андрей Владиславович (2006) (in ru). Атаман А.И. Дутов. Центрполиграф. ISBN 978-5-9524-2447-0. https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90_%D0%98_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2/PVnGPQAACAAJ?hl=en. 
  5. ↑ Starkov, B. A. (1998). "Советизация Балкан как попытка создания нового типа цивилизации — по новым документам российских архивов.". in Terzić, Slavenko (in sr). Сусрет или сукоб цивилизација на Балкану: међународни научни скуп 10-12. децембар 1997. Istorijski institut SANU. pp. 499—500. ISBN 978-86-7743-016-0. https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8/RAIXAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=isbn:86-7743-016-4&dq=isbn:86-7743-016-4&printsec=frontcover. 
  6. ↑ Nehring, Christopher (3 May 2021). "Analysis: Russia's secret services betray their weakness" (in en). https://www.dw.com/en/analysis-russias-secret-services-betray-their-weakness/a-57417994. 
  7. ↑ Sudoplatov, Pavel; Sudoplatov, Anatolievich Pavel; Schecter, Jerrold L.; Schecter, Leona (1994) (in en). Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness, a Soviet Spymaster. Little, Brown. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-316-77352-2. 
  8. ↑ King, Charles (2008-02-11) (in en). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ghost_of_Freedom/mv0RDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Noe+Ramishvili%22+assassinated&pg=PA181&printsec=frontcover. 
  9. ↑ Lee, Eric (2017-09-15) (in en). The Experiment: Georgia's Forgotten Revolution 1918-1921. Zed Books Ltd.. ISBN 978-1-78699-095-2. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Experiment.html?id=4byrDwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description. 
  10. ↑ სულაძე, გელა (2018) (in en). საქართველოს პირველი პრემიერის, ნოე რამიშვილის, მკვლელობა: საბჭოთა ხელისუფლების სპეცსამსახურების სისხლიანი ოპერაცია. Gamomcʻemloba "Cigni+eri". ISBN 978-9941-9598-0-6. https://www.google.com/books/edition/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98/cgnQwQEACAAJ?hl=en. 
  11. ↑ Znamenski, Andrei (2017-09-07). "Joseph Grigulevich: A Tale of Identity, Soviet Espionage, and Storytelling". The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 44 (3): 314–341. doi:10.1163/18763324-20171267. ISSN 1075-1262. https://brill.com/view/journals/spsr/44/3/article-p314_314.xml?ebody=pdf-130820. 
  12. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (1977) (in en). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. p. 684. ISBN 978-0-14-020970-9. 
  13. ↑ Preston, Paul (2011-04-08) (in es). La Guerra Civil Española: reacción, revolución y venganza. DEBOLS!LLO. p. 182. ISBN 978-84-9989-150-7. https://www.google.com/books/edition/La_Guerra_Civil_Espa%C3%B1ola/IsNUHLStdDUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=isbn:9788499891507&printsec=frontcover. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bolloten, Burnett (1991) (in en). The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 507, 549. ISBN 978-0-8078-1906-7. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Spanish_Civil_War/-VarDLHA3_YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22assassination+of+Nin%22&pg=PA507&printsec=frontcover. 
  15. ↑ Shakarian, Pietro A. (2025-08-05) (in en). Anastas Mikoyan: An Armenian Reformer in Khrushchev's Kremlin. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-07356-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rTNgEQAAQBAJ. 
  16. ↑ Bourrinet, Philippe (2016-11-01) (in en). The Dutch and German Communist Left (1900–68): ‘Neither Lenin nor Trotsky nor Stalin!’ - ‘All Workers Must Think for Themselves!’. BRILL. p. 442. ISBN 978-90-04-32593-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw1oDQAAQBAJ&q=klement#v=snippet&q=klement&f=false. 
  17. ↑ (in en) Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1991. p. 103. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies/gTkMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Jadwiga+Szeptycka%22+nkvd&dq=%22Jadwiga+Szeptycka%22+nkvd&printsec=frontcover. 
  18. ↑ Mahoney, Harry Thayer; Mahoney, Marjorie Locke (1998-06-01) (in en). The Saga of Leon Trotsky: His Clandestine Operations and His Assassination. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-57292-124-5. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Saga_of_Leon_Trotsky/Ak4jAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=isbn:1572921242&dq=isbn:1572921242&printsec=frontcover. 
  19. ↑ Soyfer, Valery N. (September 2001). "The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science" (in en). Nature Reviews Genetics 2 (9): 723–729. doi:10.1038/35088598. ISSN 1471-0064. https://www.nature.com/articles/35088598. 
  20. ↑ Times, Special to The New York (1963-01-17). "Moscow Confirms Police Killed Mikhoels, Yiddish Actor, in '48" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1963/01/17/archives/moscow-confirms-police-killed-mikhoels-yiddish-actor-in-48.html. 
  21. ↑ Shkandrij, Myroslav (2015-01-01) (in en). Ukrainian Nationalism: Politics, Ideology, and Literature, 1929-1956. Yale University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-300-20628-9. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ukrainian_Nationalism/Z-jlBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Yurii+Lypa%22+%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94&pg=PA207&printsec=frontcover. 
  22. ↑ Meier, Andrew (2008) (in en). The Lost Spy: An American in Stalin's Secret Service. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-393-06097-3. https://archive.org/details/lostspyamericani00meie/page/271/mode/2up?q=curare. 
  23. ↑ "Russian Tells of Americans' Fate" (in en-US). The New York Times: p. A3. 1992-09-24. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/russian-tells-of-americans-fate.html. 
  24. ↑ Birstein, Vadim J. (2004-11-10) (in en). The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story Of Soviet Science. Basic Books. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8133-4280-1. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Perversion_Of_Knowledge/9JJqAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Romzha%22. 
  25. ↑ Alʹbat︠s︡, Evgenii︠a︡; Albats, Yevgenia; Alʹbat{u0361}s, Evgenii{u0361}a; Al'bac, Evgenija; Albats, Evgeniia (1994) (in en). The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia--past, Present, and Future. Farrar Straus Giroux. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-374-18104-8. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_State_Within_a_State/Q5-VQgAACAAJ?hl=en. 
  26. ↑ Weber, Hermann; Weber, Gerda (2006) (in de). Leben nach dem "Prinzip links": Erinnerungen aus fünf Jahrzehnten. Ch. Links Verlag. p. 217. ISBN 978-3-86153-405-1. https://books.google.de/books?id=2SBrma8ApjEC&pg=PA217&dq=%22Wolfgang+Salus%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=Ik6MVaPMBYKAU9uVgNgD&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Wolfgang%20Salus%22&f=false. 
  27. ↑ Bubke, Hermann (2004) (in de). Der Einsatz des Stasi- und KGB-Spions Otto Freitag im München der Nachkriegszeit. Kovac. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-8300-1122-4. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Der_Einsatz_des_Stasi_und_KGB_Spions_Ott/QSZoAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=isbn:9783830011224&dq=isbn:9783830011224&printsec=frontcover. 
  28. ↑ Goldberg, Carey (1992-07-24). "KGB's True Confessions Spark Emigrants' Anger : Russia: Spy agency admits it killed former dissident. Accusations fly as documents are opened." (in en-US). https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-07-24-mn-3995-story.html. 
  29. ↑ West, Nigel (2016-10-06) (in en). Spycraft Secrets: An Espionage A-Z. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-6898-0. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Spycraft_Secrets/joz5CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Danylo+Skoropadskyi+bogdan&pg=PT31&printsec=frontcover. 
  30. ↑ West, Nigel (2017-08-07) (in en). Encyclopedia of Political Assassinations. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 241. ISBN 979-8-216-22279-8. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Political_Assassinations/tgR4EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Skoropadsky. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999) (in en). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. p. 362, 470. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Sword_and_the_Shield/9TWUAQ7Xof8C?hl=en&gbpv=1. 
  32. ↑ Tyler, Patrick E. (1985-10-30). "Missing U.S. Agent Dead Shadrin Disappeared 10 Years Ago in Vienna" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/10/30/missing-us-agent-dead-shadrin-disappeared-10-years-ago-in-vienna/57c8d887-96d3-416d-8ee7-b4c0198ddb32/. 
  33. ↑ Whitney, Craig R. (1993-11-02). "Death of Soviet Defector and Spy Is Tied to Kidnapping by Moscow" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/02/world/death-of-soviet-defector-and-spy-is-tied-to-kidnapping-by-moscow.html. 
  34. ↑ "A Soviet defector who disappeared 10 years ago while... - UPI Archives" (in en). 28 October 1985. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/10/28/A-Soviet-defector-who-disappeared-10-years-ago-while/8009499323600/. 
  35. ↑ Andrew, Christopher M. (1999). The Mitrokhin Archive: the KGB and the World. Internet Archive. London : Allen Lane. pp. 507–508. ISBN 978-0-7139-9358-5. http://archive.org/details/mitrokhinarchive0000andr_c0s1. 
  36. ↑ Braithwaite, Rodric (2011-09-06) (in en). Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979-1989. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-983265-1. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Afgantsy/guQQKejG3qUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=isbn:9780199832651&printsec=frontcover. 
  37. ↑ Попов, Владимир (2019-12-11). "Записки бывшего подполковника КГБ: Разведчики специального назначения в Афганистане" (in ru). https://gordonua.com/publications/zapiski-byvshego-podpolkovnika-kgb-razvedchiki-specialnogo-naznacheniya-v-afganistane-1463248.html. 
  38. ↑ "Nikolai Vtorov – the richest man of Russian history". 2016-01-17. https://beautifulrus.com/nikolai-vtorov-the-richest-man-of-russian-history/. 
  39. ↑ Lynn, Denise (2019-06-13). "The Disappearance of Juliet Stuart Poyntz". https://nursingclio.org/2019/06/13/the-disappearance-of-juliet-stuart-poyntz/. 
  40. ↑ Болтянская, Нателла (2010-01-02). "Заказчик убийства — Сталин (тайные убийства по команде Кремля)" (in ru). https://echo.msk.ru/programs/staliname/645178-echo/. 
  41. ↑ Epstein, Catherine (2009-07-01) (in en). The Last Revolutionaries: German Communists and Their Century. Harvard University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-674-03654-3. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Last_Revolutionaries/MHjpAWwF-zQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Arkadi+Maslow%22+havana&pg=PA94&printsec=frontcover. 
  42. ↑ "Leonid Karas" (in en). U.S. Agency for Global Media. https://pressfreedom.news/english/journalist/obituary/leonid-karas.html. 
  43. ↑ Shevelieva, Mariana (2023-09-18). "Алла Горська – вбита за любов до України". https://uain.press/blogs/1081487-1081487. 
  44. ↑ Kotubei-Herutska, Olesia (14 March 2024). "Українка з вибору. Історія життя і трагічної загибелі художниці-шістдесятниці Алли Горської" (in uk). Suspilne Kultura. https://suspilne.media/culture/703430-ukrainka-z-viboru-istoria-zitta-i-tragicnoi-zagibeli-hudoznici-sistdesatnici-alli-gorskoi/. 
  45. ↑ "Foreign News: The Whistler" (in en). 1954-05-03. https://time.com/archive/6825934/foreign-news-the-whistler/. 
  46. ↑ Handler, M. S. (1954-04-23). "ANOTHER RUSSIAN DEFECTS TO WEST; BARS SLAYER ROLE; Secret Police Agent Quits Rather Than Kill an Official of Refugee Organization ANOTHER RUSSIAN DEFECTS TO WEST" (in en-US). The New York Times: p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1954/04/23/archives/another-russian-defects-to-west-bars-slayer-role-secret-police.html. 
  47. ↑ "Defector Lays Poisoning to Soviet" (in en-US). The New York Times. 1957-10-15. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/15/archives/defector-lays-poisoning-to-soviet.html. 
  48. ↑ Salisbury, Daniel; Dewey, Karl (2023-01-02). "Murder on Waterloo Bridge: placing the assassination of Georgi Markov in past and present context, 1970 - 2018". Contemporary British History 37 (1): 128–156. doi:10.1080/13619462.2022.2160707. ISSN 1361-9462. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13619462.2022.2160707. 



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