Mound

A mound is a heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris. Most commonly, mounds are earthen formations such as hills and mountains, particularly if they appear artificial. A mound may be any rounded area of topographically higher elevation on any surface. Artificial mounds have been created for a variety of reasons throughout history, including ceremonial (platform mound), burial (tumulus), and commemorative purposes (e.g. Kościuszko Mound).

Archaeology

North American archaeology

In the archaeology of the United States and Canada, a mound is a deliberately constructed elevated earthen structure or earthwork, intended for a range of potential uses. In European and Asian archaeology, the word "tumulus" may be used as a synonym for an artificial hill, particularly if the hill is related to particular burial customs.

While the term "mound" may be applied to historic constructions, most mounds in the United States are pre-Columbian earthworks, built by Native American peoples. Native Americans built a variety of mounds, including flat-topped pyramids or cones known as platform mounds, rounded cones, and ridge or loaf-shaped mounds. Some mounds took on unusual shapes, such as the outline of cosmologically significant animals. These are known as effigy mounds.^[1] Some mounds, such as a few in Wisconsin, have rock formations, or petroforms within them, on them, or near them.

While these mounds are perhaps not as famous as burial mounds, like their European analogs, Native American mounds also have a variety of other uses. While some prehistoric cultures, like the Adena culture, used mounds preferentially for burial,^[2] others used mounds for other ritual and sacred acts, as well as for secular functions. The platform mounds of the Mississippian culture, for example, may have supported temples, the houses of chiefs, council houses, and may have also acted as a platform for public speaking. Other mounds would have been part of defensive walls to protect a certain area. The Hopewell culture used mounds as markers of complex astronomical alignments related to ceremonies.

Mounds and related earthworks are the only significant monumental construction in pre-Columbian Eastern and Central North America.

Mounds are given different names depending on which culture they strive from. They can be located all across the world in spots such as Asia, Europe and the Americas. "Mound builders" have more commonly been associated with the mounds in the Americas. They all have different meanings and sometimes are constructed as animals and can be clearly seen from aerial views.

India

Kankali Tila

General view of the excavations in January 1889 at Kankali Tila, Mathura

Kankali Tila is a famous mound located at Mathura in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. A Jain stupa was excavated here in 1890-91 by Dr. Fuhrer.^[3]

Archaeology elsewhere

Mound, as a technical term in archaeology, is not generally in favor in the rest of the world.^{[citation needed]} More specific local terminology is preferred, and each of these terms has its own article (see below).

Mound types

Cairn
- Chambered cairn
Effigy mound
Kofun (Japanese mounds)
Platform mound
Subglacial mound
Tell (also includes multi-lingual synonyms for mounds in the Near East)
Tumulus (Barrow)
- Bank barrow
- Bell barrow
- Bowl barrow
- Chambered long barrow
- Kurgan
- Long barrow
- Oval barrow

External links

References

↑ National Park Service (August 30, 2015). "Effigy Moundbuilders". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/efmo/learn/historyculture/effigy-moundbuilders.htm. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
↑ Smith, C. R. (March 9, 2000). "An Introduction to North America's Native People: Adena". Cabrillo College. http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/adena.html. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
↑ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). The Jain stupa and other antiquities of Mathura. https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

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[1] National Park Service (August 30, 2015). "Effigy Moundbuilders". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/efmo/learn/historyculture/effigy-moundbuilders.htm. Retrieved August 30, 2015.

[2] Smith, C. R. (March 9, 2000). "An Introduction to North America's Native People: Adena". Cabrillo College. http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/adena.html. Retrieved August 30, 2015.

[3] Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). The Jain stupa and other antiquities of Mathura. https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

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