Table of Contents Categories
List of proposed language families
Topic: Social
From HandWiki - Reading time: 6 min
Short description: none
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|
The following is a list of proposed language families, which connect established families into larger genetic groups (macro-families). Support for these proposals vary from case to case. For example, the Dené–Yeniseian languages are a recent proposal which has been generally well received, whereas reconstructions of the Proto-World language are often viewed as fringe science. Proposals which are themselves based on other proposals have the likelihood of their parts noted in parentheses.
Under considerations
| Proposed name | Proposal | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | Ref. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alarodian |
|
Igor M. Diakonoff (initiator), Sergei Starostin, Petri Kallio | Johanna Nichols, Allan R. Bomhard | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Austric |
|
Wilhelm Schmidt (initiator), La Vaughn H., Lawrence Reid, Gérard Diffloth, Paul Sidwell, Paul K. Benedict (later rejected), Sergei Starostin, John Bengtson, Automated Similarity Judgment Program (database) | Robert Blust, Paul K. Benedict | [1][2][3][4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Wilhelm Schmidt (initiator) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Paul K. Benedict (initiator, later rejected), Sergei Starostin, John Bengtson, Weera Ostapirat (tentative) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
John Bengtson (initiator) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Austro-Tai |
|
Paul K. Benedict (initiator, also including Japanese), Weera Ostapirat, Alexander Smith | Graham Thurgood | Laurent Sagart | [5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aztec–Tanoan |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dene–Yeniseian |
|
Alfredo Trombetti (initiator), Merritt Ruhlen, Edward Vajda, Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, James Kari, Heinrich Werner, Bernard Comrie, Johanna Nichols, Victor Golla, Michael Fortescue, Eric Hamp, Bill Poser, and Paul Kiparsky | Georgiy Starostin (Vajda's proposal) | Lyle Campbell | [6][7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gulf |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hokan |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indo-Uralic |
|
Holger Pedersen (initiator), Kortlandt, Hannes Sköld, Alwin Kloekhorst, and Nikolai Dmitrievich Andreev | Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola, Petteri Koskikallio, and Johan Schalin | [8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Kortlandt (initiator) | [9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Japonic-Koreanic |
|
John Whitman, Alexander Takenobu Frances-Ratte, Samuel E. Martin | Alexander Vovin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Je–Tupi–Carib |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Karasuk |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Macro-Chibchan |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Macro-Pama–Nyungan |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Macro-Panoan |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Macro-Siouan |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mataco–Guaicuru |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miao–Dai |
|
Ryuichi Kosaka (initiator) | [10] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Niger–Congo |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nilo-Saharan |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North Caucasian |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Penutian |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pontic |
|
Émile Benveniste, Winfred P. Lehmann, Aert Kuipers, and John Colarusso | [11] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quechumaran |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Serbi–Mongolic |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sino-Austronesian |
|
Laurent Sagart (initiator), Stanley Starosta | Weera Ostapirat, Alexander Vovin, George van Driem | Paul Jen-kuei Li and Robert Blust | [12][13] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tequiraca-Canichana |
|
Terrence Kaufman (initiator) | [14] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Totozoquean |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uralic–Yukaghir |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uralo-Siberian |
|
Michael Fortescue (initiator), Frederik Kortlandt | [15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Frederik Kortlandt (initiator) | [16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yok-Utian |
|
Geoffrey Gamble (initiator), Catherine Callaghan |
Widely rejected
Below are language families that are already rejected by most linguists. As they are widely rejected, only linguists who agree are shown. Template:Incomplete table
| Proposed name | Description | Status | Agree | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almosan | Algic, Kutenai and Mosan | Widely rejected | Joseph Greenberg, Georgiy Starostin, Ilia Peiros, Murray Gell-Mann | |
| Amerind | All languages in the Americas which do not belong to the Eskimo–Aleut or Na–Dene families | Rejected | Joseph Greenberg (initiator), Merritt Ruhlen | |
| Altaic | Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic (and possibly Ainu) | Widely rejected; generally considered a Sprachbund | Georgiy Starostin, Sergei Starostin, Frederik Kortlandt | |
| Austronesian–Ongan | Ongan and Austronesian | Widely rejected | Juliette Blevins (initiator) | [17] |
| Borean | All families except in sub-Saharan Africa, New Guinea, Australia, and the Andaman Islands | Widely rejected | Harold C. Fleming (initiator), Sergei Starostin, Murray Gell-Mann, John Bengtson | |
| Coahuiltecan | Native languages of modern Texas | Sprachbund | ||
| Dene–Caucasian | Na-Dené, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, and others. | Widely rejected | Sergei Starostin, John Bengtson | |
| Dravido-Korean | Dravidian and Koreanic | Obsolete | Susumu Ōno | |
| Elamo-Dravidian | Elamite and Dravidian | Widely rejected | David W. McAlpin, Franklin Southworth | |
| Eurasiatic | Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Dravidian, Eskaleut, and others | Widely rejected | Mark Pagel, Joseph Greenberg, Merritt Ruhlen | |
| Ibero-Caucasian | Kartvelian, Northwest Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian | Widely rejected | Arnold Chikobava (Initiator) | |
| Indo-Pacific | Several Pacific families. | Widely rejected | Joseph Greenberg (initiator) | |
| Indo-Semitic | Indo-European languages and Semitic languages or Afroasiatic languages | Widely rejected | Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (initiator) | |
| Japhetic | Kartvelian, Basque, and Semitic languages or Afroasiatic languages | Widely rejected | Nikolai Marr (initiator) | |
| Khoisan | African click-consonant languages that do not belong to any other macrophyla | Widely rejected | Joseph Greenberg (initiator) | |
| Macro-Mayan | Mayan with Totonacan, Mixe–Zoque, and Huave | Widely rejected | ||
| Mosan | Salishan, Wakashan, and Chimakuan languages of Pacific Northwest North America | Sprachbund | ||
| Nostratic | Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, Dravidian and Eurasiatic | Widely rejected | Vladimir Dybo | |
| Ural–Altaic | Uralic and Altaic | Obsolete; considered a linguistic convergence zone | ||
| Sino-Uralic | Uralic, Sinitic | Widely rejected | Jingyi Gao (initiator) |
See also
References
- ↑ Grierson, G. A. (January 1907). "Die Mon-Khmer-Völker, Ein Bindeglied Zwischen Völkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens. By P. W. Schmidt, S.V.D. Reprinted from Archiv für Anthropologie, Neue Folge, Band v, Heft 1 u. 2. (Brunswick, 1906.)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 39 (1): 187–191. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00035711. ISSN 0035-869X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00035711.
- ↑ "Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der vorkommenden Sprachen und Dialekte", Die westlichen Sudansprachen und ihre Beziehungen zum Bantu (Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER), 1927, doi:10.1515/9783111390192-003, ISBN 9783111390192, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783111390192-003, retrieved 2023-01-09
- ↑ Benedict, Paul K. (1942-10-12). "Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia" (in en). American Anthropologist 44 (4): 576–601. doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040.
- ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2018. "Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined." In Let's Talk About Trees, ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. doi:10.15021/00009007.
- ↑ Smith, Alexander (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). "More Austro-Tai Comparisons and Observations on Vowel Correspondences". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 112–134. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5781307. ISSN 1836-6821. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
- ↑ Starostin, George (2012). "Dene-Yeniseian: a critical assessment". p. 137
- ↑ Campbell, Lyle (2024). The Indigenous Languages of the Americas. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1.
- ↑ Aikio, Ante (January 2022). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Kortlandt, Frederik (2004). "NIVKH AS A URALO-SIBERIAN LANGUAGE". researchgate.net.
- ↑ Kosaka, Ryuichi (2002). "On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family?" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 32: 71–100.
- ↑ Colarusso, John (1997). "Proto-Pontic: Phyletic links between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Northwest Caucasian". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 25: 119–51.
- ↑ Sagart, L. (1990) "Chinese and Austronesian are genetically related". Paper presented at the 23rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, October 1990, Arlington, Texas.
- ↑ Sagart, Laurent (2016). "The wider connections of Austronesian: A response to Blust (2009)". Diachronica. 33 (2): 255–281. doi:10.1075/dia.33.2.04sag.
- ↑ Moseley, Christopher; Asher, R. E.; Tait, Mary (1994), Atlas of the world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5
- ↑ Fortescue, Michael (2011). "The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited". Lingua. 121 (8): 1359–1376. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001.
I would no longer wish to relate CK directly to [Uralo-Siberian], although I believe that some of the lexical evidence [...] will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion.
- ↑ Kortlandt, Frederik (2004). "NIVKH AS A URALO-SIBERIAN LANGUAGE". researchgate.net.
- ↑ van Driem, George (2011). "Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien homelands". In N.J Enfield (ed.). Dynamics of human diversity: the case of mainland Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
 |  |
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:List_of_proposed_language_families14 views | ↧ Download this article as ZWI file
EncycloReader
is supported by the 
KSF